PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 121
Coin of Herod Philip the Tetrarch. Philip (St.) Benozzi (San FUippo Beniti, or JJe- nizzi) stands at the head of the Order of the Servi, or Serviti. at Florence. He was not the founder of the order, having joined it fifteen years after its establish- ment, but he is their principal saint. See Serviti. Philip of C.esa…
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PHILIP 90 niiLip , etc., ed.Vallarsi), bul not as his. ThePrologua or Prcefalio ad Nectarium are omitted, and the texl differs very widely from thai given in the Cologne edi- tion of Bede | L612, fol. iv. 1 17. etc.), in which the work is given as Bede's, w ithout any intimati >f its doubt- ful authorship. Cave, Oud…
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fragments. One of these, D< Sckola Catecketica Alex- uiuli urn Sum ssiont . on t he Succession "I' teachers in the catechetical school of Alexandria, was published from a .MS. in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, by Dodwell, with his Dissertutiones in Trenaum (< >xf. 1689, 8vo). and has been repeatedly reprinted. It is…
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Philip, John. D.D., a missionary to Africa, was born at Kirkcaldy, Fifeshire, Scotland. April 14, 1775. His father, who was teacher of an English school, gave him his elementary education; and his mother, who is de- scribed as "a woman of earnest and devoted piety." en- deavored, with all the powerful insinuating influ…
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1. Apostolic Associations. —St. Paul, when, on bis first visit i" Macedonia in company with Silas, he embarked at Troas, made- a straight run to Samothrace, and from thence to Neapolis, which he reached on the second day < Acts \>i. 1 1 1. The Philippi of rani'.- day was situated in a plain, on the banks ofadeepand rap…
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The Christian community at Philippi distinguished itself in liberality. On the apostle's first \ i-il be was hospitably entertained by Lydia, and when he aft< r- wards went to Thessalonica, « here hi- reception appears to have been of a very mixed character, the Philippiaus sent him supplies more than once, anil were t…
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2. Ancient History. — Strabo tells us that the old name of Philippi was Krenides (vii, 331); and Appian adds that it was so called from the number of "little fountains" {Kpi]victc) around the site. He also says that it had another name, Datus ; but that Philip of Maeedon, hav- ing taken it from the Thracians. made it a…
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neighborh 1 of th< e lirst reached is the modern Turkish village Bereketli. This is the nearest village to the ancient ruins. Near the second cemetery are some ruins on a slight eminence, and also a khan, kept by a Greek family. Hero is a large monumental block of marble, twelve feet high and seven feel square, ap- pa…
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Philip'pian ($i\nn7i]moc,'), the patrial title of an inhabitant of Philippi (Phil, iv, 15). PHILIPPIANS, Epistle to the, the sixth in order of the Pauline letters in the N. T. (The following ar- ticle is chiefly based upon that in Smith's Dictionary of the Bible.) ' I. The canonical authority, Pauline authorship, and…
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PHILIPPIANS, EPISTLE TO THE 96 PHILIPPIANS, EPISTLE TO THE carp for a plurality of epi itles maj be sel aside, it ia less easy to Bel aside the testimony of the extanl epistle it- sell in the passage cited. To refer rd avrn to the pre- ceding yuiiiTf in Kvpitfi seems a what difficult, for nowhere previously in this e…
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III. Personal Circumstances of th Writer at th Time. I. Paul's connection with Philippi was of a peculiar character, which gave rise to the writing of this 1 pisl le. Thai city, important as a mart for the produce of the neighboring gold-mines, and as a Roman stronghold to check the rude Thraeiaii mountaineers, was di…
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inquirers into the new faith at Rome addressed them- selves to the apostle, and to those who were known to be in constant personal communication with him. Thus in his bondage he was a cause of the advancement of the Gospel. From his prison, as from a centre, light streamed into Ca?sar's household and far beyond (iv, 22…
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he had c ,• valued these, he now c ited them -all hut loss lor i he excellency of the knowledge of Christ" (iii. 1 12). A reference to his own sanctified ambition t.. advance in the service of Chrisl leads him to exhorl the Philippians to a similar spirit; from this he passes to caution them againsl unnecessary conten…
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Philippine Islands, situated in 5° 30'-19° 42' N. lat.. and 117° 14'-126° 4' E. long., in the great In- dian Archipelago, to the north of Borneo and Celebes, are more than twelve hundred in number, and have an area of about 150,000 square miles. The popula- tion is over 6,000,000, three fourths of whom are sub- ject to…
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The leading mercantile houses are English and Amer- ican. British and American merchants enjoy the lar- gest share of the business, the exports to Great Britain being upwards of £1,500,000 sterling yearly, and the imports thence nearly of the same value. There are seven British houses established at Manilla, and one at…
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Philippists is the name of thai Bed or party among the Lutherans w ho were t he followers of Philip Melanc- tbon. He had strenuously opposed the Ubiquists, who arose in bis time; and the dispute growing still hotter after his death, the University of Wittenberg, who es- poused Melanet lion's opinion, were called by t…
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Philips, Edward, M.A., an English divine, was born near the middle of the 16th century. He was en- tered a student in Broadgate's Hall, now Pembroke Col- lege, in 1574; became preacher at St. Saviour's, South- wark, London, and died about 1603. He was a Calvinist, and esteemed " a person zealous of the truth of God, ea…
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PHILISTIM 102 piiilistim: at certain times the Philistines had also in possession large portions of the interior (Psa. be, 7; lxxxvii, 4; cviiijlO; 1 Sam. xxxi, 8; 1 Kings xv, 27; I'-a. lxxxiii. 7 i. I 'he land of the Philistines partakes of the general desolation common to it with Judaea and other neigh- boring sta…
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islands were inhabited by Shemitic race-. The wor- ship observed in them at this time shows a shemitic origin. The Shemitics gave place to the Hellenics — a change which dates from the time of Minos, who drove t hem out of the islands, giving the dominion to his son. The expelled population settled on the Asiatic COaS…
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Philistine Ship attacked by Egyptians. On the other hand, it has been held by Ewald (i, 330) and others that the Cherethites and Pelethites (2 Sam. xx, 23) were Cherethites and Philistines. The objec- tions to this view are : (1) that it is highly improbable that David would select his officers from the hereditary foe…
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inconsistencies, there are two points which appear i i militate against the theory of the second immigration in the time of the Judges : ill thai the national title of the nation always remained Philistine, whereas, accord- ing to these theories, it was the Cretan or Cherelhile element which hd to the great developme…
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Heads of Philistine Prisoners. (From the Egyptian Mouumeuts.) represents the Philistines as making a charge of three shekels a tool for sharpening them ; and again the ex- pression "Metheg-ammah" in 2 Sam. viii, 1, which is rendered in the Vulg.frenum tributi, and by Symma- chus Tt)v i^ovaiav roii tj>6pov (the true te…
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the Philistini 3; ami no s er were these brought to a close by the appointment of David to he king over the united tribes than the Philistines attempted to counter- balance the advantage by an attack on the person of the king; they tier, tore penetrated into the valley of Rephaira, south-west of Jerusalem, and even pu…
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From this time the notices of the Philistines are largely involved in the movements of the great powers surrounding Palestine. Isaiah'- declarations (xiv, 29- 32) throw fight upon these subsequent events: from them we leam that tin' Assyrian-, whom Ahaz sum- moned to hi- aid. proved themselves to lie tic "COCk- latri…
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III. Usages, etc. — With regard to the institutions of the Philistines our information is very scanty. Their military tactics have been noticed above. The country in which they settled is remarkably productive (2 Kings viii, 2). Thomson exclaims on entering it, "Beautiful but monotonous — wheat, wheat, a very ocean of …
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Phillips, James, D.D., an eminent Presbyterian divine, was born at Newendon, Essex < lounty, England, April 22, 1792. His father was a minister of the Estab- lished Church of England, and attached to the Evan- gelical party in that Church. His early education was acquired mostly while he was engaged in private studj an…
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PHILLIPS 109 PHILLIPS 8vo), written in answer to John Knox's work, The First Blast of the Trumpet, etc. See Wood, A then. Oxon. ; Dodd, Ch. Hist. vol. iii ; Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and Amer. Auth.s. v. Phillips, Richard, an English Wesleyan preach- er, was born in 1777. In early life he was brought to Christ throu…
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Phillips, William (1). a Christian philanthropist, was born in Boston April 10, 1750. Owing to feeble health, he was prevented from receiving many education- al advantages. He entered upon mercantile pursuits with his father, from whom he received a large fortune at his death. In 1772 he made a profession of religion ;…
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England, Dr. Lingard (q. v. 1. and subsequently by the publication ol some pamphlets, vindicating the estab- lished clergy in the North from the attacks of lords Grey and Durham. For these services he was reward- ed with the rich living of Stanhope. In 1825 he again entered the lists ol controversy as the opponent of M…
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The circumstance that Philo was contemporary with New-Test, events, coupled with his high intelligence and interest in sacred learning, as well as with the fact that he once visited Jerusalem " to offer up prayers and sacrifices in the Temple" (although only one such visit is referred to by him [Richter's ed. of Fragme…
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Now it is to be expected that whenever two spiritual powers meet, such as Hellenism and Judaism, such as Grecian culture and Jewish religion — when two such spiritual world-reforming powers come into conflict with each other — that conflict must necessarily result in new formations; something new will always grow out o…
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.Spirit, thi' eternally Perfect One, enter into the finite! world? He creates ideals from himself, says riato. Ho introspects himself, and thus perfection i- produced; but this perfection impresses itself upon more subordinate existences, and thus it descends from immediate causes to intermediate causes, until the rea…
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From all that has been said of the Philonic doctrine of the Logos, it is clearly apparent that Philo recognised it as the highest of all the divine forces ; and yet many of his descriptions of it were in no essential like those of the apostle John, but rather belonged to Jewish ideas which he found already existing. Th…
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PIIILO 114 PHILO historical Christ as the only high-priest. Thus the Alexandrian i»l«as formed a bridge to Christianity, lint we cannot regard the doctrine of a union of the Logos with humanity, in all the forma under which ii ap- peared, as a reflection in tin- tir-t place of Christianity, but must doubtless presup…
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clopadia.) Mr.Grinfield. in his Hellenistic Greek Testa- rm hi. and the accompanying Scholia, has derived many of his notes from the works of Philo; in the applica- tion, however, of such illustrations, it must he home in mind that Philo's style was hardly a natural one; it is very elaborate, and avoids Alexandrian pro…
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Literature. — For an account of Philo's philosophical and theological system in general, the reader is referred to Mosheim's notes on Cudworth, p. 640-649 [transl. by Harrison, ii, 320-333], where Philo's influence on Pa- tristic divinity and early heresy, especially the Sabel- lian, is clearly traced ; to Ritter, Hist…
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For a complete, and withal succinct examination of PIIILO 116 PIIII.o tin- entire field of Philo's opinions, we refer to Berzog's Real-Encyklop. xi, 578 603. Shorter and more accessi- ble, bu( inevitably imperfect, notices occur in Smith's Diet, of Gr. and Rom, Biog. and Mythol. iii, 309 sq.; Schaff's Ipostotic Chu…
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The Philo who is spoken of as an Athenian and a disciple of Pyrrhon, though ridiculed by Timon as a sophist, can hardh be different from Philo the dialecti- cian (Diog. Laert ix. 67, 69). Jerome (Jov. 1 1 speaks of Philo the dialectician and the author of the Mi next - nus as the instructor of Carne.ades. in contradict…
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Philolaus, a Pythagorean philosopher, was born at Crotona, or Tarentum, towards the close of the 5th cen- tury B.C. Aresas, a probable disciple of Pythagoras, was his master; so that we receive the Pythagorean doctrine from Philolaus, only as it appeared to the third generation, and an account of it is therefore more p…
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III. Primitive Tenses. — In nothing perhaps does the disparity between the Greek and the Hebrew verb strike the student at first more obviously than the multiplicity and variety of tense-forms in the former, compared with the meagre and vague array of tenses in the latter. A little further examination, however, shows t…
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PIIILOMETOU 122 PHELOPONUS btcation in both languages essentially coincide in this: i hat /■ ngth in ili< vowel is i quivah ni to another consonant. We might take room to exemplify these rules, but the modern Bcholai will readily Bee t In i r truth. In none of iIh' later cognate languages i> this principle regarded …
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name is sure to he handed down to future generations, We refer to the capture of Alexandria by Amru in AD. 039, and the pretended conflagration of the famous Al- exandrian library. It is in the first instance said that Philoponus adopted the Mohammedan religion on the city being taken by Amru, whence he may justly he c…
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of Doctrines ; Cudworth, Intellectual System of the Uni- verse (see Index). Philosarcee (Gr. <pi\eu>, to love, and aap'l, flesh), a term of reproach used by the Origenists in reference to the orthodox as believers in the resurrection of the body. Philosopher (<pi\6ao<poc). Of the Greek sects of philosophers existing …
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they are hut the necessary effects of matter prodigiously surprised, confounded, and hurried away by Rousseau, diversified. It is more reasonable to admit, with Main-. Thus was the public mind in France completely eor- a twofold God, than the God of Christianity. We rupted, and this, no doubt, greatly accelerated tho…
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Thoughts thai do Often lie tOO deep lor teals." Philosophy is, like death, one of the few things that we moral-, aid j ovi rnm< in : and the-e. indeed, spreading can by no* means avoid, whether we welcome or reject overall |. pe, imperceptibly took possession of public it: whether we regard the irresistible tendenci…
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A great step towards the definite restriction of the meaning of philosophy was made by the Platonic writ- ings, though the name continued, and has always con- tinued, to be employed with great latitude. Aristotle, who gave a sharp, scientific character to nearly every- thing which he touched, first confined the term t…
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of time; for of philosophy there is no end. of theoretical inquiry, but also in government, social This constant disappointment and continual renewal organization, manners, habits of thought, arts, and in of effort are strange phenomena, and have often proved utterly disheartening. Hence has pr «ded the objec- tion s…
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by the loose acceptation id' the term physics in the So- cratic schools; ami by the fad that metaphysics. or phi- losophy, in Aristotle's estimation, lay beyond the domain of physics. Dividing philosophy into metaphysics, phys- ics, and ethics, we now habitually exclude physics, or natural philosophy, and Bel it apart …
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The various attempts which have been made to de- rive Western philosophy from Eastern sources have signally failed. The external evidence in favor of this opinion is wholly insufficient to establish it (Ritter, >,, sch. ,1. Phil, i, 159, etc. ; Thirlwall, Hist, of Gr. ii, 130 ; Zeller, Gesch. d. Phil. d. Griechen, i, 1…
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The teaching ol Heraclitus i B.C. 500) oilers a com- plete contrast to that of the Eleatics, and stands far in advance of the earlier [onic school, with which he is historically connected. So far from contrasting the existent an 1 the phenomenal, he boldly identified being with change. "There ever was, and is, and shal…
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These " minor Socratic schools" were, however, pre- mature and imperfect developments. The truths which they distorted were embodied at a later time in more reasonable forms. Plato alone (B.C. 430-347), by the breadth and nobleness of his teaching, was the true suc- cessor of Socrates; with fuller detail and greater el…
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PHILOSOPHY 130 PHILOSOPHY with greater precision, and broughl within narrower limits. The breaking up of the small Greek Btates had prepared the way for more comprehensive views of human fellowship, without destroying the fundamental truth of the necessitj of social union lor perfect life. But in the next generation…
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Thus the doctrine of the Stoies. like that ol EpicurUS, practically left man to himself. But it was worse in its final results than Epicurism, for it made him hi- own god. In one point the Epicureans and Stoies were agreed They both regarded the happiness and culture of the individual as the highest good. Both systems…
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xii, 1; comp. Gataker on iv, 23). Thus the stoicism of M. Aurelius gives many of the moral precepts of the Gospel (Gataker, p. xviii), but without their founda- tion, which can find no place in his system. It is im- possible to read his reflections without emotion, but they have no creative energy. They are the last st…
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Did, lie. i, 31, U.) In place of the God of the Hebrew Scriptures, who. even in his most hidden and mysterious nature, is never r- yarded as other than a person, Philo is led to substi- tute the I Ireek abstraction of an ideal good or absolute unity, as the first principle of a system in which philos- ophy and theolog…
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Cliypa. See 1 >< Conf. Lin;!, c. 1 I. p. 414), the wisdom of Cod {Legis Alleg.i, 19, p. 56), the shadow of God, by which, as by an instrument, lie made the world [Legis. Alleg. iii. 31, p. 106; c p. /', Monarch, ii. 5, p. 225; De Cherub, c. 35, p. 162): he is tin eternal image of God {De Conf. Ling, c 28, p. 427. Th…
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It must not be supposed that the doctrines here at- tributed to Philo are clearly and unambiguously enun- ciated in his writings. Many passages might be quoted apparently indicating different views; and probably no consecutive summary of doctrines could be drawn up against which similar objections might not be urged. T…
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In fact, the method ofPhilo, both in his philosophical theories and in his interpretations of Scripture, is so far from being, either in substance or in spirit, an anticipa- tion of the Christian revelation, that it may rather be taken as a representative of the opposite spirit of ration- alism, the tendency of which i…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.