PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 5
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,342,977 words · 1313 reading sections
Section 481
3. TI(e Iconoclastic Controversy. — In this business Leo would seem to have begun of his own motion, and almost single-handed. No party of any account against image- worship existed in the Church, but he believed that by taking the side of ieonoclasra he coiild hasten the con- version of the Jews and Mohammedans, and t…
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LEO 353 LEO iconoclasm. He proposed simply to destroy objects of worship. He made no war upon beauty or art. If, in accomplishing his juirpose, in the face of the furious op- position he met with, he was carried fiu-ther, it was not strange, especially considering his education, the great difficulty of making nice d…
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5. Literature. — See Henke in Ersch u. Gruber, A II- gemeine EncyUopadie, sect, ii, vol. xvi (1839), 119 sq. ; Smith, iJict. Greek and Roman Bior/. vol. ii, s. v. ; Mars- den, Hist. Christian Churches and Sects, ii, 153 ; IMilman, Hist. Latin Christianity, ii, 305 sq. ; Gibbon, Decline and Full of the Roman Empire, v, …
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How Leo came by the exalted name of Philosopher it is ditHcult to understand, except it be taken in an ironical sense. Gibbon, with a few striking words, gives the following character to this emperor: '• His mind was tinged with the most puerile superstition ; the in- fluence of the clergy and the errors of the people …
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Leo OF Saint-.Jeax, a French theologian and con- troversialist, was born at Rennes July 9, IGOO. He en- tered the Carmelite convent when quite young, and, be- ing greatly esteemed by tlie order, he successively tilled nearly all the positions in their gift. He died at the convent "des liillettes," Dec. 30, lti71. He wr…
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Leo I, saint and pope, sumamed the Great, noted as the real founder of the papacy, was born about the year 390, though the exact date is not ascertained. AVe have also no precise information as to his birthplace ; for while the liber povtifcalis describes him as a Tuscan, and names Quintianus as his father, Quesnel, on…
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and that his faith is prayed for specially, '• tanquam alio- runi status certior sit futurus, si mens princijiis victa non fuerit.'' After identifying the Church with the incar- nation of Christ, Leo identities Peter witli Christ. This primacy of Peter continues, therefore, for while the faith of Peter is retained, all…
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pension, however, does not appear to have been lasting, akhoui^h the fact has been taken bold ol' by controver- sial writers as a stretch of jurisdiction in the see of Kome. Quesnel published a dissertation upon this con- troversy in his edition of the works of Leo (Paris, 1675). The total defeat and severe punishment …
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In the mean time serious events were taking i)lace at Kome. In 452 the dreaded king of the Huns, Attila, invaded Italy, and, after sackuig and iihuulering Aqui- leia, Pavia, and Milan, he marched against Kome. A'a- lentinian, proving himself unfit for his high position, remained at Kavenna, and ^'Etius himself saw safe…
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Of the numerous printed editions of Leo I's works, the first was published hy Sweynheym and Pannartz (Rome, 1 170, fol.), under the inspection of Andrew, bish- ()|) of Aleria, comprising ;)2 Sennmu'S and ."> Epistol(e. Tlie best two editions were published at Paris (167o, 2 vols. 4to) by Pasipiier ()uesnel and l)y the …
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Leo III, Pope, who brought about the elevation of the Prankish king to the position of emperor of the AVest, and thus relieved the Peman pontificate of fur- ther sidijection to the Greek emperors, was a native of the Eternal City, and was elected after the death of Adrian I, Dec. 25, 795, Immediately after his election…
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LEO IV 360 LEO IX tione et cum iiotis Hermanni Conringii (Helmst. IG-tT, 4to). The Enchiridion Lmiiis jxijiw, containing seven penitential psalms and some prayers, has been errone- ously attributed to him. See I'h. Jaft'e, Her/. Pontijic. (Berlin, 1851, 4to), p. 215 ; F. Pagi, Breviarium historico- ckronolur/ico-cri…
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Leo VII, Pope, a Roman, sometimes called Leo VI, succeeded Jolm XI, the son of Marozia, January 8, 930. He mediated peace between Alberic, duke of Rome, and Hugo, king of Italy, who had offered to marry Marozia, in order to obtain by her means the possession of Rome, but was driven away by Alberic, also JNIarozia's son…
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armed, made a last attempt to assert the Medicean au- thority, and jjut down the insurrection by a bold exer- cise of force. It soon, however, became but too appa- rent to the young cardinal that his hope was all vanity. "The people midtiplied themselves against Pietro," as Guicciardiui {Storia Fiorentinu [Opere inedit…
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Scarcely had the Medici re-established themselves at Florence when news came from Itome that the supreme pontiff had died. It was on the 20th of February, 1513, that " the furious nature" of his holiness the pope Julius II was quieted forever. Leaving his brother Giidiano, and his nejihew Lorenzo, son of Pietro, at the…
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LEO X 363 LEO X Medici, and the Florentines, and that both Lorenzo and Giuliano should receive commissions in the French ser- vice, with pay and pensions. If there had been danf,'er to the Medici government in Florence, it threatened from the side of France, but that danger they escaped by this new alliance, brought…
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plete strnctnre commenced under .Julius II — the building of St. Peter's church. Leo, who had made for himself a name as the jjrotector and patron of art, and had well- nigh revived the Periclean age of the Greeks, could not brook the thought that, while he was pontiff within the walls of the Paternal City, this great …
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At Kome these controversies, though they had be- come a matter of interest to all the German people, were looked upon with great indifference. Leo judged it sim- ply a wrangling of two mendicant orders, and he was determined to let the Augustinians and Dominicans set- tle their own quarrels. The adversaries of Luther, …
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LEO X 365 LEODEGAR more clear of the French, and restored to the dominion of Sforza. Parma and Piacenza were again occupied by the papal troops. At the same time Leo declared Al- fonso d'Este a rebel to the holy see for having sided with the French, while the duke, on his part, complain- ed of the bad faith of the p…
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Leo XI, Pope {A lessandro de Medici"), a descendant of the house of the Medici, was bom at Florence in 1535. After representing Tuscany for some years at the court of pope Pius y, he was made bishop of Pistoia in 1573, and archbishop of Florence in 1574. Made cardinal in 1583, he was sent by his predecessor, Clement YI…
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lari/, called iT^IX ^S ("The Lion's Mouth"), of which the Italian title is RaccoUa delle vnci Rubin, non Hehr. n'e Cliulil., etc. (Padua, 1040; appended to the preceding work ; afterwards printed separately in Venice, 1G48) : — A polemical treatise against the Cabalists, wliom he de- spised and derided, on the genuinen…
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Leonard, Abiel, S.T.D., an army chaplain and Congregational minister, was born at Plymouth, Mass., Nov. 5, 1740; graduated at Harvard College in 1759; and was ordained pastor of the original Church in Woodstock, Conn., in 1763. In 1775 he was appointed chaplain in the Revolutionary army, and was in the service of his c…
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Leonardo da Vinci. See Vinci. Leonardoni, Francesco, an Italian painter, was born at Venice in 1654; visited Spain and settled at Madrid; gained great eminence as a portrait-painter; executed several historical works for the churches, char- acterized by a grand style of design ; and died at Madrid in 1711. Among his p…
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Leontius of Byzantium (1), an ecclesiastical -writ- er of the latter part of the 0th and commencement of tha 7th century, is sometimes designated, from his original profession, Scholasticus, i. e. pleader. As there are sev- eral works of that period which bear the name of Leon- tius, distinguished by various surnames, …
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Leontius of Neapolis (or of Hagiopolit, accord- nig to his own authority), in Cyprus, who was bishop of that city, which Le Quien {Oriens Christianus, ii, 1061) identities with the Nova Lcmissus, or Nemissus, or Neraosa, that rose out of the ruins of Amathus, flourished in the latter part of the 6th and the early part …
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Syrian Panther {Felis Pardus). Linn.) lives in Africa (Strabo, xvii, 828; Pliny, x, 94), Arabia (Strabo, xvi, 774, 777), as well as on Lebanon (Seetzen, xviii, 343 ; Burckhardt, Trav. i, 99), and the hills of middle Palestine (Schubert, iii, 119), not to men- tion more distant countries, as India, America, etc. The mo…
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LEOPOLD IV 371 LEPROSY he saw him forced to resign his charge. (For further de- tails of tliis curious controversy, see Potter, \'ie de Scipion de Rkei [Brussels, l^'io, 3 vols. 8vo].) Leopold liimself convoked a council at Florence of the bishops of Tus- cany in 1787, and proposed to them tifty-seven articles conce…
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Leprosy (T'"'^^,tsara'dth, a smiling, because sup- posed to be a direct visitation of heaven; Gr. XsTrpo, so called from its scaliness, hence English " leper," etc.), a name that was given by the Greek jihysicians to a scaly disease of the skin. During the Dark Ages it was indis- criminately applied to all chronic dise…
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(2. ) The second case is of leprosy reappearing after it has been cured (Lev. xiii, 0-17), where a somewhat dif- ferent treatment is enjoined. If a person who has once been healed of this disease is brought again to the priest, .mid if tlie latter finds a white rising in the skin (rX'iJ ni^P ), which has changed the li…
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(5.) The fifth case is leprosy which shows itself in white polished spots, and is not regarded as unclean (Lev. xiii, 38, 39). It is called hohak (pri3, from pr!3, tobe n'hite), or, as the Sept. has it, aX(t>ug, vitilirjo alba, white scurf. (6.) The sixth case is of leprosy either at the back or in the front of the he…
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The second stage of purification began on the seventh day, when the leper had again to cut off the hair of his head, his beard, eyebrows, etc., wash his garments, and be immersed (Lev. xiv, 9). On the eighth day he had to bring two he-lambs without blemish, one ewe-lamb a year old, three tenths of an ephah of fine flou…
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As to the purification of the houses wliicli haVe been cured of leprosy, the process is t4ie same as tluit of healed men, except that in the case of man the priest sprinkles seven times u|)on his hand, while in tliat of tlie liouse he sprinkles seven times on the u]iper door-post without. Of course the sacrifices which…
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(I.) Proper Leprosy. — This is the kind specifically de- nominated ri";in3, Jo /;ere?/?, whether white or black, but usuall}' called ichite leprosy, by the Arabs hurras; a dis- ease not unfrequent among the Hebrews (2 Kings v, 27 ; Exod. iv, 6; Numb, xii, 10), and often called lepra Mo- saica. It was regarded by them a…
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LEPROSY sve LEPROSY gave the name of Da'L fil, wliich means literally mor- hus ekphas. The disease to which they applied this name is called by modern writers tlie tumid Barbadoes leg, and consists in a thickening of the skin and subcu- taneous tissues of the leg, but presents nothing resem- bling tlie tubercles of …
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Elephantiasis, or the leprosy of the Middle Ages, is the disease from which most of the prevalent notions concerning leprosy have been derived, and to which the notices of lepers contained in modem books of travels exclusively refer. It is doubtful whether ain- of the lepers cured by Christ (Matt, viii, 3 ; ]\Iark i, 4…
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degree of damp than is common in Palestine and Arabia. It is manifest, also, that a disease in the human subject caused by an acarus or a fungus would be certainly con- tagious, since the propagative cause coidd be transferred from person to person. Some physicians, indeed, assert that only such skin-diseases are conta…
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Le Quien, Michael, a Dominican, who was bom at Boulogne in 1661, was remarkable for bis learning in Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic, and in Oriental Church His- tory. His Joannis Damasceni opera (Paris, 1712, in two folio volumes) is a superior edition of that father. His most important work is Oriem Christianus, insiiper et…
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LESLIE 379 LESS-(IUS) of Ross. While in this position he took a prominent part in the civil as well as ecclesiastical affairs of his coun- try, and secured to the Scots what are commonly called '•the black acts of Parliament" (ISGO). During the flight of queen INIary to England he defended her cause against the Cove…
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Less, Gottfried, a noted German theologian of the Pietistic school, was born in 1736 at Conitz, in West Prussia. He was a pupil of Baumgarten, professor of theology at Gottingen. He studied at the universities of Halle and Jena, and in 1762 became court preacher at Hanover. He was rather a practical than scholastic the…
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Life. — Lessing was born at Kamcntz (Camenz), in Upper Lusatia, Jan. 22, 1729. His father was the Prot- estant (Lutheran) "pastor primarius" of the place, and was widely noted for his learning, especially in the his- torical department. Designed for the ministry, young Lessing was trained by his pious jvirents " in the…
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Lessing was now t^venty years of age. He had no money, no recommendations, no friends, scarcely any ac- quaintances— nothing but his cheerful courage, his con- fidence in his own powers, and the discipline acquired through past privations. He was so poor that he was unable to obtain even the decent clothing necessary t…
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Theolof/ical Position. — We here consider Lessing as a writer and thinker of the 18th centuiy, but in so far only as the works which he published, both his own produc- tions and those that were sent forth with his approval, affected the theological world in his day and since, more especially in Germany. Originally inte…
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While librarian of Wolfenblittel, Lessing discovered there a IMS. co])y of the long-forgotten work of Berengar Ol. V.) of Tours against l-,anfranc ((j. v. \ which proved t hat some of the views of the Lutheran Church concern- ing the doctrine of the Eucharist had already been ad- vanced by one of the most eminent teach…
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LESSING 383 LESSING just as ridiculous is it to fear any clanger to Christianity from an attack upon Scripture. In liis Diiplix Lessing maintained, in reference to tlic history of the resurrec- tion, tliat it contains irreconcilable contradictions ; but he held also that it does not follow from this circumstance tha…
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The English Deists, as Bolingbroke and Hobbcs, had regarded religion only from the stand-point of politics. " Man," they held, " can know nothing except what his senses teach him, and to this the intelligent confine themselves ; a revelation, or, rather, what pretends to be one, might be a good thing for the populace."…
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unquestionable : Lessing has not written one solitary word inconsistent with a firmest persuasion in the per- sonality of man. This great writer, indeed, belongs to a class of minds very easily misapprehended — minds which none but others in so far akin to them can ritrht- ly understand. Oftenest in "antagonism, or in …
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Letter stands in only two passages of the Bible in its narrow sense of an alphabetical character {ypa^i- fia, in the plural, Luke xxiii, 38; and prob. Gal. vi, 11, 7r»;X('Kotf ypcifiixam ; A. V. " how large a letter," rather in what a bold hand) ; elsewhere it is used (for ISO, a book; ypdr/jjua, either sing. or plur. …
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Leucippus, the founder of the atomistic school of Grecian philosophy, and forerunner of Democritus (q. v.). Nothing is known concerning him, neither the time nor the place of his birth, nor the circumstances of his life. Leucopetrians, the name of a fanatical sect which sprinig up in the Greek and Eastern churches tow…
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Leutard orLeuthard, a French fanatic, flourished among the peasants of Chalons-sur-ilarne about A.D. 1000. He claimed the enjoyment of spiritual visions, and authority from on high for separation from his fam- ily and his iconoclastic idiosyncracies. He also, by like inspirations, became the opponent of many practices …
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case of Rebekah, it belonged to the brother to conduct the negotiations for the marriage. We are left to con- jecture why Reuben, as the first-born, was not foremost in the work, but the sin of which he was afterwards guilty makes it possible that his zeal for his sister's purity was not so sensitive as theirs. The sam…
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The history of Levi has been dealt with here in what seems the only true and natural way of treating it, as a histor}^ of an individual person. Of the theory that sees in the sons of Jacob the mythical Eponymi of the tribes that claimed descent from them — which finds in the crimes and chances of their lives the outlin…
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LEVI BEN-GERSON 389 LEVIRATE peared in the Lower Nile, for Seneca and others alhide to a great battle fought by them and a school of dolpliins in the Hcracleotic branch of the Delta. During the decline of the state even the hippopotamus reappeared about Pelusinm, and was shot at in the 17th centur}^ (Hadzivil). In t…
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from the obligation by undergoing a species of insult (Deut. XXV, 9). This is illustrated in the case of Kuth (ch. iii, iv), where, however, as an estate was involved, Boaz is styled by a different terra (3Xi>, an avenger). The Talmud contains a very subtile exposition of this statute (see Mishna, Jebanioth, iii, 1 ; c…
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Le'vis (A£j»('f)> given (1 Esdr. ix, 14) as a proper name, but meaning simply a Levite, as correctly ren- dered in the parallel Hebrew passage (Ezra x, 15). Le vison, Mop.decai Gujipei-, a learned .Jewish phy- sician and commentator, was born and educated at Ber- lin, where he was fellow-student of the celebrated phi-…
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LEVITE 391 LEVITE appointed to assist Moses in administering justice (xviii, 25), are connected iu any special manner with the tribe of Levi. The first step towards a change was made in the institution of a liereditary priesthood in the family of Aaron during the tirst withdrawal of Moses to the solitude of Sinai (x…
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There is a discrepancy between the total number of the Levites, which is given in Numb, iii, 39 as 22,000, and the separate number of the three divisions which is given in verses 22, 28, and 34, as follows : Gershon- ites,7500-|-Kohathites, 8G00 + Merarites, 6200 =^ 22,30_0. Compare also verse 46, where it is said that…
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vice was from thirty to fifty, but that all future Levites Iiad to commence service at twenty-five. The Sept. solves the difficulty by uniformly readmg twenty-five instead of thirty. 4. Duties and Classification ofthe Levites. — The com- mencement of the march from Sinai gave a prominence to their new character. As th…
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Thus the total number of active men which the three divisions of the Levites yielded was 8580. When en- camped around the tabernacle, they formed, as it were, a partition between the people and the sanctuary ; they had so to guard it that the children of Israel should not come near it, since those who ventured to do so…
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6. Revenues of the Leintes. — Thus consecrated to the service of the Lord, it was necessary that the tribe of Levi should be relieved from the temporal pursuits of the rest of the people, to enable them to give themselves wholly to their spiritual functions, and to the cultivation of the arts and sciences, as well as t…
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two cubits Diagram II. •2IXXI cokita Diagram III. Levitical City. objection to this is that the 1000 cubits were to be measured " from the wall of the city," and not from the centre. 3.' The 1000 cubits were measured perpendicu- larly to the wall of the city, and then perpendicular to these distances, i. e. parall…
964 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.