PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 301
Pirke Aboth, i. e. capita pat rum (p"?S, a chap- ter), or sayings of the fathers, is the name of a tract of the Mishna (q. v.), and consists of five chapters of chrono- logically regulated gnomes from the teachers of Israel who flourished within 450 years. They were in all ages highly esteemed for their moral character…
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one of the mosl active centres of intellectual culture. Ilutten likens his influence to that of Erasmus and Reuchlin. His predilection for the classical, especially f..r i In i , ivck writers, some of which he translated into Latin and German, did not lessen his interest for the history ol hi- own country. Some parts …
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Firomalli, Paolo, an Italian missionary, was born in 1591 or 1592 at Sidemo (Ulterior Calabria). Having embraced the rule of St. Dominic, he devoted himself to preaching, and was in 1628 called to Rome to teach philosophy in the monastery of La Minerva. Appointed in 1631 director of the missions of Major Armenia, he su…
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Sess. 3. A fresh citation was made, and no one having appeared, the two popes, Pedro of Luna and Augelo Cor- rario, were declared contumacious by a sentence which was affixed to the church door. Sess. 4. Bishop Ulric, the ambassador of Robert, king of the Romans, addressed the assembly, endeavoring to frustrate the ob…
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Sess. 21. A decree was read on the part of the pope, ap- proving and ratifying all the dispensations of marriage, and tliose relating to the penitentiary, which had been granted by Benedict or Gregory. I A decree was published on the part of the pope and council, confirming all collations, provisions, translation-, et…
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Sess. 6. The decree of the Council of Con- lance wa- re- newed against those who troubled and maltreated per- sons coming to the council. SeSS. 6. A deputy from the University of Paris deliver- ed a discourse, after which the pope .Julius was again cited in the usual form: and upon hi- non-appearance a demand was made…
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Palace. After the death of Niccola the Pisans were anxious to have Giovanni remain in his native city, where he executed important works. The church of S. Maria della Spina was the first example in Italy of the pointed architecture, and is a most pleasing one. In 1278 he was chosen to build the Pisan Campo Santo ; it w…
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tin i'lm .1 rtS, s. v. Pisant. Loi i-. a French savant, was born in 1646 at Sassetot, near Fecamp. Admitted in 1667 into the Congregation of the Benedictines of Saint-Maur, he ad- ministered with the rank of superior several abbeys, and retired to that of Saint-Ouen. He died May .".. [726, at Rouen. He wrote, Sentimen…
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ter of the architectural features will al- ways decide their date. — Parker. Piscis, Pisciculi, and Vesica Piscis. The fish is a hieroglyphic of Jesus Christ, very common in the re- mains of Christian art, both primitive and mediaeval. The origin of it is as follows: From the name and title of our blessed Lord, 'lt)ao…
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"The Pisgah" must have been in the mountain range or district, the same as or a part of that called the mountains of Aliarim (comp. Dent, xxxii. 49 with xxxiv. I). See Abarim. Its situation is minutely de- scribed by the sacred writers. It is first mentioned in connei tion with the approach of the Israelites to Pales- …
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The mountain itself is chieflymemorable as the height from which Moses got his most distinct view of the Land of Promise ; from thence " the Lord showed him all the land of Gilead unto Dan, and all Xaphtali. and the land of Ephraim and Manasseh, and all the land of Judah unto the utmost sea; and the south, and the pla…
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'J. Paine's nexl argument is drawn from the history of Balaam and Balak immediately following the pas- sages lasl cited. After lodging at BLirjath-huzoth (Numb, xxii, 39), which Paine regards as the site of Kufeir Abi-Bed, jusl easl of the crest of Nebo, the two proceeded first to -the high places of Baal" (ver n . whi…
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Thus Antioch in Pisidia wa- sometimes called a Phryg- ian town. Iii g< n. lal t. no- it ma\ he -aid that I'isidia was bounded on the north by Phrygia,on the wesl by ('aria and Lycia, on the south by Pamphylia, and on the easl bj Cilicia and Isauria (Srrabo, xii, 569; Ptol- emy, v,6). It wa- a mountainous region; but h…
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PISPAH 23G PISTOJA Chron. v, 2P>. which is supposed to he a river, and the same with the Ki/.il-l'/cn in Hyrcania. Colonel Ches- ln-y. from the results of extensive observations in Ar- menia, was "led to infer thai the rivers known by the comparatively l< rn namt - of Halys and Araxes arc those which, in the book …
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;i from the beginning. It is forthee that I am plunged into this affliction. Behold me iu this place weeping, cry- ing out again for the liL'ht which I have seen upon the heights. Hence the rage of those who keep the doors of my prison, if thou wilt conic and save me, great is thy mercj ; grant my supplication. Delive…
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Pistor, Henricus, is the author of a Latin hymn, " De S. Jolianne Baptista," commencing, " Pro?cursoris et Baptists." The only notice we have of Pistor is that given by Clichtovlus in Elucidator Eccles. p. 198, where we read: " Auctor ejus (viz. of the hymn) fuisse traditur eximius pater Henricus Pistor, doctor theolo-…
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Jeremiah illustrates (Jer. xxxviii. I. '.< |. To he d id to the pit was often to he lefl i" a slow death by starva- tion; and i" he saved from such a doom was regarded reatesl of all deliverances. Hence ii was used i ch. ix. 11). In the case ,. Reuben suggested the pit as a device for saving hi- brother; the others ho…
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5. The Greek terms are the following: in Rev. ix. 1. 2, and elsewhere, the "bottomless pit" is the transla- tion of ro tppsap ti,ij aflvoo-ov. The A. V. has rightly taken tbpiap lure as the equivalent ol bdr rather ih.au beer. The pii of the abyss i- as a dungeon. It is opened with a key (Rev. ix. 1; xx. I). Satan is c…
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nature of pitch is noticed in Isa. xxxiv, 9.— Smith. See Asphaltum ; Bitumen. Pitcher in the A. V. represents the following words in the original : 1. 13, lead; Sept. vSpia ; Vulg. hydria, la genu ; akin to Sanscrit hut and kc'iCoc. ; rendered "barrel" (1 Kings xvii, 12; xviii, 33). 2. x3J and ?!?3, nebel; Sept. dyyel…
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di nee to Pithom and Raamses, and the prob- able connection in both cases with Heliopolis confirms the conclusion. It is remarkable that the Coptic version off ion. xlvi. 28 mentions Pithom lor. or instead of, the Heroopolis ofthe Sept. Whether Patumus and rhoum be the same, and the position of one or both, have j el t…
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Pitman, John Rogers, an English divine, noted as a classical scholar and general litterateur, was born about 1782, and was educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge, in 1804. He became preacher at Berkeley and Belgrave chapels, and in the Foundling and Mag- dalen hospitals, and perpetual curate of St. Barnabas Church, Ke…
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Pity is usually defined to be the uneasiness we feel at the unhappiness of others, prompting us to compas- sionate them, with a desire for their relief. God is said to pity them that fear him, as a father pitieth his chil- dren (Psa. ciii, 13). Pity is thus a Christian grace, to the practice of which we are exhorted by…
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tam Europam memorabilker gesta sunt, 7>.--'/>n wl annum 1458, Commentarius. At last Frederick senl Piccolomini a- hi- ambassador to pope Eugenius. This was a deli* .ate errand for one who had been a most a\ owed antag- onist of thai pontiff; hut Piccolomini managed so well by his dexterity, his captivating addre-s. al…
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A vacancy having occurred in the archiepiscopal see of Mentz, two candidates appeared for it — Adolph, count of Nassau, and Dietrich of Isenburg. The latter had the majority of votes, but Pius, who by the concordat had the right of deciding in cases of contested elections, re- fused to confirm the choice of Dietrich un…
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PIUS 244 PIUS to be made to the Protestants with the hope of recon- ciling them to the Church, and queen Catharine di Medici wrote t<> the pope to thai effei t. The pope re- ferred the matter to the council, and in the mean time Catharine published the edict of pacification, in Janu- ary, L562, which allowed the Pro…
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eminent servant of Coil, and much to he honored." He made him bishop of Xepi. and in 1557 cardinal. In this new dignity Chisleri continued as before, -cere in his manner of life, poor and unpretending. He de- voted himself to his religious ex< mist - and to the In- quisition, lie was austere in his morals, and wished t…
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and while he strove with indefatigable zeal to root out every vestige of dissenting agitation that, yet survived in Roman Catholic countries, he persecuted with a still more savage inveteracy Protestants, whether such as had become free or those still struggling to be so. Thus he gave the papal troops who fought agains…
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gloomy and calamitous. In the earl\ period of that fearful Btruggle Pius VI had solemnly condemned the abrupt changes made in France concerning the dis- cipline and the property of the clergy, though in all secular matters he had wisely abstained from interfer- iny sort, But in January, 1793, a complication a most seri…
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Pius VII, popi from 1800 to 1823, was successor of the piece dine, lie ua- originally called Gregorio I'm- nuliii Ckiaramonti, being also of noble d< -cent, and was born in 1742 al Cesena. He first studied in the college of Ravenna, and subsequently entered t he ( irder ol \>< n- edicrines in 1758. He was appointed le…
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for the security of the numerous members of it who were living in those very countries with which the emperor was then at war. He said that the head of the Church ought to be a minister of peace, and not to take part in a war which has not religion for its object; that if some of his predecessors had not always abided …
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■ pt i. No. v. The French commander, Miollis, being afraid of an insurrection of the people of Rome, who bad shown unequivocal signs of attachment to their sovereign, thought it expedient to remove Pius from the capital. The Swiss guards made no resist- ance, havii that effect from the pope; and, protesting that he "yi…
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resumed his office of secretary of state. By the articles of the congress of Vienna the whole of the I'apal States were restored, including the legations, which were not, however, evacuated by the Austrian iroops until after the fall of Mural, in 1815. lh. remaining years of the life of Tins vn were -pent in comparati…
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While at Rome he lived under the protection of an uncle, an officer of the ecclesiastical establishment of the Vatican. In the troubled period which marked the closing days of Napoleon's reign, uncle and nephew re- moved to their estates at Sinigaglia. On a visit which pope Pius VII paid this place, Mastai was presente…
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In 1846 Gregory XVI died. When the news from I; :ame to the archbishop-cardinal of Imola, lie de- layed to celebrate first the obsequies of the dead pope. Apparently he was in no haste to get to Rome ; yet those who were close observers and less friendly say that he had an eye to the papal throne from the moment ofhis …
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which the government would allow to be discus-, d, and a censorship remained established in full force. The same year witnessed the institution ofthe Consult a, un- der the presidency of ( ii/./.i. This seemed like com es» sioii I., popular demands, but the whole thing was a farce; the members were chosen by tin- pope,…
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troops landed at Civita Yecchia on the 25th of April, 1849, and besieged the capital, while the Austrians en- tered Italy from the north and the Spaniards from the south. The capital surrendered on the 1st of July; and pending the return of the pope — which did not take place until next year — the government was carrie…
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detailed in Oil. CATHOLICISM, etc. One Of the foulest biota on the pages of history regarding his reign i- the forcible conversion of the .lew boy Mortara,andofa piece witli this is the abject condition of the Hebrews at Rome, where the walls of the Ghetto were only removed with the establishment of the Italian power.…
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Catholic world exhibited to the union. Little was felt here of important men. deeds, and speeches. The cathedral capitular Hiniioben of Mayence. the "real miles gloriosus oi the meeting," uttered hectoring fan- faronades about the glorious victories of Roman t latholi- cism in Germany, and expressed the confident ho…
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Pix. See Pyx. Pizzez. See Artists. Placaeus. See Place, Josue de la. Place, Absalom's. See Absalom. Place, Fruitful. See Carmel. Place, Conyers, an English divine of some note, flourished in the first half of last century, very near the opening of that rera. We know nothing of his personal history. He has left sev…
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Placebo, an office in the Church of Kome. so called from it- first word, has for its purpose the prayer for soul-. It is the antiphon (q. v.) at vespers in the office of the d.ad. as the dirge is at matins. See Procter, Book of Common Prayer; Elliott, Delineation of Ro- Placentia, Councils of {Concilium Placentmum). …
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required, and even such bulls as have been sanctioned shall only be valid as long as new decrees of the state do nol affect their validity." According to another decree, dated April 2 and 7. 1784, the placet w.a- also required for all instructions, orders, etc, given to preachers and prie-ts. no matter as to the form …
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Flaceus. See Place, Josue de la. Placidus, St., a Christian martyr of the 6th cen- tury, was of pious parentage, and was born probably in 515. When only seven years old he was intrusted by his father, the Roman patrician Tertullus, to the care of St. Benedict of Nursia. Placidus, thus religiously trained, grew up in t…
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em certain that I he plague is specified, though in the one. it it were to lie in the land, it would fasten upon the population of besieged cities, and in the other, if then known, it would probably he alluded to as a ter- rible judgment in an enumeration of diseases. The notices in the prophets present the same diffic…
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by the later history of the disease. It is there both spo- radic and epidemic ; in the first form it has appeared al- most annually, in the second at rarer intervals. As an epidemic it takes the character of a pestilence, sometimes of the greatest severity. Our subsequent remarks apply to it in this form. It is a much…
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The glandular plague, like the small-pox, is an erup- tive fever, and is the most virulent and most contagious disease with which we are acquainted. The eruption consists of buboes, carbuncles, and petechia1. Buboes are inflamed and swollen glands; and the glands so af- fected are generally those of the groin, axilla, …
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Plagues <>i Egypt (for 1 1 1 «- use of the Hebrew word, Bee Plagi i I, the term usually applied to the se- ri<- of div ine \ isitations of wrath with w hich JehoA ah punished the Egyptians, and especially their king, for their refusal to lei Israel go. Iu considering the history ni the Ten Plagues we have to notice the…
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.">. I'li: Plagues themselves. — We here notice firsl a preliminary phenomenon of the same genera] character with the "plagues." When Moses and Aaron came. before Pharaoh a miracle was required of them. Then Aaron's rod became a ••seriienl" (A. Y. |, or rather '"a crocodile" ("*iP ). Its being changed into an animal re…
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the small frog of Egypt called by the natives do/da, the Rcma Mosaica of JSeetzen (Reisen, ii, 245, 350 sq. ). See Frog. (3.) The " Plague" of Lice. — The account of the third plague is not preceded by the mention of any warning to Pharaoh. We read that Aaron was commanded to stretch out his rod and smite the dust, wh…
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only cover the food and drink, hut I hey torment the people by settling on their faces, and especially round i heir eyes, thus promoting ophthalmia. See Fly. "Plague" of th Murrain of Beasts. — Pha- raoh was nexl warned that, if he did nol lei the people go, there should he on the day following "a very griev- ous murr…
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acknowledged the finger of God in the wonders of the Hebrew prophet, and al last they could not even stand i ei ire him, being themselves smitten by the plague he was commissioned to send. The boil ("priD, shechin) was a scab or pustule, which might or might not break out into an ulcerous sore i Lev.xiii, 18 sip). Will…
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"Locusts not un frequently commit dreadful havoc in this country. In my second voyage np the Nile, when before the village of Bustau, a little above Ibrim, many locusts pitched upon the boat. They were beautifully variegated, yellow and blue. In the following night a southerly wind brought other locusts in immense swar…
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"The 'simum.' which is a very violent, hot, and al- most Bdffocating wind, is of re rare occurrence thau the khamsin winds, and of shorter duration; it- con- tinuance being more brief in proportion to the Intensity of it- parchiug beat ami the Impetuosity of its coarse. Its direction is generally from the s mth-east, …
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The history of the ten plagues strictly ends with the death of the first-born. The pursuit and the passage of the Bed Sea are discussed elsewhere. See Bed Sea, 1' i.ss \(.i: of. Here it is only necessary to notice that with the event last mentioned the recital of the won- ders wrought in Egypt concludes, and the histor…
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"But it is perfectly clear that these occurrences, as they are related, notwithstanding their foundation in nature, always maintained their character as miracles, ami con- sequently are sufficient to prove what they are intended to prove, and to accomplish what they did accomplish. Indeed, the unusual force in which th…
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iis has in its fttvor the fact thai cians of Egypt, and ol the Easl generally, have alwaj b, down t r own day, possessed an unparalleled and almost incredible dexterity in artificial magic (see Lane, Modern Egyptians, p. 862 sq.). It is to be borne in mind, also, thai in tie cases before us these magi- cians were al…
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See Stackhouse, Hist, of the Bible ; Bryant, Observa- tions on the Plagues inflicted on the Egyptians (Lond. 1794); Eichhorn, De Egypti anno mirabili, in the Comment. Soc. Reg. Scient. Gottingen. Recentior, iv, 45; Schwarz, De plagis Pharonis (Wittemb. 1724); Bons- dorf, De plagis jEgypt. (Abose, 1809-10) ; 1 lengstenb…
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4. 123, kikkdr, seems to be equivalent to 12""2. from the root *H3, to more in a circle; "22 therefore signifies a circuit, or" the region round about any place" (allied to which are ki'kXoc , circus, ami circl ; < lesenius, Thesaur. p. 7171. Hence, with the article ~2~n. hak- kikkar. it was applied topographically to …
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, parent ly with the mire general sense ol low land, or rather tlai hind, in which chariots ild be ma- noeuvred as opposed to uneven mountainous ground. There i- some reason to believe that the scene of the battle in question was on the east side of the Sea of the plain of .laulan : bui ild- i- no ex- planation of the …
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Planck the subjective, pragmatic method reaches its height. History is only the drear}' theatre of human interests and passions. It is therefore truly amazing that, with his indifference to Church doctrine, he could bestow so much toilsome study and learned industry on such 'perfectly indifferent antiquations' as the t…
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civilization and religious knowledge. In the mother country of Phoenicia, the ( Isirian worship had its ancient counterpart in the mysteries of Ailonis and the annual for Tammuz" (Ezek. viii, 14). There, again, the fate of the divinity was rigorously identified with periodic changes in the aspect of external nature. Th…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.