PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 661
IV. Literature. — The literature of preaching may be divided into two classes— the first embracing publica- tions relating to the art and science of preaching, and the second embracing the printed products of preaching, whether postils, homilies, or sermons. Of the first class, an extensive list is given in connection …
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11. The deluge of Noah was not universal, and it destroyed only the. lews (ibid. lib. iv. cap. vii-ix |; nor is it possible to trace to Noah the origin of all the races of men (ibid. lih. iv, cap. xiv). Some of these po- sitions were far hi advance of the age, and it ought to he said were defended with knowledge and c…
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*In our article Manetho we have shown the nntrust- worthiness of ninny of these astronomical data as founda- tions for Egyptian chronology. The English Egyptolo- gists in general reduce the beginning of the first dynasty to B.C. 2717 (Lane, Poole, Wilkinson), and even "this is unnecessarily far back. There is good rea…
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opinion thai the Melanic races are descendants of real Preadamites.J ■•'on, however, has in onr judgment a ''■'' foundation, and ca for a momi i in comparts >n with the arguments in favor of the common Origin of man adduced under our arte le An \m -En t The question rather is simplva philological' one.' The statem…
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Human remains occur in caverns promiscuously in- termingled with the bones of wild animals. Very rarely is a human skeleton found complete. Bones are often associated with implements of stone, bone, or reindeer's horn, and with traces of ancient fires. The bones of animals useful for food are frequently marked by the t…
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(4.) Volcanic Tuff. — In 1844 an account was pub- lished by M. Aymard of the discovery of the remains of two human beings imbedded in a volcanic tuff eject- ed, during its last eruption, by the mountain of Denise, in Le Puy, Central France. In ejections of the same age have been found remains of the cave-hyena and a hi…
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cap. 16) -taie- thai such habitations were anciently employe, i by a tribe dwelling in LVenuia, now a part of Rohmelia. By dredging tic lake- which contained the Swiss lake-dwellings an enormous quantity of relics has I been brought to light, embracing the different varieties of stone weapons and implements, industria…
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A closer examination of the relics of the Stone Age indicates a division into three epochs. In the Palaeo- lithic, or Rude Stone Epoch, all implements were of stone, and shaped by chipping, without grinding. In the Reindeer Epoch, bone and reindeer's horn displaced flint to a large extent: while in the Neolithic, or Po…
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Socially and intellectually, Palaeolithic man, in the * The reader should note the conjectural character of these changes, especially of the cause of the climatic re- verses; these may have been due to far more ordinary and recent vicissitudes than geological subsidence and elevation.— En. PREA1) AMITE 490 PREADAMI…
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Religiously, there is little to be atlirmed or inferred of the Palaeolithic tribe-. Some of the curiously wrought flints may have served as religious emblems; and occa- sional discovery of deposits of food near the body of the dead may very naturally be regarded as evidence of a belief in the future life. In the Reinde…
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We must remind the reader, in conclusion, thai our condensed discussion of prehistoric peoples relates only to the European continent, ami that the primitive his- tory of the men of other quarters of the world may have differed in some important respects ; while it i since European man seems to have immigrated from the…
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Prebendary is the name applied to a clergyman who is attached to a cathedral or collegiate church and enjoys a prebend (q. v.), in consideration of his offici- ating at stated times in the church. See Dean and Chapter. Precarium (from the Lat. precari, to request, be- seech), in the language of civil law, is a compac…
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admission of member* of the choir and tabid their names for the weekly course on waxen tablets. He corrected and had (barge of the choir books. In Eng- land when he ruled the choir he wore a rochet, camel or cantor's cope, ring, and gloves, and carried a staff; and the rectors followed him in soutanes (often of red col…
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there arc 248 affirmative precepts, or precepts of com- mission, ("i'l"* T"S'2. corresponding to the 248 mem- bers of the human body, and oi'o negative precepts, or precepts of omission, "J"? S3 MX73, corresponding to Ihe number of days of ihe solar year." The rabbins asseri thai the multiplicity of precepts which God…
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Precipiano, Humbert William, Count of, a Spanish prelate of French birth, was a native of Besan- con, where he was born in 1626. He came from an an- cient family, originally from Genoa. He was canon at Besancon, counsellor-clerk at the Parliament of Dole, and abbe of Bellevaux in 1649. In 1661 he was elected high-dean …
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procured his condemnation and his transmission as a pri- r to llincmar. archbishop of Rbeims, to whose jurisdiction he properly belonged. On the arrival of ( Sottschalk, llincmar summoned a council at Quiercy, in A.l>. 849, when, although his principles were d< fended by the learned Ratramnus, a- well as by Remigius,…
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So just and conclusive is this reasoning that the long task of the absolute predestinarians has been to devise VIII.— 1 1 some expedient by which unconditional election and reprobation may be shown to be compatible with the divine attributes and with all known divine decrees. Several have been tried. (1.) Perhaps the …
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III. History of the Doctrine. — The unanimous and unquestioned doctrine of the Church on this point tor more than four hundred years was. so far as developed into distinctness, precisely identical with that which owes its scientific form and name to Arminius (q. v.). The early lathers often expressed themselves unguard…
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agents. But," he adds, •■since all have the same nat- ure, and are able to re-tain and to do what is good, and may, on the other hand, lose it and not do it. some are. even in the sight of men. anil much more in that of God, deservedly praised and others blamed." In support of this he introduces a gre-at variety of pas…
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he made predestination to depend on prescience (De Fide , lib. v, § 83). In other places, however, hislanguage approaches more nearly to that of Augustine (see Hase, Dogmatik, § 102; Gieseler, Dogmengesch. § 39; Neander, History of Dogmas, i, 343, 344). To quote Neander again : " Although the freedom of the divine elec…
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No authoritative or influential teacher appeared to support Gottschalk's views for seven hundred years. The most conspicuous of those who did so was Thomas Bradwardine (A. I). 1290-1349), warden ofMerton Col- lege, and afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. His work on the subject is entitled Di Causa Dei contra Peldgium…
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points in opinion against the beads and their resolu- tions. Another letter be si nl to the heads t hi nisei ves>, telling them that they had enjoined Parrel to affirm that which was contrary to the doctrine held and expressed by man} sound and learned divines in the Church of England, and in other churches likewise m…
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Through the Puritans the Calvinist ic notions were spread all over New England, and by the Reformed Dutch and other Presbyterian bodies carried through most of the Middle and Western States of America. In some quarters they have been either outgrown [see ( >i;erlin Theology] or so modified by outside Armin- ian influen…
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Predicable is a term of scholastic logic, and con- nected with the scheme of classification. There were five designations employed in classifying objects on a systematic plan: genus, species, differena (differentia), property | proprium), and accident (accidens I. The first two genus .and species— name the higher and l…
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Dr. Watts, moreover, supposes that the doctrine of the pre-existence of the soul of Christ explains dark and difficult Scriptures, and discovers many beauties and proprieties of expression in the Word of God, which on any other plan lie unobserved. For instance, in Col. i, 15, etc., Christ is described as the image of …
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PRE-EXISTENTS 504 PREFACES The doctrine of pre-existence first found its advocates in the ' Ihristian Churcb in the 2d century. The fathers Justin Martyr. Origen, and minis espoused it, particu- larly Origen, who became its principal exponent and advocate. It was a belief very prevalent anciently, and is still wide…
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-The antiquity of such prefaces may be estimated from the fact that they are mentioned and enjoined by the 103d canon of the African code, which code was formed of the decisions of many councils prior to the date of 418. The decay of devotion let fall the apostol- ical and primitive use of daily and weekly communions, …
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Prehistoric Man. See Pkeadamite. Preissler, Johami Justinus, a German painter and engraver of repute, was born at Nuremberg Dec. 4, 1698. His father, Johann Daniel, was his early master; then he spent eight years in Italy, and after his return to Germany succeeded his father in the direction of the Academy of the Fine…
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Prelacy. The organization of the Christian Church was in the beginning eminently simple, free, and popu- lar. The governmenl of the Church was at first a pure democracy, allowing to all its constituents the mosl en- larged freedom of voluntary religious association. Prel- acy takes its name and character from the assum…
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A/inl. § o'.M. Tithes began to be urged upon the mem- bers of the Church as early as the :!d century, but to the honor of the < ihurch the offerings and contributions continued to be voluntary on the part of its members. Whatever taxes were imposed in later times for the maintenance of public worship and of the clergy …
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gated, it prepared the way for the overthrow of the popular government of the Church. Above all, the doctrine of the divine right of the priesthood aimed a fatal blow at the liberties of the people. The clergy were no longer the servants of the people, chosen by them to the work of the ministry, but an independent and…
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III. Under tin Papacy. -Such are the various causes — influential in different degrees, perhaps, in the several organizations -in supplanting the popular government of the primitive Church and substituting in its place prelacy, which, under different forms of centralization. finallj culminated in the pope of Rome. This…
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Premice (primitue or prima missa) is the first mass celebrated by the newly ordained pro - mysta), with the help of an assistant. The solemnity begins thus: the new priest sings on lb.' steps of the altar " Vcni Sancie Spiritus." performs the correspond- ing ovation, and then distributes the holy water, if this is pr…
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Premonstrant Monk. Premord, Charles -Leonard, a French priest, was born at Honneur July 30, 17G0. He obtained in 1790 a canonry in the college of St. Honore at Paris. Deprived of it soon afterwards, he retired to England, where he began by giving French lessons. Madame de Levis-Mirepoix went with some French Benedicti…
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Prentiss, Thomas, D.D., a Congregational min- ister, was born Oct. 27, 1717. at Holliston, Mass. lie graduated al Harvard Colleg< in 1766, entered the min- istry in 1769, and was ordained < >ct. 30, 1770, pastor in Medfield, where he continued until his death. Feb. 28, 1*1 I. During the Revolutionary struggle he was fo…
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in the New Testament styled Trptofivripoi, or presby- ters, at other times iirieKoiroi, or bishops; but the two appellations were indiscriminately applied to all the pas- tors who were the instructors of the different churches. Of this various examples may be given from the sacred writings. The apostle Paul, upon a ver…
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inspired writers were not true, or that it was incumbent at all times, and upon all Christians, to disregard them. It has been strenuously contended that there were such bishops in the infancy of the Church, and that allusion is made to them in Scripture ; but, without directly op- posing the assertion, this much must …
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ground to hope for the blessing of < iod upon t heir spir- itual labors ; because if we admit tin- contrary, we must also admit that the inspired writers, instead of properly regulating the Church, betrayed it into error by omit- ting to make a distinction closely allied with the essence of religion. What is this but t…
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Says Dr. Blakie ( The Presbyterian Churches through- out 0,, World\ Edinb. 1*77 |, p. L): •• Ii is admitted even by many Lpi -copal ians that, so far as Scripture indicates, the primitive' Church constituted under the apostles was governed by elders. The office of apostle was tempo- rary, and some other temporary arran…
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Presbyterial Consecration, in the Roman Catholic Church, comprises the ceremonies and relig- ious acts by which a deacon is invested with the pres- byterial power — the power over the true and the sym- bolic body of Christ. The exterior apparatus of the ceremony consists in the oil of the catechumens, a chal- ice with …
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kneeling before him with the oil of the catechumens, passing with his thumb dipped into the holy oil cross- wise from the thumb of one hand to the index of the other, with this prayer: "Consecrate and sanctify, <) Lord, these hands by this anointment and our bl( — ing." Then, with his right hand, he makes the sign of t…
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proceed, two by two, to the highest step of the altar, and receive the sacrament in the form of the bread. The bishop says, " The body of our Lord Jesus Christ preserve you for eternal life." Each answers " Amen." When all have partaken of the communion, the bishop removes the paten from his chalice, moistens his finge…
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Presbyterian Churches. The different bodies into which the Presbyterians are divided will here be treated as nearly in the historical relation which they sustain towards each other as it is possible to place them. We begin with the Presbyterians of Scotland, because they are, among all English-speaking nations, the onl…
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The only confession of faith legally established he- fore the Revolution of 1688 was that which is published in the History of the Reformation in Scotland, attrib- uted to John Knox. It consists of twenty-five articles, and was the confession of the Episcopal as well as of the Presbyterian Church. The Parliament, howe…
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In 1834 the General Assembly passed the celebrated "Veto Act," giving to the Church courts the power of re- jecting a presentee if judged by them unfit. This act was set aside by the civil court, and subsequently, on appeal, by the House of Lords, in the Auchterarder case, in 1839. The Assembly yielded so far as the te…
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PRESBYTERIAN ( 'IICRCHES 518 PRESBYTERLYX CHURCHES were considered, for Scotland, rich benefices; but which, being wholly paid in grain, have, through the late agrarian law. fallen far below thai standard. The in- comes of city in iiil-t < -r~ an- paid wholly in money. Be- sides tin1 stipend, every parish minister has…
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7. Two other agencies may he briefly noted: 1 1 . i i 'ontint iitnl aii'l Fan ign ( 'hurches < 'ommittee. — Es- tablished as the medium of communication between the churches and other Reformed churches of < IhrisLendom. It is charged with the duty of cultivating friendly rela- tions with such churches, and administeri…
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The Relief Church was the result of Mr. Gillespie's deposition by the General Assembly in 1752. He had refused to assist in intruding an obnoxious presentee over the parish of Inverkeithing. After his deposition he continued to preach in Dunfermline, but labored alone for several years. At length, being joined by . Bo…
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"And, in tine, the United Church regard with .< i- Of brotherhood all the faithful followers of Christ, and shall endeavor to maintain the unity of the whole body of Christ by a readiness to co-operate with all its mem- bers iii nil things iii which they are agreed." The United Presbyterian Church is a voluntary Churc…
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band of fellowship, and appropriate addresses are then delivered to minister and people. These sen ice- being concluded, the moderator accompanies the newly or- dained pa- tor i,. some convenient place, where the mem- bers of the congregation may acknowledge him as their minister by taking him by the right band. The Pr…
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The following are among the other undertakings of the United Presbyterian Church : Home Mission Fumh — This fund is under the direc- tion more immediately of the Home Committee of the Board of Missions. Its object is to supplement the sti- pends'of the weaker congregations, to support mission- ary stations, to aid in…
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3. Fbee Ciicp.ni OF Scotland. — This large and useful body of Christians, now numbering nearly a million of people, was organized into a separate relig- ious denomination in May. 1843. The circumstances which led to its formation as a Church distinct from the Establishment have already been detailed in a previous artic…
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"All which jurisdiction and power on the part of the said civil courts severally above specified, whatever pro- ceeding may have given occasion to its exercise, is, in our opinion, in itself inconsistent with Christian liberty, and with the authority which the Head of the Church hath conferred on the Church alone." Th…
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In preparation for the new position in which the Church would be placed when deprived of state support, Dr. Chalmers had made arrangements some months pre- vious to the Assembly of 1843 for establishing associa- tions throughout the country with the view of collecting funds for the support of the ministry. With such en…
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Education Scheme. — Till recently a large proportion of the congregations had day-schools, for which grants were given. Most of these are now absorbed in the na- tional scheme of educat ion. There are still some schools receiving grants; but (he chief remaining part of the scheme is the Normal Schools, of which there a…
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ami < tains the following important statements: "But if his majesty, or any having or pretending power and commission from him. shall invade this kingdom upon pretext of establishing him in the exercise of his royal power — as it will be a high provocation against God to be accessory or assisting thereto, so it w ill …
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astical, which he had solemnly sworn to support. The first step towards the execution of this project was the passing of the Act of Supremacy, whereby the king was constituted supreme judge in all matters civil and ec- clesiastical. To this was afterwards added the Oath of Allegiance, which declared it to be treason to…
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The first manifestation of the views held by the So- ciety People took place during the dissensions at Both- well Bridge, when a body of the Covenanters refused to make a public avowal of their allegiance to the king in their declaration. A rude outline of the declaration was drawn up by Cargill, assisted by Henry Hall…
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against, and the prince came to oppose. We also asso- ciated ourselves, early binding ourselves to proi e his interest, and were the firsl who openly armed and de- clared our desire to join with him." Put while the Society People welcomed William as an expected de- liverer, they openly dissented from the Revolution se…
987 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.