PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 61
not yet ceased to charm. The lady, whoever she was, knew how to keep Petrarch at a respectful distance, and for using the only opportunity he had of avowing his love in her presence she so severely reproved him that he never repeated the offence. About 1338 he retired fur two or three years to dwell in the beautiful va…
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Tomb of Petrarch. Petrazzi, Ast , a painter of Siena, was born about 1590. lie studied successively under Francesco Vanni, the younger Salimbeni, and Pietro Somi. He acquired distinction, and executed many work- lor the churches and public edifices of his native city, a- well as for the private collections. Ho also o…
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country, ami in organizing the new Church, of which he was one ofthe principal founders. He was \ ei v be- neficent and distinguished himself advantageous!} over hi- brother by Ids conciliatory spirit which did not pre- vent him from addressing to Eric X I V. in 1567, a severe reprimand on the subject of the murder o…
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Petrobrusians. The sect of the Petrobrusians, or, as they are commonly but less correctly called, Pe- trobussians, was the earliest of the anti-sacerdotal com- munities which the profound discontent inspired by the tyranny of Rome called into existence at the beginning of the 12th century. They were the followers of th…
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Petro-Johannites, a name given to the parti- sans of Peter John Olivi | \.l>. 1279 1297), a nk of Bezieres, the founder of the Fraticelli schism among the Franciscans, and a disciple ol the abbot Joachim. He followed in the Bteps oi his master, and wrote a commentary on the Revelation, containing interpreta- tions of …
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Pettibone, Roswkll, a Presbyterian minister, was born in Orwell, Vt., Aug. 26, 179G. He had limited fa- cilities for an early education, entered Middlebury Col- lege in 1817, graduated in 1820, taught in the academy there in 1821, studied divinity with Dr. Hopkins, and was licensed by the Addison County Association in …
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PETZELIAXS 50 PEW nts were consumed by lire. The people were nil saved, however, excepting an old stranger, who had found his lodgings there for the ruin. I'hough Hall- grimur heretofore had suffered much abuse and ridicule, he now found thai he also had some friends, who assisted him in rebuilding the parsonage and…
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Peul'thai (Heb. Peiillethatf, '~'~y~. my wages; Sept. <1'oX.\ojm. - f Obed-ed the last named of eight (1 Chron. xxvi. 5); he belonged to the family of Asa.ph of the tribe of Levi, and was one of the porters of the tabernacle in the reign of David. 11. ( '. cir. i<>-i>. Peutinger, Konrat>, a German writer noted for h…
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PEYRERE 52 PEZRON vice attractive. Again, the existing churches would not hold more than a certain number of persons, and they are filled as it is. [f more were invited to come, it would be only driving out the rich to make waj for the poor, and then we should want another national associa- tion for preaching the Go…
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Pezel, Christoph, a German theologian, was born March 5, 1539, at Plauen; studied at Wittenberg; was then three years cantor in Ids native place, and in 1567 became court-preacher and professor of theology at Wit- tenberg. An ardent advocate of Philippism (q.v.), he was deposed after the condemnation of Crypto-t lalvin…
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with Scip. Maffei, who had cast some doubt upon the authenticity of these fragments: — Ecclesice evangelicce libri symboiici ( Tubingen, 1730, 8vo). Finally, Pfaff di- rected the publication of the new German translation of the Bible, which appeared at Tubingen (1729, fob), a work on which, in connection with others, h…
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1 ks and their defenders ; the former consisting of the Dominicans and their partisans, and the latter of all moderate and enlightened theologians. The affair was finally left by an appeal to pope Leo \. Hochstraaten, an inquisitor, and a man fully qualified for that cruel office, repaired to Rome, supported with remo…
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Pfeiffer, Christoph, a German divine, i hymnologist, was born al Oels in the year 1689. For two years he was assistant-preacher al Lirs.iorf.wl.cn he was called, March 28, 1719, by the duke lb * or, von Landskron to the pastorate al Dittmansdorf, mar Fran- kenstein, in the principality of Munsterburg. Having occupied t…
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Pflug, Julius, a German theologian, noted in the Reformation history of his country's Church, was born at Merseburg near the opening of the 16th century. He was the son of a nobleman, and a favorite of the em- peror Charles V, who sent him in 1541 as one of the col- locutors to the synod at Regensburg (q. v.), which re…
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Phasnolium (>\hhvo\iov). See Chasuble. Phenomenon (<paivoutvov, from tpaivopai, /•< nji- /,,-, i i- that which ha- appeared. It is generally ap- plied t" some sensible appearance, some occurrence in the course of nature. lint in mental philosophy it is applied to the various and changing states et mind. •• How pitiful…
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mound-builders of North America, in Mexico, Central America, Peru, and Hayti, and in the islands of the Pacific Ocean, and in Africa. They even see its traces among the Jews, and in the use of certain symbols in Christianity. Thus, e. g., Westropp teaches: " The or- igin of the idea is coeval among primitive nations wi…
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Phal'ti (Heb. Palti', *~^~~- my deliverana ; Sept. <J>«X-i), the - fLaish of Gallim,to whom Saul gave Michal in marriage after his mad jealousy had driven David forth as an outlaw (1 Sam. xxv, 11). B.C. cir. 1061. [n 2 Sam. iii, 15 he is called Phaltiel. Ewald (Gesch.i^, 1 ■_'!•) siiLi'^csts tliat this forced marriag…
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This, however, is nol quite comet. Several Egyptian kind's were after the period in question called by for- eigners l'haraoh. sometimes simply, sometimes in con- nection with a second name (2 Kings xviii. 21; xxiii, 29); hut the alteration from the time of Solomon which undoubtedly took place is remarkable, and proba…
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This view of the political position of the rharaohs is not inconsistent with the theory, for which there is very strong proof from Manetho and elsewhere, that for long periods of Egyptian history there may have been subordinate dynasties of kings ruling throughout Egypt. There may also have been, but probably for much…
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2. Tin Pharach of Joseph.— 'Between the Pharaoh of Abraham and the Pharaoh of Joseph there was an interval of two hundred years. During this period there maj have been various changes of dynasty, art, and religion in Egypt of which we derive no informa- tion from Scripture; while the notice of the former king and of th…
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not seem to have heen friendly to the lick ws. and for the other reasons enumerated above, we presume that these foreigners were not at this time (if indeed I they ever were) in possession of the whole of Egypt. We therefore incline to identify the Pharaoh in ques- tion with one of the eighth) Memphitic) dynasty. whos…
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3. The Pharaoh of th - First Persecution of the Israel- ites.— The interval which elapsed between the Pharaoh of Joseph's time and the Pharaoh who commenced the persecution of Israel is much affected by opinion as to the length of the sojourn in Egypt. See Chronol- ogy. According to our view, the interval between Jacob…
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against this supposition, since it appears that foreign kings, who can only be assigned to one of these two lines, had Egyptian names. In corroboration of this view we quote a remarkable passage that does not Beem otherwise explicable: "My people went down aforetime into Eg] pi to sojourn there ■ and the Assj r- ian op…
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Although we have already stated cur reasons for abandoning the theory that places the exodus under the nineteenth dynasty, it may he well to notice an additional and conclusive argument for rejecting as unhistorical the tale preserved by Manetho, which make- Meneptah, the son of Rameses II. the Pharaoh in whose reign t…
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6. Pharaoh, (he Father-in-hw of Mered. — In the genealogies of the tribe of Judah, mention is made of the daughter of a Pharaoh married to an Israelite : " Bithiah, the daughter of Pharaoh, which Mered took" (1 Chron. iv, 18). That the name Pharaoh here prob- ably designates an Egyptian king we have already shown, and…
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narrative of the beginning of Soli n's reign, after the account of the deaths of Adonijah, Joab, and Shimi i. and the deprivation of Abiathar, we read: "And the kingdom was established in the hand of Solomon. And Soloi made affinity with Pharaoh king of Egypt, and took Pharaoh's daughter, and brought her into the c…
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9. Pharaoh, the Opponent of Sennacherib. — It is not at all certain that the name used for so many centuries for the supreme ruler of Egypt was ever again correct- ly used by itself 'to designate a particular king of Egypt. The Pharaoh of whom we read in the reign of Heze- kiah as the rival of the Assyrian Sennacherib …
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PHARAOH GG PHARAOH homeward. Necho entered aa a conqueror into Jerusa- lem, placed the brother of Jehoahaz on the throne, and put the land to tribute. He then seems to have re- turned i" Egypt, carrying with him the dethroned king of Judah, who died in the land of Ids captivity. The expedition of Necho, which Script…
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This Pharaoh is generally considered to have been the Apries or Vaphres tin hieroglyphic [Vak-lp^ra- hiih) of whom an account is given in Herodotus ami Diodorus (Wilkinson, i. 168; Lewis. Astronomy of ike . I in-'it ni.-: p. 317). He was, according to thi historian, the son of Psammis, .and the grandson of Pharaoh-Nech…
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Pharaoh-Hophra was succeeded by two independent monarchs, the first of whom, Amasis, had a very pros- perous reign ; but in the reign of his son, Psammetichus, or Psammenitus, according to the Greeks, the Persian invasion took place, when Egypt was reduced to insig- nificance, and the ancient title of Pharaoh was trans…
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tor the first nth, Jashobeam, the son of Zabdiel (1 Chron. xxvii, 2, 3), SO famous tor his prowess (xi, 11), and called "the chief among the captains" i ibid, and '_' Sam. xxiii, 8), was of the sons of Perez, or Pharez. A considerable number of the other mighty men seem also, from their patronymic or gentile names, to…
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more generally received notion that they were so called because they separated from tin rest ofth \ lieving themselves to be more holy, are at with the most ancient and most trustwortl y authorities upon this subject Beside8, to lake C>HB as meaning interpreter is contrary to its grammatical form, which, if transitive,…
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as unclean, and he who touches them is temporarily de- filed, and pollutes every one and everything wherewith he comes in contact (Lev. v, 2; xi). A man that has an issue not only defiles everything upon which he lies, sits, or which he touches, but his very spittle is pollut- ing (xv, 1-13). The same is the case with …
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53); the Greeks, too, were defiled by contact with a corpse, and could not resort to the temple (Tbeophrast. Charact. 16; Eurip. Tpkig. Taur. 367; Diog. Laer.viii, 33); both the Parsees and the Greeks regarded a woman in childbirth as unclean ( Kleuker, Zend-Avesta, hi. 222, •-'•_':'i : Eurip. Tpkig. Taur. 367 ) : and…
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null together in any place to celebrate their social meals on the Sabbath, and carry anything that was wanted for its sacred festival, as they had three common nieaC on the Sabbath (milSC -"-). On the Fri- day eve the entrance of the Sabbath was greeted with a cup of wine, or the cup of blessing, over which i very m…
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On a few leading theological points the Pharisees were decidedly pronounced, and to these we particularly call attention, as they were largely influential under the Christian economy. a. In regard to a future slate. Josephus presents the ideas of the Pharisees in such a light to his Greek read- ers that, whatever inte…
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the deliverance of the human soul, Paul so emphatically protested. See Ki si rri > i ion. h. In reference to the opinion- of the Pharisees con- cerning the freedom of the "-HI. a difficulty arises from the \eiy prominent position which they occupy in the accounts of Josephus, whereas nothing vitally essential to the …
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IV. Oriyin, Development, Classes, and general char- acter of the Pharisees. — The name does not occur either in the O. T. or in the Apocrypha ; but it is usually con- sidered that the Pharisees were essentially the same with the Assidaeans (i. e. chasidim = godly men, saints) mentioned in 1 Mace, ii, 42; vii, 13-17; an…
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With the definitions and explanations of such an ex- tensive and gorgeous ritual as that of the .Mosaic law. with the application and adaptation thereof to all the vicissitudes of the commonwealth, with the different degrees of holiness and uncleanness attached to the per- formance or neglect of each precept and rite, …
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the poignant Talmudic classification of the Pharisees. -There an- seven kinds of Pharisees," says the Talmud : ••1. Tfu sin, -In mill Phariset pOZUJ GJ1")fi I, who sim- ply keeps the law for what he can profit thereby, jusl as Shechcm submitted to the rite of circumcision that he might thereby obtain Dinah, the daughte…
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(2.) While it was the aim of Jesus to call men to the law of God itself as the supreme guide of life, the Phar- isees multiplied minute precepts and distinctions to such an extent, upon the pretence of maintaining it in- tact, that the whole life of the Israelite was hemmed in and burdened on every side by instructions…
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(."..i It was a natural consequence of all this, thai with Bucb views of the principles and spirit of religion its practical graces should be overthrown, and it was so. Christ inculcated compassion tor the degraded, helpful- ness to the friendless, liberality to the | r. holiness of heart, universal love, a mind open …
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A short distance south of the city id' Damascus flows the river Awaj, [I has two principal sourer- one high it]) on the eastern side of Hermon,jusl beneath the cen- tral peak: the other iii a wild glen a tew miles south- ward, near the romantic village of licit Jann. The streams unite mar Sasa, and the river flows eas…
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of the Hanseatic confederacy in the Middle Ages. They had a common temple, the Hellenium, at Naucratis, in Egypt, and nominated irpooTaTai for the regulation of commercial questions and the decision of disputes arising out of contracts, like the preud'kommes of the Middle Ages, who presided over the courts of piepoudi …
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Phelcnium (jpeXovtov), a cloak, which in the Greek Church corresponds t.. the chasuble in the Latin Church. This ecclesiastical vestment is worn by the priests, and that worn by the patriarch is embellished with triangles and crosses. This is supposed to have -■hi of garment which Paul left at Troas, and his anxiety fo…
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Pher'esite (1 Esdr. viii. G9) or Pher'ezite (Ju- dith v. 19; 2 Esdr. i, 21), different modes of rendering ($fpt^a7or) the name Peuizite (q. v.). Phiala ($ia\j;), Lake, a small body of water de- scribed by Josephus, and believed by him to supply the fountain at Banias (War, iii, 10, 7). It is the present Birket er-Rdm,…
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Philadelphia still exists as a Turkish town, under the name of Allah-shehr, "city of God," i. e. High- town. The region around is highly volcanic, and, geo- logically speaking, belongs to the district of Phrygia Catacecaumene, on the western edge of which it lies. The situation of Philadelphia is highly picturesque, es…
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Philalethes. or lovers of truth, as their name im- plies, won • a sect of infidels which arose at Kiel, in Ger- many, about Is 17. and who wished to ignore Chris- tianity altogether, and to use only the general forms of piety. See Rationalists. Philanthropy (<pi\av&pwria,a term compounded of (piXoc. loving, and avdpwi…
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Philaret of Moscow, a modern Russian prelate of much celebrity, was born of pious parentage at Kolomna in 1782. Kis lay name was Vasilj Drosdotc. He received his education in the Theological Seminary nt' Muscowr. He commenced his public career as tutor of the Greek and Latin languages. His oratorical gifts VIIL— F bei…
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Philaret, Theodori s Romanoff, third patriarch of Russia, a near relative by his mother of the last czar of the blood of Rurik, was born in the 16th century. This relationship caused him, in 1599, to be made a monk by Boris Godounof. Elevated in 1605 to the episcopal chair of Rostof by Dmitri, he was in 1610 sent on an…
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verse, as Wieseler inadvertently supposes. Theodoret (/ 'inoiii.ii/ Epist.ad Phil.) states the ancient opinion in saying thai Philemon was a citizen of c.il.>ssa\ and that. his house was pointed out there a- late as the 5th cen- tury. The legendary history supplies nothing on which we can rely. It is related that Phil…
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Nor does the epistle itself offer anything to conflict with this decision. It is impossible to conceive of a composition more strongly marked within the same limits by those unstudied assonances of thought, senti- ment, and expression, which indicate an author's hand, than this short epistle as compared with Paul's oth…
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III. Tinu andPlaa ofWriting. This is generally held to b( e of the letters i the others are Ephesians, ( lolos- sians, Philippians, and Hebrews) which the apostle wrote during his first captivity al Rome. The arguments which Bhow that he « rote the Epistle to the I lolossians in that city and ai thai period involve t…
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( Inesimus. Nearly all agree that he could hardly have failed to confer mi him that favor, even if it was not re- quested in so many words, .after such an appeal to ids sentiments of humanity and justice. Thus it was, as Dr. Wordsworth remarks (Sf. PauFs Epistles, p. 328), "by Christianizing the master that the Gospel …
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There is a letter extant of the younger Pliny (Epist. ix, 21) which he wrote to a friend whose servant had deserted him. in which he intercedes for the fugitive, who was anxious to return to his master, but dreaded the effects of his anger. Thus the occasion of the cor- respondence was similar to that between the apost…
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3. Tin- foster-brother (avvrpofoc, ix, 29) (if Antio- chus Epiphanes, whom the king upon his death-bed appointed regenl of Syria and guardian of his son Anti- ochus 7, to the exclusion of Lysias | B.( '. 164 ; l Mace. vi. l I. 15, 55). He returned with the royal forces from Persia i \ i. 56 i to assume 1 1 1 « - govern…
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Coin of Philip. Phil'ip the Aposi ii i >lt\i--uc 6 airoaroKoi I, one of the twelve originally appointed by Jesus. St e Apos- tle. 1. Authentic History. The Gospels contain compara- tively scanty notices of this disciple. A.Ik 25-28. He is mentioned a- being of Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter (John i. 44), an…
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There is a connection not difficult to be traced be- tween this fact and that which follows on the last re- currence of Philip's name in the history of the Gospels. The desire to see Jesus gave occasion to the utterance of words in which the Lord spoke more distinctly than ever of the presence of his Father with him, i…
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of a larger history, and ii fixes the journey and the cessation of one form of activity, however, only threw death a- after the eighth year of Trajan. It i- uncer- him forward into another. It is noticeable that the < - i t v tain whether the other apocryphal fragment professing of Samaria is the first Bcene of his a…
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the fact that these are the only two name- i unless Nic- olas he an exception; comp. Nicolas) of which we hear again, tends to the conclusion that he was among the ino-t prominent of those so chosen. He was, at any Jesus — the craving for the means of admission to the blessing ol fellow -hip with the new society the s…
990 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.