PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 841
Proclamations, Royal. These documents in former times were almost ecpial in authority to an act of the constitutional legislature. They often interfered with religion, and dealt largely in reformation of man- ners. In L529 king Henry VII issued a proclamation "for resisting and withstanding of most dampnable heresyes s…
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Proclianites for Proclianists) is the name of the followers of Proclus (q. v.). They were extreme Moiitanists (q. v.), and were spread more especially in Phrygia, where, about the close of the 1th century, they formed a most dangerous sect, and greatly disturbed the peace of the churches. Proclus, surnamed HiaSajifiQ,…
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Life. — Proclus was of Lycian origin, and was born in Constantinople in 412. He received his first instruction at Xanthus, in Lycia (whence his surname " Lycius"). His philosophic training he enjoyed at Alexandria, where he studied under Arion, Leonaras, Hero, and es- pecially under Olympiodorus, with whom he applied h…
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with the highest only through the intermediate ones, andean return to the higher only through that which is intermediate. Every multitude, in a certain way. par- takes of unity, and everything which becomes one, be- comes so by partaking of the one (Inst, Theol. c. 3). Ev- ery object is a union of the one and the many:…
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In his treatise on Providence and Fate, Proclus seeks to explain the difference between the two, and to show that the second is subordinate to the tirst in such a manner that freedom is consistent with it. Both prov- idence and fate are causes — the first the cause of all good, the second the cause of all connection (a…
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PROCLUS 620 PROCONSUL itry. also in a Latin translation, printed together with a treatise by Choeroboscus (Paris, 1615). (21.) Five hymns. (-"-'. I Some scholia on Homer. The following works have perished: (1.) A commen- tary <.n the Philebus of Plato (Procl. in Tim. p. 53, 222). (2.) \ i immeutaryon the Phedrus of…
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Proconsul. The Greek word ivBiiirarog, for which this is the true < quivalent, is rendered uniformly •• deputy" in the A. V. of Acts xiii. 7. 8, 1'-': xix. 38, and the derived verb av&viranvw in Acts xviii, 12 is trans- lated "to be deputy." At. the division of the Roman provinces by Augustus, in the year B.C. -J7. in…
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through Silesia, Moravia, and Hungary as far as Pres- burg. In 1429 Procop made inroads into the German states as far as Magdeburg, and returned to Bohemia laden with spoil, and followed by a numerous band of captive nobles and knights; and in the following year, at the head of 50,000 men-at-arms, and half as many hors…
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complement to the l ks D< Bellis. Justinian and Theodora are here painted in the darkest colors, Pro- copius says thai he wrote il because in bis firs! work he could not, through fear of torture and death, speak Of living persons as they deserved. Some grossly ob- scene passages concerning Theodora, who was evidently…
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In the universities the name refers to those officers who, as representatives of the whole body of masters of arts, maintain the discipline of the university. The proctors are chosen out of the several colleges by turn. The pro-proctors are the deputies of the proctors. Proctor, David C, a Presbyterian minister, was b…
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PROCURATOR G24 PRODICUS against Florus, the procurator of Judaea. More impor- tant cases were laid before the emperor (Acta XXV, 12; romp. Josephus, A iii. xx. 6, 2). The procurator, as thi representative of the emperor, bad the power of Life and death over his subjects (Dio Cass, liii, 11: .Matt, xxvii, 26), which …
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Prodicus ( 1 ), an Athenian philosopher of the school of the Sophists, was a contemporary of Socrates, ami forerunner of the latter in the domain of philosophy, inasmuch as he prepared the way for the logical and ethical efforts of Socrates. Prodicus was a native of Sulis, in the island of Ceos. lie went frequently to …
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and careful striving. The one seeks to deter him from the path of virtue by urging the difficulty of it ; the other calls attention to the unnatural character of en- joyment which anticipates the need of it, its want of the highest joy, that arising from noble deeds, and the consequences of a life of voluptuousness, an…
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Profane (T_:n. chanaph, Jer. xxiii. 11; fikfitjXoc, Heb. xii. 16 I. To profane is to put holy things to vile or common uses; as the money-changers did the Tem- ple, by converting a part of it into a place of business (Matt, xxi, 12), and as those do who allow secular oc- cupations to engross any part of the Sabbath und…
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Christians are required to make a profession of their faith— 1, boldly (Rom. i. 10.: 2, explicitly (Matt. v. | 16) ; 3, constantly (Heb. x, 23); 4, yet not ostenta- tiously, but with humility and meekness. Among the Romanists, profession denotes the enter- ing into a religious order, whereby a person offers him- self …
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lite)-as turn in grammaticam collatis (Breslau, 1869). (B. P.) Profitt, George Marion, a minister of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church, South, was born in Yancey Coun- ty, N. C, about 1835. He professed religion and joined the Church in 1849. He was admitted into the Holston Conference in 1858. His first appointment wa…
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Prolocutor, the chairman or president of convoca- tion in England. See Cosvot a i kin. Promater. See Sponsor. Promise (some form of "i~X, to say, or "CI, to speak; iirayyeKia) is a solemn asseveration, by which one pledges bis veracity that he will perform, or cause to be performed, for the benefit of another, the th…
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///./. BeSS. wiii. c. 1 I. /'• Re/.). But if the promoted ecclesiastic officiates according to the higher order thus illicitly conferred on him without the episcopal dispen- sation, he becomes irregular, and needs papal dispensa- in. x, De Cler. per salt. prom, v, 29). I secration of a hi shop, with omission of the …
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Pronaos is the ante-temple of Greek churches, and corresponds to the narthex (q. v.). Prone (prceconium) is the publication in the pulpit of banns of marriage, pastoral letters, coming fasts and feasts, and a sermon (the dominicale, or homily for Sun- day) after the Gospel, in the Romish Church. Prono, an idol of the…
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weekly conferences (confp-essi) of the prefect, secretary, and consulters; and all important business is submitted to the pope in person by the prefect or the secretary. This congregation conducts the affairs not only of the missionary countries, properly so called, but also of those— as England, the northern kingdoms,…
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I. Form of Proper Names. — The first fact that strikes us, on a general view of them all, is that the ancient Hebrews always retained the greatest simplicity in the use of names. In reality there is always only one sin- gle name which distinguishes a person. Where it is necessary, the name of the father is added ; some…
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Under this class we may also include ttJ*,X, Ish, "man," with which several names are compounded. Another, but a smaller, class consists of names com- pounded with 52, Am, "people," resembling the many Greek compositions with Xcioc and cijpog ; and just as in Greek c"iipoQ is placed first or last (Demosthenes, Aristode…
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and as Ketubai (h\ 9), one ofthe descendants of Judah, is connected with the Ketuh in iv. 11. It is remarkable that the genealogical relation appear- to he sometimes expressed by the mere f\~ of motion, as rcpr*. Jaco- buh (ver. 36), which would he equivalently expressed by a German name, Zu- Jacob; nbx— r-. Tsharelah…
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Prophecy. Under this head we propose to treat of certain general aspects of the subject of permanent interest, reserving for the head of Pp.ophet what re- lates more personally to the organs or media of true prophecy, as found in the Bible. In doing so we make free use of the articles in Fairbaim's and Smith's Dic- tio…
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In the book of Kings we find Micaiah, the son of Im- lah, uttering a challenge, by which his predictive pow- er .> were to be judged. He had pronounced, by the word of the Lord, that Ahab should fall at Ramoth- Gilead. Ahab, in return, commanded him to he shut up in prison until he came hack in peace. "And Micaiah said…
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I been in effect answered by Hengstenberg : I. That God never forces men to believe, but that there is such a union of definiteness and vagueness in the prophecies as to enable those who are willing to discover the truth. while th.' wilfully blind are not forcibly constrained to see it. ■_'. That, had the prophecies be…
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Whether it can be proved by an investigation of Holy Scripture that this relation between divine announce- ments for the future and certain present events does so exist as to constitute a law, and whether, if the law is proved to exist, it is of universal or only of partial ap- plication, we do not pause to determine. …
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his imagination. Man so prepared, so developed and train.d. is a prophet, although he siill may receive no special messages from on hiy;li. either because his age requires none, or outer influences, climatical 01 social. disturb the mind. But the man so prepared, and he only, can be a prophet of the Lord. So the ancie…
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PROPHET 637 PROPHET observe decency and order, by forbidding them to med- dle with politics and Church government, and by pro- hibiting all nonconformist ministers and laymen from being speakers. The queen, however, seeing that they spread the religious notions of the Puritans and es- tranged the people from all Kom…
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Whether there is any difference in the usage of these three words, and, if any, what that difference is, has been much debated (see Witsius, Miscell. Sacra, i, 1, §19; Carpzovius, Tntrod. ad Libros Canon. V. T. iii. 1, § 2; Winer, Real-Wbrterbuch, art. " Propheten"). Ha- PROPHET C33 PROPHET veroick (Einleitung, Th.…
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ri-k of the title of a 1 k published in our own days, On tin Prophetical off, ofth Church (Oxf. I i ing misunderstood. In fact, the English word prophet, like the word inspiration, has always been used in a larger and in a closer sense. In the larger sen- our Lord Jesus Christ is a " prophet." .Moses is a •• prophi i.…
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Samuel took measures to make his work of restora- tion permanent as well as effective for the moment. For this purpose he instituted companies, or colleges of prophets. One we find in his lifetime at Ramah (1 Sam. xix, 19, 20) ; others afterwards at Bethel (2 Kings ii, 3), Jericho (ii, 5), Gilgal (iv, 38), and else- wh…
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In the first book of the Maccabees (ix, 17) the dis- continuance of the prophetic calling is considered as forming an important sera in Jewish history (see Ste- raann, />■ /'. rmino Prophetarum | Rost 17-j;; |), while at the same time an expectation of the renewal in future ages of prophetic gifts is avowed (1 .Mace iv…
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as the finery of women (iii. L6 sq.). Fries!-, princes, kings, all must hear them must, however reluctantly, allow them to perform their calling as long as they spoke in the name of the true God, ami as long as the result did not disprove their pretensions to be the ser- vants of the invisible bang of Israel (Jer. sxxv…
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1. In a general way, we may indicate that the sphere of action of the prophets was" absolutely limited to Is- raelites, and there is only one case of a prophet going to the heathen to preach among them— that of Jonah sent to Nineveh. He goes, however, to Nineveh to shame the Hebrews by the reception which he meets with…
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2. More specifically, the sixteen prophets whose books are in the (anon have that place of honor because they were endowed with the prophetic gift as well as ordi- narily (so far as we know) belonging to the prophetic order. There were hundreds of prophets contemporary with eacli of these sixteen prophets; and no doubt…
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rals put forward by the prophets, if not higher or sterner or purer than that of the law, is more plainly declared, and with greater, because now more needed, vehemence of diction. -Magna tides et grandis audacia prophetarum," says St. Jerome | //' /•/..'. This was their general characteristic, but that gifts and grac…
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Psalms are quoted no less than seventy times, and very frequently as being predictive. (6.) The argument with the unbeliever does not ad- mit of being brought to an issue so concisely. Here it is necessary [1] to point out the existence of certain declarations as to future events, the probability of which was not disc…
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(3.) From the above two criteria of a true prophet flows the third, that his addn sst s must be in strict ac- cordance with tin law. Whoever departs from it cannot be a true prophet, for it is impossible that the Lord should contradict himself. (4.) In the above is also founded the fourth criterion, that a inn prophet…
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one of his pupils, are at once ascribed to Elijah, e. g. the anointing "I lla/ael to he king over Syria i 1 Kin^s \i\. 15; comp. 2 Kings \ iii. 13); the anointing of Jehu to he king over Israel (I Kings xix. 16; comp. 2 Kings i\. I sq.) ; the writing of the letter to Joram, etc. Thus in a certain sense it may be affirm…
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V. The Prophetic State of Inspiration. — We learn from Holy Scripture that it was by the agency of the Spirit of God that the prophets received the divine communication. Thus, on the appointment of the sev* enty elders, "The Lord said, I will take of the Spirit which is upon thee, and will put it upon them. . . . And t…
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It does not seem possible to draw any ver\ pivi i-i distinction between the prophetic •■dream" and the pro- phetic " vision." In the case of Abraham (Gen. XV, 1) and of Daniel (Dan. vii. 1 1, they seem to 1 1 hI i ii ach other. In both the external senses are at rest, reflec- tion is quiescent, ami intuition energize…
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trance, or ecstasy, as a condition in whicl instrument occasioiiallv received the divine communi PROPHET 647 PROPHET "visions and dreams" (Numb, xii, 8). It is true that in this last-quoted passage " visions and dreams" alone appear to be attributed to the prophet, while " speaking mouth to mouth" is reserved for M…
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j it, and more especially to look at the revelation as in instead of out of time. The result is a comparative failure; but. this failure is softened by the divine inti- mation that the time is not yet. The two questions, What did the prophet understand by this prophecy V and What was the meaning of this prophecy? are s…
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tions have been lost, "and that of a large tree, only a lew blossoms have reached our time." In consequence of the prophets being considered a- organs of God, much care was bestowed on the presi rvation of their publicat- ions. Ewald himself cannot refrain from observing i p. 66), •• We have in Jer. xxvi. l 19 a clear …
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If the future course of events had been clearly marked out and formally laid down, all motives to present duty would have been obliterated ; no room would have been left for the exercise of faith, of hope, of fear, and love ; all thoughts, all feelings, all desires, would have been absorbed in the overpowering sense of…
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(2.) Prophecy made great use of the present, and es- pecially of the standpoint and personal circumstances of the agent, to illustrate the future. Ezekiel describes the coming glory of the Church under the gorgeous and elaborate description of a temple. All the images in the nine concluding chapters are taken from this…
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refusing to be < iforted. It was at Ramab that the Chaldsean i |ueror assembled the last band of eap- 1 i : the pro-peel ol perpetual exile lay before them. < In their departure the last hope of Israel's ex- ist! o e set in. d to expire. In the hold freedom of Eastern imagery, the ancestral mother of the tribe is co…
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As prophecy came TroXvptpiJc. Kai TroXvrpuTrwg, in many portions and in many modes (Heb. i, 1), we need not be surprised to rind a relative disregard of time in its announcements. The seers beheld things to come much as we look upon a starry sky. To the natural eye all the orbs that bespangle the tirmament seem to be a…
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The sixteen prophets may be divided into four groups : the Prophets of the Northern Kingdom — Hosea, Amos, Joel, Jonah ; the Prophets of the Southern Kingdom — Isaiah, Jeremiah, Obadiah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah; the Prophets of the Captivity — Ezekiel and Daniel ; the Prophets of the Return— Haggai, Zech- ari…
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That predictive powers did occasionally exist in the New-Test prophets i- proved by the ease of Agabus (Acts \i. 28), hut this was not their characteristic. They were not an order, like apostles, bishops or pres- byters, and deacons, inn they were men or women (xxi, 0) who had the Y.aoi<r/(a Trpo<;n)Tfiac vouchsafed …
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Among writers in English we may especially name the following: Sherlock, Discourses on the Use and In- tent of Prophecy (1755, 8vo) ; Hurd, Introd. to the Study of the Prophecies, etc. (1772, 8vo) ; Apthorp, Discourses on Prophecy (1786, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Davison, Discourses on Prophecy (1821, 8vo); Smith (J. Pye), Princi…
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Commentaries. — The following are the special exe- getical helps on the prophets in general : Jerome, Com- mentarii (in Opp. vol. v, ed. Basil.); Abrabanel, IZJSHB (written in 1497, and frequently printed and translated in various forms and portions); Kimchi, David (first printed in the Rabbinical Bible. Yen. 1548, fob…
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PROPHETS, Schools of nn, These were places where young men were educated under the care of a master, who was commonly, if no( always, an inspired prophet. Godwin observes that for the propagation of learning colleges and schools were in diver- places erected for the prophet-. The lir.-t intimation we have in Scriptur…
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and yet a wise and good government might not be will- ing to accept it — i. e. might not be propitious to the of- fender and to the proposal for his being forgiven. We can also conceive of a wise and good government being cordially disposed and greatly desirous to pardon an of- fender, but unable to gratify this gracio…
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(4.) There can be no doubt that the representation of expiatory substitution by sacrifices was prominent among other ancienl nations i Herod, ii, 39; < Ssesar, /;-//. Gal.vi, L6; Ovid, FasUy'i, L60; Porphyr. .!//.-/;». i v. 15). The remark ofDeWette, Tholuck, and Schol) that the remnants of the Bin-offerings wen- accou…
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for winch ,t is given as an atonement is sertamly no. .^p ;, „„,,„„ . , . „ , :llllill. ,, , . ., , riil;:,. |, is , withoutforce. ...,.,, . «. . possible to sacrifice the common view, which is quite (2.) I he sprinkling ol the bl 1 „i the sin-offering Mtisfactorv, in favor of such schemes as these. The in- BbOWS that…
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Caesarius of Aries required the laity in the diocese to sing proses and antiphons in church — some in Greek and some in Latin— aloud like the clergy, in order to introduce among the people a love of psalmody and hymns. These compositions, called prosce, are in rhyme, but ignore the law of measure and quantity establish…
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who under Hobab a< mpanied the Israelites in their wanderings, and ultimately settled in Canaan, were probably the most conspicuous (Judg. i, l«'ii. The pres- ence of the class was recognised in the solemn decla- ration of blessings and curses from Ebal and Gerizim (Josh.viii, 33). The period after the conquest of Ca…
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of the great cities of the empire there w.ie men who had been rescued from idolatry and its attendant de- basements, and brought under the power of a higher moral law. It is possible that in BOme cases the purity of Jewish life may have contributed to this result, and attracted men or women who shrank from the unutter-…
954 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.