PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 1261
tongue correctly, so as to he able to use the German RATIER 919 RATIONALISM Bible. Hebrew and Greek should then be learned as the tongues of the original text of the Bible, after which Latin might be studied. His views were em- bodied in a number of rules, or principles, the chief of which are : 1. Everything shoul…
925 wordsSECTION 1262Section 1262
Rationalism, a term applied to a specific move- ment in theology which assumed definite shape about the middle of the 18th century, and culminated in the first decades of the 19th. Its chief seat was in Prot- estant Germany. Its distinguishing trait consisted in erecting the hitman understanding into a supreme judge ov…
937 wordsSECTION 1263Section 1263
the firsl to give to them much pr inence. His main endeavor of life was the " dissipation of prejudices" from every field of though! or inquiry, and the criterion of his efforts was a prudential regard for the "useful;" and as the only judge of the "useful" was the so-called com- mon-sense of the educated classes, it …
914 wordsSECTION 1264Section 1264
RATIONALISM 921 RATIONALISM The second generation of Halle pietists had left the stage, J. H. Michaelis in 1738, J. Lange in 1714 ; G. Francke outlived his age — until 1770. So, also, had departed the last champions of the old orthodoxy— Wernsdorf in 1729, Cyprian in 1745, Loscher in 1749 ; Wolff, having outlived th…
1,144 wordsSECTION 1265Section 1265
Of very considerable influence in this second half of the 18th century were translations of the works of Eng- lish and Dutch rationalists and deists. Semler him- self acknowledges his great indebtedness to AVettstein and Le Clerc. The biographies of the day are full of references to the wide influence of Toland and Tin…
945 wordsSECTION 1266Section 1266
is true, and no fanatic can prove the contrary." Krug went so far in 1705 as to deny to Christian truth any more permanent worth than that of the teachings of any other transitory system of philosophy. "Let no one say- that God Could make none other than a perfect revela- n. There is no perfect revelation. The utteran…
1,034 wordsSECTION 1267Section 1267
At this point there rises the so-called supernaluraliM school. It includes those who protested against the absolute autonomy of reason in matters of religion ; and though many of its adherents still clung to views irrec- oncilable with due reverence for the Bible, still it formed the platform upon which a higher and mo…
1,013 wordsSECTION 1268Section 1268
RATISBOX 024 RATRAMNUS hagen. Lucke, Umbreit, Stier, Hagenbach, Gieseler, Bleek, Tholuck, Rothe, and their disciples. In the hands of these men Christian theology lias been raised to the dignity of the noblest of sciences; and Bupreme rever- ence for Christ and the Bible have been shown to con- sist well with the pr…
1,220 wordsSECTION 1269Section 1269
Vercelli in the Berengarian Controversy. During the English Reformation the work was suddenly resurrected from iis obscurity, and had much influence. It was published at Cologne in 1532, after having been brought into notier by bishop Fi.-her. of Rochester, as early as 1526, thai prelate referring to it as maintaining …
1,179 wordsSECTION 1270Section 1270
Rau, a name common to many literati, of whom we mention the following : 1. Christian, was born Jan. 25, 1613, at Berlin, stud- ied at Wittenberg, and was made magister in 1636. He then went to Kbnigsberg, Leipsic, Rostock, Hamburg, and Upsala, where he was offered a pastorate, which he declined. In 1638 he visited Eng…
906 wordsSECTION 1271Section 1271
i i lie a masterpiece of sculpture. It is placed in the palace of Sans-Souci, near Potsdam. Rauch, af- ter tin-, lived principally at Berlin, but occasionally visited Rome, Carrara, and .Munich, lie labored inde- fatigably in his profession, and by 1824 had executed seventy bust8 in marhle. of which twenty were of c. …
1,390 wordsSECTION 1272Section 1272
The original Rauhe Haus. repairs as were absolutely necessary were made, he en- tering the premises himself as an inmate. The day of opening was marked by the admission of three boys; in a short time the number increased to twelve, and thus humbly began beneath that roof of straw, on the Seiveking estate, a movement f…
1,397 wordsSECTION 1273Section 1273
miserable, wicked, despised as they were. Christ, the Son of God, lov< d them loved them enough to Buffer and die for them, and still loved them united their heart-, and gave them both hope and a Strong incentive to n formation." As the Rauhe Ilaus is now constituted, it is partly a refuge for morally neglected childr…
1,158 wordsSECTION 1274Section 1274
Raumer, Rudolph von, professor of languages and son of Karl Georg von Raumer, was born April 14, 1815, at Breslau. He prepared himself at the gymnasia in Erlangen and Niirnberg, and in 1832 entered the University of Erlangen, continuing, however, his stud- ies at Gottingen and Munich. In 1840 he commenced lecturing at …
936 wordsSECTION 1275Section 1275
Rautenstrauch, Franz Stephax. a German the- ologian of the Romish Church, was born at Flatten, Bo- RAY AX A 930 RAVEN hernia, in 1734, became a Benedictine monk at Bran- nan, and was there teacher of philosophy, theology, and canon law. In 177.'i be was made prelatua of the con- venl and director of the theological…
1,078 wordsSECTION 1276Section 1276
so. Some, however, understand .1 rabs to he there meant. Nee Elijah. The raven belongs to the order Insessores, family Corvidat. The raven is so gem-rally confounded with the carrion crow that even in the works of naturalists the figure of the latter has sometimes been substituted for that of the former, and the mann…
966 wordsSECTION 1277Section 1277
quently makes its ferocious assaults on the yet living victim. — Kitto; Smith: Fairbairn. See Wood, Bible Animals, p. 439 sq. ; Tristram, Nat. Hist, of the Bible, p. 198 sq. Ravenna, an important city of Central Italy, forty- three miles east-southeast from Bologna, and four and a half miles from the Adriatic, with a …
916 wordsSECTION 1278Section 1278
I IX. i Held in l.;i l by Rainaldus the archbishop, five bishops and six proctors attending. Thirty-two cauous were published. 2. Orders mass to be said dailv for a month by the other la-hops in behalf oi a bishop deceased. 3. Orders that yearly, on July 20, a solemn service shall be said for the deceased bishops; a…
1,004 wordsSECTION 1279Section 1279
works of later date- have ben largely indebted to it. Among the contributors to this collection were Tallia, Morlej . How la i id, and all the great masters of the day; the name of John Milton, the father of the poet, appears as the i poser of York and Norwich tunes; while St. David's, Canterbury, Bangor, and many o…
1,026 wordsSECTION 1280Section 1280
Ravle is, in ecclesiastical language, the name of a cloak worn by women mourners. See Mourning. Rawlett, John, an English theologian, was born about 1642, and was a lecturer in divinity at Newcastle- upon-Tyne at the time of his death, in 1686. He pub- lished, Explication of the Creed, the Ten Commandments. and the Lo…
900 wordsSECTION 1281Section 1281
Raybold, George A., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was horn in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 18,1802. He was converted in April. 1822, and began to preach in 1825. In April. 1829, he withdrew from the Methodist Episcopal Church, and joined the Meth- odisl Protestanl Church, bul reunited with the Meth- odist Ep…
952 wordsSECTION 1282Section 1282
habit. April 1. 1222, His example was followed by several persons distinguished for their knowledge and birth. Pope Gregory IX called him to Rome, ami em- ployed him in 1228 in the collection of the Decretals: RAYMOND 935 RAYNAUD he wished even to raise him to the metropolitan see of Tarragona, but Raymond preferr…
856 wordsSECTION 1283Section 1283
Raynaud (Rainaldi), TuEorniLus, a celebrated Italian Jesuit, was born Nov. 15, 1583, at Sospello, near Nice. He studied at Avignon, and became quite ac- complished as a student of philosophy. In 1602 he en- tered the Society of Jesus, and was made one of their teachers at Lyons. At first he taught elementary branches, …
1,223 wordsSECTION 1284Section 1284
and the deaths of Samson and Saul offer no satisfactory parallel (comp. Grimm, ad foe.).— Smith. Razor is the rendering in the A. V. of the following words: I. """. morah' (Sept oiSripog, %vpov; Vulg. novacula, ferrum: from r.~"C. ••scrape." or "sweep." Gesenius connects it with the root R^Ji, " to fear" [7'/<e- saur.…
1,030 wordsSECTION 1285Section 1285
Read, Francis H., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in Harrison County, Va., Nov. 25, 1812, was converted in his youth, joined the Church promptly in 1829, and in 1834, feeling called of God to the holy ministry, entered the travelling con- nection within the bounds of the Pittsburgh Conference, Pa…
1,119 wordsSECTION 1286Section 1286
"To the churches where no ministers can be had pres- entlie must be appointed the most apt men that distinct- lie can read the common praiers and the Scriptures, to exercise both themselves and the Church, till they grow to greater perfection : and in process of time he that is but a reader may attain to a farther degr…
933 wordsSECTION 1287Section 1287
- I' custom of praying for the dead to be "holy and who esome;" and ordains that upon the death of any bishop of the province of Canterbury his surviving brethren shall pet rot m a solemn office for the dead, both singly in their chapels, nnd together, when called to ae- rie death ol'the said bishop : orders, I . say…
905 wordsSECTION 1288Section 1288
of his having made and subscribed the same before him ; and also that the said A B did read in his parish church aforesaid, publiclv and solemnly, the morning and even- ing prayer, according to the form prescribed in and by the book intituled the Book of Com inn a Prayer and Adminis- tration of the Sacraments, and othe…
937 wordsSECTION 1289Section 1289
In the Protestant churches of the Reformation, this question became a matter of serious conflict between Lutherans and Zwinglians. The belief of the Roman and Eastern churches as to the reality of the presence was shared by Luther, who, however, differed from Cath- olics as to the mode. One school of divines in the An-…
920 wordsSECTION 1290Section 1290
Realism is a distinct and readily apprehended doc- trine in the higher ranges of metaphysics, character- izing the whole scheme of speculation with which ii may be associated. A Realist is one who maintains this doctrine. Realism asserts that General Terms,ot Ideas, .as they are called by Plato, such as M,ni. Horse, Pl…
982 wordsSECTION 1291Section 1291
Nominalism has already met with due consideration. See Nominalism. The present notice will consequent- ly be confined to Realism, except so far as Nominalism and Conceptualism may be inextricably entwined with it. I. Origin of Realism. — It would be misplaced indus- try, and inconsistent with the brevity required here…
1,095 wordsSECTION 1292Section 1292
But the latter part of the 9th, the whole of the 10th, and most of the 11th century were eminently unfavorable to diligent study and tranquil speculation. It was the period of Arab ravage and encroachment in the Eastern Empire; the period of the ruthless descents of Danes and Northmen in the Western; the period when th…
989 wordsSECTION 1293Section 1293
employ unsuspiciously ill reasoning and conversation. I'.ut is this all? Is this a complete solution of the enig- ma? Is it not a mere screen which t ceals the real enigma from its? There is a general, not an individual. resemblance between all men- homo simillimus komini nihil similius komini quam homo. They are ali…
1,019 wordsSECTION 1294Section 1294
Philosophy, in its development, is a series of errone- ous and conflicting positions. One extreme provokes another extreme ; but the conception of first principles, and the range of deductions from them, become en- larged and cleared with the progress and succession of errors, although the full and precise truth mav ne…
919 wordsSECTION 1295Section 1295
In ascertaining these truths of reason or of inference, as they are called, there are various steps or operations. described under different names. Thus we have (1) Deduction, or Syllogism; (2) Induction; and (3) Gen- eraUzation of notions, of which Abstraction and Defini- tion are various phases. These are well repres…
1,040 wordsSECTION 1296Section 1296
have been applied in every age by some persons for the benefit of others: and the progress iii sacred criticism which distinguishes the present limes is nothing else than the continued application, in elucidating the Script- ure, of reason enlightened by every kind of subsidiary knowledge, and very much improved in …
1,112 wordsSECTION 1297Section 1297
Re ay, Stephen, an Anglican divine, was born at Montrose. New Brunswick, in 1782, was educated at St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, and was Laudian professor of Ara- bic from 1840 till his death. He published, Observations on the Defence of the Church Missionary Society against the Objections of the Archdeacon of Bath, by Pile…
914 wordsSECTION 1298Section 1298
pation of Rebekah, her beauty, courteous kindness, « til- ing consent and lesly, and Success in retaining her husband's love. For nineteen years she was childless; then, after the prayers of [saac and her journey to in- quire of the Lord, Esau and Jacob were born: and, while the younger was more particularly the compa…
903 wordsSECTION 1299Section 1299
RECENSIONS 947 RECENSIONS Iishing corrected editions of the Holy Scriptures, though they seldom gave an account of the materials they used. The history of the printed text is important as showing the manner in which our present copies of the Hebrew Uible were edited, and the sources available for obtain- ing the exa…
964 wordsSECTION 1300Section 1300
(IX.) Pentateuchus Ilebraicus absque Punctis, etc. (1490). (X.) Pentateuchus ruin Jluphtaroth et Meuillotli Ilebraice (sine loco et anno, 4to [1490-95?]). For a 'long time only two copies were known to be extant ; one in the Library of St. Mark at Florence, and one in the library of the car- dinal Zelada. De Rossi, ho…
903 wordsSECTION 1301Section 1301
5. Plant in's Manual E>lilinns, published at Antwerp, viz.: a, an edition in 4to, 8vo, and 16mo, in 1566; b. a 4to edition in losu ; ,-. an Svo edition in 1590. ' r.'iiti'iits. published at Wittenberg in 158C and 15S7. 7. ihirtiinnui's Eilitiiinx, published at Frankfort-on-the- Oder in 1 ■s. lintiuuliii's I-jlitinns…
914 wordsSECTION 1302Section 1302
IX. JablonskCs Editions,ar— a. Eiblia Hebraica cum Notis Hebraicis, etc. (Berolini, 1699, large svo or 4to). For this edition Jablonski col- lated all the cardinal editions, together with several MSS., and bestoweil particular care on the vowel-points and ac- cents, as he expresses himself more fully in his preface, …
967 wordsSECTION 1303Section 1303
4. A new edition, which, as we hope, will become the standard text for the future, is that commenced by Baer and Delitzsch. As early as 1SG1,S. Baer, in connection with Prof. Delitzsch, published the D'blin ISO, or Liber Psahnorum Hebraicus. Textum Masorethicum accuratius qttam adhitc factum est expressit . . . JS'otas…
964 wordsSECTION 1304Section 1304
RECENSIONS 950 RECENSIONS thought suggested itself to Bengel that the mass of ma- te rials might be definitely classified in conformity with such peculiarities. The same idea afterwards occurred to Semler. Bengel classified all the documents from which various readings are collected into two nations or families the …
994 wordsSECTION 1305Section 1305
[3d cd. by Schulz], vol. i. p. lxx sq.). Michaelis thinks that there have existed four princi- pal editions: 1. The Western, used in countries where the Latin language was spoken. •_'. The Alexandrian or Egyptian, with which the quotations of Origen coin- cide and the Coptic version. 3. The Edessene edition, embracing…
927 wordsSECTION 1306Section 1306
Kinck agrees with Scholz in classifying all docu- ments under two heads — the Occidental and the Ori- ental ; the former exhibited in A, B, C, D, E, F, G, in the epistles, the latter containing the cursive MSS. The former he subdivides into two families — the Afri- can (A. B, C) and the Latin codices (D, E, F, G). He f…
985 wordsSECTION 1307Section 1307
idi I ■> I In.;- and others, amounted to this thai the nearness of Mss. and recensions to one another was greater than he had before assumed; that his two ancient recensions had i -e points of contact with one another in existing documents than he had clearly perceived. The line between his Alexandrian and Western cl…
927 wordsSECTION 1308Section 1308
by a series ,,f proofs and connected arguments the most decisive that can be reasonably desired or ex| With regard to Scholz.'s system, which is identical with P.engil's. it maybe preferable to Griesbach's so far as it allows but two classes of documents; it is certainly simpler. His estimate, however, of tfo ruin, of…
1,088 wordsSECTION 1309Section 1309
more families of documents; others, with less acuteness or ingenuity, will rest satisfied with classes more strong- ly marked by the number of materials they embrace or the breadth of territory over which they were supposed to circulate. There is no possibility of arriving at pre- cision. The commingling of readings ha…
941 wordsSECTION 1310Section 1310
RECEPTION, RELTGIOl S, of monks, nuns, and other religious persons, is the ceremonial whereby they are admitted to the probationary state called the novitiate (q. v.). Before the ceremony of reception a short pre- paratory stage must Ik passed through by the candidate (called at this stage '.i "postulant'"), the durati…
1,085 wordsSECTION 1311Section 1311
Of Rechab himself nothing is known. He may have been the father.be may have been the remote ancestor, of Jehonadab. Tic meaning of I he word makes it prob- able enough that it was an epithet passing into a proper RECHABITE 955 RECHABITE name. It may have pointed, as in the robber-chief of 2 Sam. Lv, 2, to a conspic…
1,381 wordsSECTION 1312Section 1312
It may be worth while to refer to a few authorities agreeing in the general interpretation here given, though differing as to details. Vatablus (Crit. Sac. ad loc.) men- tions a Jewish tradition (R. Judah, as cited by Kimchi ; comp. Scaliger, Elench. Trihceres. Serrar. p. 26) that the daughters of the Rechabites marrie…
955 wordsSECTION 1313Section 1313
5. Some later notices are not without interest. Benjamin of Tudcla. in the l'.'th century (ed. Asher, 1840, i. 112-114), mentions that near El Jubar (=Pum- beditha) he found Jews who were named Reehabites. They tilled the ground, kept, (locks and herds, abstained from wine and flesh, and gave tithes to teachers who dev…
910 wordsSECTION 1314Section 1314
Reche, Joiiann Wilhelm, the main representative of the Kantian rationalism in the Lutheran Church of the Rhine countries, was born Nov. 3, 1764, at Lennep. In 1786 he became pastor of the newly organized Lu- theran church at Hiickeswagen, and in 1796 pastor at Miihlheim-on-the-Rhine, where, during the Revolution, he pu…
937 wordsSECTION 1315Section 1315
Reconciliatio Poenitentium is the act by which offenders of the Church are restored to ecclesi- astical rights and privileges. See Penitents. Reconciliation (usually some form of "E3, to cover sin, KaraXXayjj) is making those friends again who were at variance, or restoring to favor those hav- ing fallen under displea…
1,016 wordsSECTION 1316Section 1316
"God was in Christ reconciling the world to himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them" (•-' Cor. v. I'd). Here the manner of this reconciliation is expressly said to be not our laying aside our enmity, hut the non-im- putation of our trespasses to us by God; in other words, the pardoning of our offences and rest…
945 wordsSECTION 1317Section 1317
" We know," says Farrar, " that God cannot literally feel anger, or any other passion ; nor can he be literally grieved and pained at anything man can do, since (as the 1st article of our [Anglican] Church expresses it) he is without body, parts, or passions ; though in Script- ure hands and eyes and other bodily membe…
904 wordsSECTION 1318Section 1318
tging of ministers, the Bupporl of public wor- ship, and other matters connected with the temporal af- fairs of the Church. Under the name of " parish rec- ords," or -Church records," may also be included the register, containing the minister's account of baptisms, marriages, etc— Stoughton, Kecks. Diet. s. v. See Reg-…
955 wordsSECTION 1319Section 1319
2. In certain of the monastic orders, the name rector is given to the heads of convents, as it, is 3. Also given to the heads of universities, colleges, seminaries; and similar educational corporate institu- tions. — Chambers's Encyclop. s. v.; Eden, Theol. Did. s. v. Rectory. "A rectory or parsonage," says Spel- ina…
944 wordsSECTION 1320Section 1320
1. Yam, W1 (Coptic, iom; Arabic, yamm), signifies " the sea," or any sea. It is also applied to the Nile (ex- actly as the Arabic bahr is so applied) in Neh. iii, 8, "Art thou better than populous No, that was situate among the rivers (yeorlm), [that had] the waters round about it, whose rampart [was] the sea (yam), an…
939 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.