PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 5
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,342,977 words · 1313 reading sections
Section 241
At the age of fifteen he was employed as an assistant in the Harrisburg Academy, and subsequently gave private instruction in Latin, Greek, and German. Early train- ed to industry and self-reliance, he formed those habits of mental discipline which gave so much strength to his future character. He studied theology unde…
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Kurtz, John Daniel, D.D., a distinguished minis- ter of tlie Lutheran Church, the son of the Rev. J. N. Kurtz, was born at Germantown, Penn., in 1763. Verj^ early in life he had a strong desire to prepare for the ministry of reconciliation. After leaving school he pur- sued his studies under the direction of his father…
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Kutassy, Johannes, a very prominent Hungarian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, flourished to- wards the close of the 16th century as archbishop of Grau. He was in great favor at the court of the emperor Rudolph II, and was employed on several important diplomatic missions. He died about 1601. — Allgemeines Hist. I…
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Eastern Church. — INIost frequently it was used in the opening portions of the ancient liturgies. In that of St. jNIark we find three long prayers, each preceded by the threefold repetition of the Kyrie. In St. Chrysostom's the deacon offers ten petitions, and each is followed by the answering Kyrie of the choir. In th…
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According to their confession of faith {Declaration d. reinen Lehre i(. d. rjesunden Glaubens d. Jolt, de L., etc., Heref. 1671), the Labadists did not entirely differ from the lieformed Church, whose symbolic books they ac- cepted. ■ They supported themselves by manual labor, and, after the example of the primitive Ch…
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2. A city in the Arabian desert, on the route of the Israelites (Deut. i, 1) ; probably identical with their twen- ty-first station, LiBNAit (Numb, xxxiii, 20). Knobel's objections {Erkldr. ad Inc.) to this identification, that no discoiurses of Moses at Libnah are recorded, and that the LABANA 177 LABIS The Laharu…
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Labbe, Philippe, a celebrated French Jesuit, was born at Bourges July 10, 1607, He joined the order in 1G23, and became professor of ethics, philosophy, and moral theology, first at the CoUege of Bourges, where he had been educated, and aftenvards at Paris, where he settled in 1G43 or 1G44. After teaching theology for …
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The Hebrews, like other primitive nations, appear to have been herdsmen before they were agriculturists (Gen. iv, 2, 12, 17, 22) ; and the practice of keeping flocks and herds continued in high esteem and constant ob- servance as a regular employment and a social condition (Judg. i. 16; iv, 11 ; Amos vii, 14 ; Luke ii,…
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The first attempt to establish a mission on the coast of Labrador was made by the Moravians in 1752, when LABROUSSE 179 LA CHAISE J, C. Erhardt was killed by the Esquimaux. In 1771 the Moravians succeeded in establishing the station of Nain, to which in the course of the following ten years the stations of Okak and…
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Lacarry, Giles, a French Jesuit, who was born at Castres in 1G05, and died in 1G84, is noted as the author of several works on the liistory of his coimtrj'. See General Biographical Dictionary, s. v. Lace (^"^r^B, pathiV, from being twisted), the blue cord with which the high-priest's breastplate was at- tached to the…
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La Chapelle, Armand Boisbei.eau he, a French Protestant ■\vriter, was born at Ozillac (Saintongc) in 1676. He was a student at the college of Bordeaux when the revocation of the Edict of Nantes obliged him to retire to England, where he was received by his grandfather, pastor of the Walloon Church at London. In 169-1 …
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turn from his Egyptian campaign, or after he had paid a visit to Nineveh, cannot now be determined. See Hezekiah. It is specially mentioned that he laid siege to it "with all his power" (2 Chron. xxxii, 9), and here "the great king" himself remained, while his officers only were dispatched to Jerusalem (2 Chron. xxxii,…
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Hieronymian Latin versions, and the readings of Ori- gen, Irenreus, Cyprian, Hilary of Poitiers, Lucifer ; and for the Apocalypse, Primarius. Under the Greek text the editor cites his authorities, and at the bottom of the page he gives the Yidgate version edited from two cod- ices of the Gth century, the Fuldensis and …
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liberal progress He was twenty-eight years of age; he was dressed as a layman, the slate of Paris not then permitting priests to wear tlieir clerical costume. His slender figure, his delicate and regular features, his chiselled forehead, the sovereign carriage of his head, his black and sparkling eye, an indescribable…
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In the spring of 1833 he preached for the first time in public. It was in the great church of St. Koch, in Paris. " I was there," says SI. IVIontalembert, " with MM. dc Courcelles, Ampere, and some others, who must remember it as I do. He failed completely, and, com- ing out, every one said, 'This is a man of talent, b…
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LACORDAIRE 185 LACTAKTIUS he retiinied by preference to such as spared him least. His thirst for penances of this description appears the more extraortlinary from the fact that his exceedingly delicate and sensitive temperament rendered them in- supportably painful to him." To Protestants this sounds like the rehear…
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See jMontalembert, Le Fere Lacordaire (Paris, 1862, 8vo); Lomenie, Le Fere Lacordaire (1844); Lorrain, Biogruphie Jristorique de Lacordaii'e (1847) ; Chocame, Inner Life of P'ere Lacordaire (transl. by Father Ayl- ward; Lond. and New York, 1867, 8 vo); Yillard. ( 'o?Te- spondence inedite et biographie (Par. 1870, 8vo) …
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and finish of his style, but still more on account of hav- ing made himself the advocate and propagator of the great moral truth of Christianity, while carefidly avoid- ing all dogmatic speculation; thus also did Cicero advo- cate all the great practical truths of the best ])hilosoph- ical systems of antiquity, but set…
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The seven books into which this work is divided form seven separate treatises. Tlie first book is in- scribed Be falsa i-eligione. lie designedly leaves un- touched the principal question in regard to the existence of a supreme Providence, and takes his departure from the proposition that there is one God, and that, ac…
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The .fifth book. Be jiistitia, unfolds first the author's motives and object. Then, entering upon the subject itself, he teaches how, anciently, in the times called by the heathen the Golden Age, tiie one God ^^•as honored, and with his worsViip justice bore sway ; and how, in the sequel, in coimectiou with polytheism,…
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2. An Ejntome of the Institutes, dedicated to Pentadius, is appended to the larger work, and is attributed to Lac- tantius by Jerome, who describes it as being even in his time ciKe^aKog. All the early editions of this abridg- ment begin at the sixteenth chapter of the fifth book of the original. But in the 18th centur…
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5. De mortibus peisecutoi-tim (On Martyrdom). — Le Nourry was of opinion that this treatise does not belong to Lactantius. In the only codex whicli we have of it, it bears, not the inscription Firmiani Lactantii, but Lu- cii C;i?cilii, which is never given to our author by the ancient writers. We must confess that, wit…
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LACTICINIA 190 LADD Lacticinia, a term used in the Church law of fasts to deiKitc whatever is obtained as an article of (bod from the nianinialia, viz. milk, butter, grease, cheese. Eggs are usually incliuied with these articles. Abstinence from such food ^vas required in the Western Church during Lent, while the mo…
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11 , 1 2 seem hl'ch is mounted LxVDD 191 LADDER was bom in 1820. AV^hcn only eight years of age he showed marked indications of piety, but it was not until his fifteenth year that he joined the Church, imder the ministry of the Rev. Dr. George Sliephard, now professor in Haugor Theological Seminary. With a view to…
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Ladislas {Vladklas, Vladislaf, Uladislas) II, king of Poland (1380-1434), known also imder the name of Jaf/ieUo or Jafjelln, deserves a place in our work on ac- count of his introduction of Christianity into the Polish dominions. He was born in Lithuania in 1348, the son of Olgerd and grandson of Gedimin, great princes…
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Gregory exulted in the king's success. He hoped himself to be able now to return to Pome. He was en- couraged to refuse his assent to the appointment of the council proposed to he held at Pisa, which he justly feared miglit prove fatal to his claims. IMeanwhile Ladislaus prosecuted his ambitious plans. He hojied to sec…
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Ladislaus meanwhUe gave full scope to his vengeance. Rome trembled with terror. Some of her most distin- guished citizens were sacrificed to his revenge. The States of the Church came into his hands. Sienna and Florence felt themselves threatened. John XXIII for- tified himself at Boulogne, and gathered forces about hi…
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Lady Day. See Annunciation, Feast of. Lady Fast, a species of penance, voluntary or en- joined, in which the penitent had the choice of fasting once a week for seven years on that day of the week on which Lddi/ J>ay (q. v.) happened to fall, beginning his course from tliat day, or of finishing his penance sooner by ta…
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La'had (Heb. id. ^'TO, in pause 1il5, prob. oppress- or, otherwise //rt»?f; Sept. Aoo v. r. Aant^Vulg. Laad), the second named of the two sons of Jahath, of the fam- ily of Zerah, grandson of Judali (1 Chron. iv, 2), B.C. post 1612. Lahai-roi. See Beer-i.ahai-roi. Lah'mam (Heb. L«c/i»i«s', D'cnb, prob. an errone- ous…
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appointed bishop of Meliapur. In 1708 he started again for India, and arrived at (Joa September 25, 1709. Here he now had many difficulties with the civil authori- ties, and finally retired to the Jesuits' establishment at Chandernagore, where he died, June 11, 1715. He wrote, DeJ'ensio Iiidicarum Missionum Madurensis …
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Laing, James, a Presbyterian minister, was born in Berry Holes of Plain, Perth County, Scotland, in 1785, and was educated at the University of Glasgow, where he graduated with distinction in 1816. After teaching for some time, he determined to devote himself to the ministry, and in 1825 was licensed by the Glasgow Rel…
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A writer in Fairbairn's Dictionanj plausibly suggests that the Laishah in question may be found in the pres- ent little village El-Isaiviyeh, in a valley about a milo N.E. of Jerusalem (Robinson, Researches, ii, 108), beauti- fully situated, and unquestionably occupying an ancient site' (Tobler, TopoyrajMe von Jerusale…
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the word "clergy" and " laity" varies with the "Church" views of those employing them. Some very strict Prot- estants prefer the words "mmister" and "people" in- stead of clergy and laity. Farrar (in his Eccles. Diet, p. 349 sq.) thus draws the line of distinction between the clergy and laity of the Protestant Church …
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Lakeniacher, .Johann Gottfried, a German the- ologian and Orientalist, was born at Osterwyck, near Halberstadt.Nov. 17, 1695, and was educated at the uni- versities of Helmstiidt and Halle. In 1724 he was ap- pointed professor of Greek, and in 1727 of Oriental lit- erature at Halle. He died March 16, 1736. His works ar…
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Lallemant, Jacques Philippe, a French Jes- uit, was born near Abbeville about ICCO, and died in 1748. He published a remarkable work entitled The true Spirit of the new Disciples of Saint Augustine (1706 sq., 4 vols.). He also wrote Moral Refections, with Notes, on the New Testament (1714, 11 vols.). Lallemant, Pierre…
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From A.D. 971 dates the revival of Buddhism, or the second general effort to propagate this religion in Tlii- bet, under Bilamgur Tsan, who rebuilt eight temples, and under whom the priests who had tied the country returned, and fresh accessions were made from the priest- hood of India. Among those from India came in A…
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The Tdiijirr is "a collection of treatises in 225 vol- umes, elegantly printed at Pekin, containing transla- tions from Sanskrit and Prakrit, on dogmas, pliilosophj', grammar, medicine, and ethics, with Amara's Rosha or ^•ocabulary, and fragments of the Mahabharata and of other C[)ic poems. The work of the great reform…
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Padmapani is a "Dhyani Bodhisattna," and of all the gods is most frequently worshipped, because he is a rep- resentative of Sakyamuni, and guardian and jiropagator of his faith until the appearance of the Buddha iMai- treya. He is the patron deity of Thibet, and manifests himself from age to age in human shape, becomin…
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Buddhism in Thibet, as elsewhere, accepts the doc- trine of me/emjjsychosis. The forms under which any living beings may be reborn are sixfold, enumerated previously as among the inferior objects of worship. Good works involve rebirth, just as bad ones do. Shinje, " the Lord of the Dead," determines the end of life and…
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Buildings and ]\[onuments. — The priests live in mon- asteries, each of which receives a religious name. The architecture is similar to that of the houses of the wealth}'. The entrance faces either the south or east. They are always decorated Avith Hags. They sometimes consist of one large house, several stories high, …
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Sacred Pays and Festirals. — The monthly festivals are four, and are coimccted with the phases of the moon. No animal food must be eaten, but ordinary avocations need not be discontinued. There are particular festi- vals for each month, and three great annual festivals. "The Lor/ ijSsur, or the festival of the new year…
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Lha-rL (god mountain"), witli a fine temple; there is an- otlier sacred place in the metropolis of Khani ; others at Issha-mDo (two ways), Djaya, etc., with printing- offices; many others on the roads to Pekin, besides the northern raonasterj'; all containing an incredible num- ber of monks, under Khntukhtus and lower …
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Government. — " Since the restoration of the power of the Dalai by the emperor Khian-lung, all the decrees of government are issued in the name of each of the two high lamas, in their respective dioceses ; but the real power is in the hands of the emperor, whose two Ta- tchin (great mandarins) reside at Lassa, with Chi…
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Lanib is the representative of several Hebrew and Greek words in the A.V., some of which have wide and others distinctive meanings. See Ewe. 1. The most usual term, b^S) I'c'bes (with its trans- posed form 3'4?3, ke'seh, and the feminines >1'U^3, Idb- sali', or (1*^33, kuhsuh', and n3"^2, Jdshdh'), denotes a male lamb…
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Lamb {as a Christian emblem'), the symbol of Christ (Gen. iv,4; Exod.xii,3; xxix, 38; Isa.xvi, 1 : Jer. liii, 7; John i, 3G; 1 Pet. i, 19; Rev. xiii, 8), who was t\nii- fied by the paschal lamb, the blood of which was spruak- LAMP, 206 LAMBERT led on the door-posts and lintel of the doors like a Taii- cross, to pre…
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I ambert von Herskeld, or Aschaffenburg, an eminent German historian of the 11th century, was bom, it is supposed by some, at Aschaffenburg, about 1034. In 1058 he entered the convent of Hersfeld, the school of which was at that time one of the most celebrated in (jermany, and in the same year, 1058, was ordained pries…
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Lambert, Chandley, a jMethod,ist Episcopal min- ister, was born in Alford, Berkshire County, JNIass., in 1781, and converted at Lansingburg, N. York, March 27, 1804. He entered the Black Kiver Conference in 1807, labored with great zeal and success for twenty years, was superannuated in 1827, and died at Lowville, N. Y…
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Lambert, Jolin, an English reformer, lived in the reign of Henry the Eighth, and was for a time minister of an English company at Antwerp. After his return to England he was charged with heresy because he re- jected the dogma of transubstantiation. He was tried before the king and bishops, and, upon refusing to recant,…
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LAMECH 209 LAMECir ly Lambnischini was in danger, and fled to Civita Ycc- chia, but, not finding more security there, he returned to Kome. In 1848 he tied first to Naples, and afterwards joined Pius IX at Gaeta. He re-entered Rome with the pope in 1850, and was appointed cardinal of the pa- pal household. He is said…
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Jerome {Ep. xxxvi, ad Damasum, t. i, p. IGl) relates as a tradition of his predecessors and of the Jews that Cain was accidentally slain by Lamech in the seventh gener- ation from Adam. This legend is told with fuller de- tails by Jarchi. (See Kitto, Daily Bible Illust. ad loc.) According to him, the occasion of the po…
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2. The seventh in descent from Seth, being the son of Methuselah, and father of several sons, of whom ap- parently the oldest was Noah (Gen. v, 25-31 ; 1 Chron. i, 3 ; Luke iii, 3G). B.C. 3297-2520. He was 182 years old at the birth of Noah, and survived that event 595 ;i-ears, making his total age 707. His character a…
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LAMENNAIS 211 LAMENNAIS The July revolution completed, the Church must now be saved by bringhig it into harmony with the demands of civil liberty, and to serve such an end Lamennais enters upon the second period of his career. With the co-operation of Lacordaire (q. v.) and ]\Iontalembert (q. V.) he founded the jour…
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external form was still Lamennais' hope. He had ideal- ized the Church, and would now seek a like panacea in a social reorganizati(jn (see Brit, and For. Evangel. Re- view, Oct. 18G3, p. 731). This work was severely con- demned by a special decree of Gregory XVI, Aug. 7, 1834. In the 'Affaires de Home (Paris, 1836) Lam…
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As a literary character, Lamennais occupied a promi- nent place in the revival of style under the Restoration. His era succeeds that of Chateaubriand, and corresponds with that of ^Madame de Stael and .Joseph de Maistre. He was an earnest if not )irofound thinker, but especial- ly brilliant as a writer. He had the cult…
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Lamennais, Jean Marie Robert de, a French theoloiiian, brother of the preceding, born at St. Malo about 1775, flourished as canon of the diocese of Kennes, and was the founder of the order known as Les fr'eres de Lamennais de Ploermel (compare Ilerzog, Recd-Ency- klojh iv, 509). He wrote several works on religious sub-…
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LAjNIENTATIONS, Book of, one of the books of the O.T. commonly assigned to Jeremiah, and consisting of a remarkable series of threnodies. In the following treatment of it we largely foUow the articles in Smith and Kitto, s. v. I. Title.— The. Hebrew name of this book, n^iX, Ey- kah', " How," is taken, like those of th…
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IV. Author. — The poems included in this collection appear in the Hebrew canon with no name attached to them, and there is no direct external evidence that they were written by the prophet Jeremiah earlier than the date given in the prefatory verse which appears in the Septuagint, which is .is follows: "And it came to …
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LAMENTATIONS, BOOK OF 215 LAMENTATIONS, BOOK OF a ilifFerence in the aljihabetical structure (see above) of i and of ii-iv. These objections to Jeremiah's exclu- sive autliorship seem about as tenable as Hardt's Sha- drach, Meshach, Abednego, and consorts. The first two jioints arc not worth consideration ; the third …
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There can hardly be any doubt, however, as to the time to which these threnodies refer. A brief glance at the corresponding portions in the books of Kings and Chronicles affords decisive evidence that they speak, one and all, of the whole period from the beginning of the last siege by Nebuchadnezzar to its terrible end…
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2. ('ha)), ii. As the solitude Of the city was the sub- ject of the first lamentation, so the destruction that had laid it waste is that which is most conspicuons in the second. Jehovah had thrown down in his wrath the strongholds of the daughter of Judah (2). The rampart and the wall lament together (8). The walls of…
1,223 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.