PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 5
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,342,977 words · 1313 reading sections
Section 361
Towards tlie close of the IStli century and the begin- ning of the rJth, efforts were again made, especially in LATINISMS 2G3 LATIN VERSIONS Germany, to have mass said in the vernacular (see ISIar- heinecke, Si/siem d. Katholicismus, iii, 397), but in vain. The increase of uUramontanisni rendered all efforts un- av…
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2. I^atin Senses of Greek Words: as Kopnoc (Rom. XV, 28), " fruit," where it seems to be used in the sense of emolumentum, " gain upon money lent," etc. ; tTtaivoQ, "praise," in the juridical sense of elogium, a testimonial either of honor or reproach (1 Cor. iv, 5). 3. Those forms of speech which are proper!}' called…
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ing. Jerome frequently uses the expression communis or vulf/ata edi/io, but by this he intends the Sept., or the old Latin translation of the Sept. In reference to the Latin N. T. he uses the expressions Lutinus interpres, Latiid codices, or simply in Latino. The statement of Augustine, that of these interpreta- tions…
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2. Of this ancient Latin version in its various amend- ed forms, all of which it has become customary to in- clude under the general designation Itala, we have re- mains partly in the citations of the Latin fathers, part- ly in the Grajco-Latin codices, and (jartly in special M.SS. A cojiious collection from the first …
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10. Fragments of the Pauline epistles discovered by Schmeller at Munich, and transcribed by Tischendorf, who has described them in the Deutsche Zeitschrift fiir Christl. W7.s-.sc«.st/((//; for 1857, No. 8. Besides these, there are several MSS. known to exist chiefly in the British libraries. Some of these are no- tice…
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5. Sanctcs Pagninus, a learned Dominican from Luc- ca, produced a translation of the-whole Bible ^(Lugdun. 1528, 4to, and Colon. 1541, fob). Later editions of this work, with considerable alterations, apjieared : one, edited by tlie famous Mich. Servetus, under the name of Villa- uo\anu3 (Lugd. 1542) ; another, revised…
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Latitudinarians, a name given to those divines who in the 17th century professed indifference to what they considered the small matters in dispute between Puritans and High-Churchmen, and, looking at theology from a philosophical point of view, laid more stress on classical philosophy than on Christian theology. They a…
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LATOMIUS 2G8 LATTICE judged according;; to his works. In opposition to the doctrine of the invisible Church of the evangelical Church, they lay great stress on the doctrine of a visi- ble Cliiircli. They take ■what is good anywhere, as well in the Koinish as in the evangelical churches. They aim at nothing less than…
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Latter-Day Saints. See Mormons. Lattice stands in the Auth.Yers. for the following Hebrew words in certain passages: 1. ^^J'i!X {eshnah', so called from darkening a room), a latticed opening through which the cool breeze passes, and which at the same time screens the inmates, especially females, from exterior sight (J…
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In 1606 Laud preached a sermon before the univer- sity for which he was vehemently attacked by the vice- chancellor as a papist ; and though he contrived to es- cape formal censure from the authorities, he acknowl- edged afterwards to Ileylin that such was the repute in which he was generally held at the university tha…
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In 1G20 Laud -was at length raised to the episcopate, being made bishop of St. David's, in spite of the strenu- ous opposition of archbishop Abbot, as his friends assert, and tlirough the earnest solicitations of the duke of Buckingham and of the lord -keeper Williams, then bishop of Lincoln, as is commonly alleged. Be…
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LAUD 2V1 LAUD structions," as Laud informs us, "were partly political and partly ecclesiastical," and were to be published in every parish in the kingdom. Laud engaged in the duty witli his wonted alacrity, and almost immediately upon receiving the royal commands he had the instruc- tions prepared. His apologists ad…
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Early in 1630 Laud was chosen chancellor of the Uni- versity' of Oxford. In the same year he also enjoyed the honor of officiating at the baptism of the infant prince, af- terwards Charles II, although this distinction belonged b}' usage to the archbishop of Canterbury. Laud was now in the full tide of prosperity, and …
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fore taking his degree, and, having travelled nine years on the Continent, took the degree of M.D. at Padua; Burton was A.]\I. and B.D. at Oxford, and had been clerk of the closet to the Prince of Wales, and rector of St. Matthew's, Friday Street, London. Prynne, for his Ilis- trio-Mustyx, had already been condemned to…
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as accessory, but as prime minister. He corresponded constantly with the Scottish bishops as well as with the civil authorities in Scotland. To him they made their reports and their excuses, and his advice and direction were required and sought on all occasions. The invasion of England by the army of the Cove- nanters…
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It may be conceded that tJie arbitrary and tyrannical' acts of the administration of Charles and of Laud, wheth- er in Church or State, did not go beyond the precedents which had been set from Henry YIII downwards ; but it must be remembered that the spirit of the times had changed, and it was the bounden duty of wise …
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Laud's character may be considered with reference to the Tightness of his general purpose, or to the wisdom of his aiming at its accomplishment, or to the manner in which he endeavored to effect it. As to the right or wrong of his general purpose, his theory and aim, whether in Church or State, but particularly in the …
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Lauda Sion Salvatorem is the beginning of the renowned sequence of Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) for Corpus -Christi day. It consists of twelve double verses, which are as follows : Care cibus, sanguis potns : Manet tamen Christus totus Sub utraque specie. 8. A siimente uon concisns, 1. Lauda Siou salvatorem, Lauda duc…
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Laufifer, Jacob, a Swiss Protestant minister and historian, was born at Zoffingen July 25, 1688, and stud- ied theology at Halle and Utrecht. In 1718 he became professor of history and eloquence at Berne. He died Feb. 26, 1734. His works are not of special interest to theological students, excepting, perhaps, De llosti…
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LAURA 277 LAURENTIUS sauciendis impedimentis mairimonium dirimentihus (Par. 1674, 4to). This work was condemned at Rome, Dec. 10, 1C88, yet its principles were approved by a num- ber of the most distinguished theologians and jurists : — Venerandce RomaruB Ecclesim circa simoniam Ti-aditio (Paris, 1675, 8vo) : — iJe…
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Laurentius, anti-pope, lived about 460-520. He was archdeacon of a Church in Rome, and was opposed to Symmachus, who in 498 was elected successor of Anastasius II in the papal chair. This schism created much disturbance in the city, Festus and Probinus, two of the most influential senators, siding M'ith Laurentius. Bot…
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phers boast are but falsehoods. True virtue is undeni- ably above worldly desires — it is the chief requisite of happiness ; but it must be Christian virtue, not that of the philosophers. Among his works are to be noticed Ek(jantiai Latini sermonis (Venice, 1471, G vols. fol. ; Par, 1575, 4to) : — Be libera arbitrio : …
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Lavater, Johann Kaspar, a noted Swiss the- ologian and preacher, one of the most interesting men of the last century, was born at Zurich Nov. 15, 1741. His father, Ilcnry Lavater, was doctor of medicine and member of the government of Zurich. His mother, whose maiden name was Regula Escher, was a woman of marked charac…
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LAVATER 280 LAYER uensis. On the last evening of the old year, while ly- inij; ill bed, and his friends were obliged to stand very near to understaud liim, he dictated some lines (Gernnan hexameters) to be read the following day to his congre- gation. He died the '2d of January, 1801. Lavater was one of the most re…
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LAYER 281 LAYER thereby defiled, and so would have had to be renewed for each ablution. The Orientals, in their washings, make use of a vessel with a long spout, and wash at the stream which issues from thence, the waste water being received in a basin which is placed underneath. See Ablution. It has therefore been …
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Conjectural Diagram of the Laver. (After Thenius.) a, borders; 6, ledges; c, additions; rf, plwtes ; e, undersetters, _/, naves; ^, spokes; A, felloes; i, chapiter; X:, round compass. "Thenius, with whom Keil in the main agrees, both of them differing from Ewald, in a minute examination of the whole passage, but not …
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Laviugton, George, an English prelate, noted for his antagonism to AVesley and Whitefield, was born in Wiltshire in 1083 ; became canon of St. Paul's, London, in 1732, and in 1747 Avas promoted to the bishopric of Exeter. Shortly after his elevation to the episcopal dignity, Lavington, who had from the first looked unf…
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2. '• Laws of Nations'''' are those rules which, by a tacit consent, are agreed upon among all communities, at least among those who are reckoned the polite and human- ized part of mankind. o."Laws of Natin-e." — "The word law is sometimes also employed in order to express not only the moral connection l)etwecn free a…
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LAW 284 LAW OF MOSES imperfection. We are not under it, however, as a cov- enant of works (Gal. iii, 13), or as a source of terror (Rom. viii, 1), although we must abide by it, together with the whole preceptive word of God, as the rule of oiir conduct (Rom. iii, 31 ; vii). — Hend. Buck. See Law OF MOSKS. IV. Soip…
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The law is especially embodied in the last four books of the Pentateuch. In Exodus, Leviticus, and Num- bers there is perceptible some arrangement of the va- rious precepts, although they are not brought into a system. In Deuteronomy the law or legislation con- tained in the three preceding books is repeated with sligh…
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3. Nor is it less essential to note the period of the his- tory at which it was given. It marked and determined the transition of Israel from the condition of a tribe to that of a nation, and its definite assumption of a distinct position and office in the history of the world. It is on no unreal metaphor that we base …
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G. In close connection with this subject we observe also t/ie riradual process by u-ltich the law u-cts revealed to the Israelites. In Exod. xx-xxiii, in direct connection with the revelation from Mount Sinai, that which may be called the rough outline of the I^Iosaic law is given by (iod, solemnly recorded by Jloses, …
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Foreign Slaves to be held and inherited as property for- ever (Lev. xxv, 45, 46) ; and fugitive slaves from foreign nations not to be given up (Deut. xxiii, 15). See Si.avk. (i>) Foreigners. They seem never to have been aid juris, or able to pro- tect themselves, and accordingly protection and kindness towards them ar…
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(4) Uncertain Mttrder, to be expiated by formal disavow- al and sacrifice by the elders of the nearest city (Deut. xxi, 1-0). J \ ) (5) .\Rsrnilt to be punished by lex talionis, or damages (E.xod. xxi, 18, 19, 22-25; Lev. xxiv, 19, 20). 7th Cnminaud. (1) Adnlterg to be punished by death of both ofl'fuders: the rape o…
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(d) The Sin-Offering, or Trespass-Otl'ering (Lev. iv, v, vi). [1] For sins committed in ignorance (Lev. iv). LAW OF MOSES 288 LAAV OF MOSES [2] For vows unwittingly made and broken, or uncleanness unwittingly contracted (Lev. v). [3] For sins wittingly cummitted (Lev. vi, 1-T). (n) Extraordinary Sacrifices. (a) …
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This immediate reference to God as their king is clearly seen as the groundwork of their entire polity. The foundation of the whole law of land, and of its re- markable provisions against alienation, lies in the decla- ration, " The land is mine, and ye are strangers and so- journers with me" (Lev. xxv, 23). As in anci…
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Thus the law regulated the whole life of an Israelite. His house, his dress, and his food, his domestic arrange- ments and the distribution of his property, all were de- termined. In the laws of the release of debts and the prohibition of usury, the dictates of self-interest and the natural course of commercial transac…
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LAW OF MOSES 290 Lx\W OF MOSES out remarkably, not only in the enforcement of ceremo- nial " cleanness," and the multitude of precautions or remedies against any breach of it, but also in the sever- ity of the laws against self-pollution, a severity which distinguishes the Mosaic code before all others, ancient and …
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Besides the tithes there was a small poU-tax, amount- ing to half a shekel for each adult male. This tax was paid for the maintenance of the sanctuary. In atUlition to this, the first-fruits and the first-born of men and cattle augmented the revenue. The first-bom of men and of unclean beasts were to be redeemed by mon…
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count of their costliness, often afford but little protection to persons in narrow circumstances. In lawsuits very much was left to the discretion of the judges, his posi- tion greatly resembling that of a permanent jury, who liad not merely to decide whether a person was guilty, but who frequently had also to award th…
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Far more was this the case after the captivity. The revival of the existence of Israel was hallo\ved by the new and solemn publication of the law by Ezra, and the institution of the synagogue, through which it became tleeply and familiarly known. See Ezra. The loss of the independent monarchy, and the cessation of prop…
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In its individual, or what is usually called its '" moral" aspect, the law bore equally the stamp of trausitoriness and insufficiency. It had, as we have seen, declared the authority of truth and goodness over man's will, and taken for granted in man the existence of a spirit which could recognise that authority; but i…
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tion of the will of God to mankind at large, occupying a certain place in the education of the world as a whole, so far its declarations remam lor our guidance, though their coercion and their penalties may be no longer need- ed. It is in their general principle, of course, that they remain, not in their outward form ;…
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(4.) Indeed, the same remark as to primeval origin and validity applies to the whole Decalogue, although this cannot be so clearly proved in a historical argument as with regard to the Sabbath. Yet it has been shown above (§ i, No. 4) that these moral enactments at least were nothing new; indeed, as all must at once ad…
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Law, George Henry, D.D.. an English divine, second son of Edmund Law. D.D.. was born in 1761. He became l)ishoii of Chester in 1812, and of Bath and Wells in 1824. He died in 1845. Bishop Law publish- ed a- number of his Sermons, for a Ust of whicli, and a biographical notice of the author, see the London Gent. Mag. 18…
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La^wrence, Amos, a distinguished American phi- lanthropist, was born at Groton, Mass., in 1786. He spent a great part of his immense fortune in various charities and donations to public institutions. He died in 1852. His Life and Correspondence was published bj^ his son in 1855. — Thomas, Bioy. Diet. p. 1384. Lavrrenc…
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Lay Abbots or Abbacomites. Prior to the period nf ('harlemagne the court ajipointed its favorites to the office of abbot: rich abbacies were given to the higher secular clergy in commendam, i. e. simply to en- joy its revenues, or else to counts and military chiefs m reward for their services. These lay abbots occupied…
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In imitation of its divine Lord, the Apostolic Church employed not only the apostles, but its lay members in preaching the Word. '-At that time (after the death of Stephen) there was a great persecution against the Churcli which was at Jerusalem, and they were all scat- tered abroad tliroughout the regions of Judea and…
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LAY REPRESENTATIOX 298 LAY REPRESENTATION Not only was great good accomplishcil V)v the Wes- loyaii lay [ircachers in England, hut hy ])crsons of this class Methodism was introduced into America. See Embuuy, Philip ; Strawukidge, liOUEur ; Webb, Capt. In all parts of the Avorld, wherever Methodism lias extended its …
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The doctrine of justification by faith alone abolished human mediation between man and God. Luther fully recognised the New-Testament idea of the priesthood of all believers, and proclaimed it with all the force of his eloqueiice. His language on this subject is verj^ ex- plicit : " Every Christian man is a priest, and…
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Direct representation of the laity is not established among the Wesleyan INIethodists of England. There are, however, preparatory committees appointed by the conference, and composed of ministers and laymen, who revise the connectional business in advance of the an- nual assembling of the conference. These committees s…
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Layritz, Johann Georg, a German theologian, was born July 15, 1641, at Hof, in Bavaria. In 1667 he entered the university at Jena ; in 1677 he was graduated M. A., and became in 1673 professor of Church and profane history at the gymnasium of Baireuth ; in 1675, librarian and instructor of the margraves Erdmann, Philip…
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with business that they could not accept the offer. This refusal, and the wish of the family of count Gondi, as well as of the brother of the coimt, the archijishoi) of Paris, induced Vincent in 1624 to establish the society of the missionary priests, who were chiefly to devote themselves to the religious care of the c…
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" The raising of Lazarus from the dead was a work of Christ beyond measure great, and of aU the miracles he had hitherto wrought imdoubtedly the most stupen- dous. 'If it can be incontrovertibly shown that Christ performed one such miraculous act as this,' says Tho- luck (in his Conimentur zum Evanfj. Johmwis), ' much …
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Lazarus, a noted French prelate, flourished in the first half of the 5th century. It is supposed that he was raised to the archbishopric of Aix in 408, and resigned in 411, at the death of Constantine. In 415 he distin- guished himself among the most zealous adversaries of Pclagius, and of liis disciple C<jelcstius, fo…
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Lead (P'lSS', ophe'reth, from its duslij color, in pause r"lEr,Exod;xv, 10; Numb. xxxi,22; Jobxix,24; Jer. vi,29; Ezek.xxii,18,20; xxvii,]2; Zech.v,7,8; Sept. I^6\i[iooc),a well-known metal, generally found in veins of rocks, though seldom in a metallic state, and most commonly in combination with sulphur. Although the…
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In modern metallurgy lead is emiiloj'ed for the pur- pose of purifying silver from other mineral products, in- stead of the more expensive quicksilver. The alloy is mixed with lead, exposed to fusion upon an earthen ves- sel, and submitted to a blast of air. By this means the dross is consumed. This process is called t…
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her writings (consisting of eight large octavo volumes very scarce at present — like tV.ose of Jacob Bohme, though less original, abounding in emblematic and figu- rative language, and very obscure in style) was evident- ly to spread her peciUiar viev.s, and by these means to form a society of all truly regenerated" C…
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Leaders' Meetings. As an essential part of the Wcsleyan sj'stem of subpastoral superintendence by means of class - leaders [see Leaders], an organized meeting was appointed to be held Meekly under the above title. A leaders' meeting is composed of the itin- erant ministers of any circuit or station, and all persons reg…
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2. Leaf of a door ("^iJ, fse'la, a side, in 1 Kings vi, 34 [where the latter clause has, prob. by error, i'pjr, ke'- lanff, a curtain], means the valre of a folding door ; so also r^'^l, de'lcth, a door [Isa. xlv, 1]). See Door. 3. Leaf of a book (rblj, de'leth, a door-ralce, as above, hence perhaps a fold of a roll […
909 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.