PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 181
Philo. De Con/. Ling. 2S, p. 427. iiir itiiiov t'tKovot ainov, \i>yov tov lepurarou. De Somn, i, 39, p. 665. *a\eT < . p. 625. TtpOl TOV devTepov &ebv iic iariv t'KCivov Au-yor. De Monarch, ii, r>, p. 225. Aoyo* &i w™ e'.Kwv oeoe, 01' o5 avptrai it m'xtuov hSnptovpyeiTO. I>, Mini, Ii Opif. 8, p. 6. Kai Tai'-7>]f E…
901 wordsSECTION 182Section 182
Qvis rer. div. hcer. 42, p. 501. Tip de apxayyeXui Kai 7rpeo- fiurdru) Xoyto 6u>peac t^aiperov edwuev o ru o\a yewi]<ra? waTi'/p, I'l/a pe5opio9 oris to ■yei'Ofievoi/ diaKpivr] tou 7rt7ro<nKo- T09, K. T. X. De Cherub. 35, p. 102. a'trtov piv aurov tov eeov . . . opya- vov 6c' X070C (Jeov, 6c' oi' KaTea-Kei'ciu^ri. D…
994 wordsSECTION 183Section 183
See Keferstein, Philo's Lehn v. </. gottl. Mittelwesen (Leips. 1846) : Niednef, /'< \i>-,i;> <ij>ii<I Philonem (in the Zeitschr.f. hist. Theol. L849);( ilarke's Coram, ad Ioc.Joh.; Bryant, PhUo Judceus (Cambr. L797,8vo). SeeLooos. III. Christianity in Contact with Ancient Philosophy. — The only direct trace of the con…
943 wordsSECTION 184Section 184
a contradiction in terms, for Christianity < le— idly derives its first principles from revelation, and not from simple reason; but there is no less a true philosophy of Christianity, which aim- to -how how completely these, by their form, their substance, and their consequences, meet the instincts and aspirations of …
1,143 wordsSECTION 185Section 185
This variety of judgment in the heat of controversy was inevitable. The full importance of the history of ancient philosophy was then first seen when all rivalry was over, and it became possible to contemplate it as a whole, animated by a great law, often trembling on the verge of truth, and sometimes by a "bold ventur…
949 wordsSECTION 186Section 186
work is distinct from the workman. By the word of Jehovah all things were created, and by his word they are upheld. They till belong lo him .as his properly, and he does with them as he wills. They are his. inn nol in am sens,, he. As little do the Hebrews Beem to have the i.l.a of an order of nature distinct from t…
911 wordsSECTION 187Section 187
2. Exilian Period. This is of great interest to the sin. hnt of the Bible, in consequence of the influence which the Babylonian philosophy exerted on the opiu- PHILOSOPHY 139 PHILOSOPHY ions and manner of thinking of the Israelites during their captivity in Babylon — an influence of a general and decided characte…
1,039 wordsSECTION 188Section 188
The space which contained the First Cause, or Foun- tain of radiations, was filled with pure and happy in- telligences. Immediately beneath this region began the corporeal world, or the empyreum, which was a bound- less space, lighted by the pure light which flowed im- mediately from the Great Source; this empyreum was…
1,119 wordsSECTION 189Section 189
constitution of the world : and the analysis of this num- ber is supposed to contain the key to the mysteries of Nature, The primary division is into in j-22. The number in represents the ten Sephiroth (figures) which answer to the ideal world: 22, on the other hand, the number of the Hebrew alphabet, answers to the w…
1,103 wordsSECTION 190Section 190
Before these one-sided developments of the truth were made the fundamental ideas of the divine gov- ernment found expression in words as well as in life. The Psalms, which, among the other infinite lessons that they convey, give a deep insight into the need of a personal apprehension of truth, everywhere declare the ab…
1,060 wordsSECTION 191Section 191
PiiiLOSTOK<;ir> 142 PHILOSTRATUS this traditional rendering a fuller doctrine grew up, But there is a clear difference between the idea of tin Reading, Ex eccksiasticU PhUostorgii historiis epitome, etfragmenta (Cantabr. 1720). There is also a French Word then prevalent in Palestine and that current af version: Ah…
1,297 wordsSECTION 192Section 192
ami that of Christ, of which book Eusebius wrote a refu- tation : Eusebii Pamphili . I nimadct «i'i» s in Philostrati ill Apollonio Tganensi Commentaries ob institutam cum ilia ab HierocU Christi comparationem, adomatce, Lac- taniius t Divin. lnstit.v,8) also combats the same notion as absurd. Augustine I Epist. I | re…
972 wordsSECTION 193Section 193
Philotheus (3) Monachus or Sanctus, an un- known monk, wrote De Mandatis Domini nostri Jesu Christi, ed. Gr. and Lat. in P. Possinus's Ascetica (Paris, 1684). Although this work bears the same title as the one quoted above under the head Philotheus No. 1, the works are apparently by different authors. See Fabricius, Bi…
1,069 wordsSECTION 194Section 194
PhilpOttS. See PHILUPOTT& Philter, Philtre (Gr. QiXrpov, love-charm, love- potion). A superstitious belief in the efficacy of certain artificial means of inspiring and securing love seems to have been generally prevalent from very earl} times; and among tin Greeks and R ans (among the latter in the later days of the…
987 wordsSECTION 195Section 195
During the life of Phinehas he appears to have been the chief of the great family of the Korahites or Kor- hites who guarded the entrances to the sacred tent and the whole of the sacred camp (1 Chron. ix, 20). After Eleazar's death he became high-priest — the third of the series. B.C. cir. 1580-1523. In this capacity h…
975 wordsSECTION 196Section 196
3. A Levite, mentioned* in Ezra viii, 33 as the father of the Eleazar who aided Meremoth to weigh the ves- sels of the sanctuary. B.C. ante 458. The meaning, however, may be that Eleazar was of the family of the great Phinehas. Phinney, Clf.ment. an American Free-will Baptist preacher, noted especially as an evangelis…
1,025 wordsSECTION 197Section 197
had been inserted in the first edition, which cai Ill in 1706. This was done at tin- persuasion of Dr. Sykes, who had suggested to Clarke that an undue sire" had been laid upon the passage. Whiston,who informs us of'this affair, expresses great displeasure against Sykes. and calls "the suggestion gi lless." Upon this…
923 wordsSECTION 198Section 198
4. Uri ben-David, flourished in the middle of the 17th century, was rabbi at Polnow, in Lithuania, and wrote !l"nS1 "HX, an exegetical and allegorical commentary on the Pentateuch, with additions of Sam. El. Edeler (Lublin, 1672). See Wolf, Bibl Hebr. i, 131 , iii, 84. 5. Uri ha-Kohen, rabbi at Metz, wrote halachic di…
940 wordsSECTION 199Section 199
(6) that, whatever her errand to Rome might be, the independent manner of her going there seems to imply (especially when we consider the secluded habits of Greek women) not only that she was a widow or a woman of mature age, but that she was acting officially ; (7) that she had already been of great service to Paul a…
1,032 wordsSECTION 200Section 200
Phceni'cia (Goiviien),*. country whose inhabitants necessarily held important and intimate relation-, not only to the Hebrews, but to all antiquity. (The follow- ing account of it is founded on that contained in Kilto's Cyclopaedia, with large additions from other sources.) I. The Land. 1. Name. "Phoenlce" was uot the…
1,085 wordsSECTION 201Section 201
It will thus be seen that the length of coast to which the name Phoenicia was applied varied at different times, and may be regarded under different aspects before and after the loss of its independence. (1.) What may be termed Phoenicia proper was a narrow undulating plain, extending from the pass of Ras el-Beyad or A…
1,045 wordsSECTION 202Section 202
Nahr el-Kelb t far north from Beirut; the Adonis, now the Nahr Ibrahim, about five miles south of Gebal; and the Eleutherus, now the Nahr el-Keblr, in the bend between Tripolis and Antaradus. The climate of Phoenicia an item of immense mo- ment in the history of a nation varies very consider- ably. Near the coast, an…
876 wordsSECTION 203Section 203
given them by late Phoenician colonists. Some have &een in them the Hyksos driven to Syria. Without en- teriug any further into these most difficult, and, in the absence of all trustworthy information, more than vague speculations, so much appears certain, that many immi- grations of Shemitic branches into Phoenicia, a…
1,298 wordsSECTION 204Section 204
3. History.— One of the most powerful and important nations of antiquity, Phoenicia has yet left but poor in- formation regarding her history. According to Jose- phus, every city in Phoenicia had its collection of regis- ters and public documents (comp. Targum to Kirjath- Jearim, Judg. i, 11, 15). Out of these, Menande…
924 wordsSECTION 205Section 205
war, together with other galling measures issued by the successive satraps, the Phoenicians, under the lead- er-hip of Sidon, took part in the revolution of Egypt against Artaxerxes Mnemon and » >, bus. about the mid- dle of the 4th century B.( '.. which ended very unhappily for them. Sidon. the only city that refused …
1,199 wordsSECTION 206Section 206
but his fleet was wrecked at Ezion-geber (1 Kings xxii, 48). The names of mercantile establishments on the coasts of Arabia along the Persian Gulf have partly been preserved to the present day. In these places the Phoe- nicians exchanged the produce of the West for that of India, Arabia, and Ethiopia. Arabia especially…
964 wordsSECTION 207Section 207
Herodotus describes the Phoenicians as beginning Soon after their settlement to occupy themselves ill dis- tant voyages (i, I). From the construction of rude ratts. they must -pee, lily have reached to a style of substantial ship-building. Their commercial vessels are represented either as long in shape, and fitted bo…
977 wordsSECTION 208Section 208
A- a trading nation they w< re ready sometime- to lake ad\ antage of the ignorant and ravage trihes with which they hail. red. and they cared nothing lor law or right on the high sea-, w here no power could control or pun- ish; so that I lysses uses the phrase 4>oiVi£ aviip aira- 7/;\or liSwc, TpuiKrqc, "a I 'Imi li.…
1,218 wordsSECTION 209Section 209
(2.) After the division into two kingdoms, the curtain falls on any commercial relation between the Israelites and Phoenicians until a relation is brought to notice, by no means brotherly, as in the fleets which navigated the Bed Sea, nor friendly, as between buyers and sellers, but humiliating and exasperating, as bet…
1,001 wordsSECTION 210Section 210
distant from khe Bee t slaughter, the first impulse of the inhabitants must have been to march forth at once in battle .'nay to strengthen the hands ol Jezebel, their own princess, in behali ol Baal, their Phoenii When again afterwards, bj means of falsehood and treachery, Jehu was enabled to massacre the worship- pe…
1,065 wordsSECTION 211Section 211
In broadly recapitulating the routes their vessels took around the earth, we have indicated the line of their colonization. We cannot do more in this place than hint at the wanderings of Baal (q. v.), Astarte (q. v.), and Melkarth (q. v.), as the principal allegories in which the myth couched the primitive traditions o…
1,081 wordsSECTION 212Section 212
PHOENICIA 15S PHOENICIA of this article. We -ball only mention tli.it Sanehoni- atho distinguishes— a sure sign of the consciousness on the part of native writers of the hopeless confusion in the n Ligious notions and traditions of their time — three periods or .era-, with distinct circles of deities of special clas…
1,003 wordsSECTION 213Section 213
time after the eon-ecrat ion of the Temple— should have been so far beguiled by his wives in his old age a- to become a Polyt heist, worshipping, among other deities. the Phoenician or Sidonian goddess Ashtoreth | l Kings iii. 1 .r>; ix.'.';xi. 1-5). This is not for a moment to be so interpreted as if he ever ceased to…
902 wordsSECTION 214Section 214
A few words may be added here on Phoenician the- ogony and cosmogony, which, as far as they are known to us, give evidence of the enormous amount of thought bestowed by the thinkers of that people on the enigma of creation. The Deity was, in accordance with the an- tique mind, presupposed. Speculation never questioned …
1,304 wordsSECTION 215Section 215
As to the mode in which letters were invented, some clew is afforded by some of the early Hebrew and the Phoenician characters, which evidently aimed, although very rudely, like the drawing of very young children, to represent the object which the name of the letter signified. Thus the earliest Alpha has some vague re-…
964 wordsSECTION 216Section 216
PHCENICIA 161 PHCENICIA such translation. 2. That it is contrary to the analogy of the ordinary Hebrew practice in other cases: as, for example, in reference to the names of the Assyrian monarchs (perhaps of a foreign dynasty) Pul, Tiglath- Pileser, Sennacherib, or of the Persian monarchs Darius, Ahasuerus, Artaxerx…
1,057 wordsSECTION 217Section 217
III. Literature. — 1. Orii/iiial I!< mains. — With the ex- ception of Greek and Latin, no language was so widely known and spoken throughout antiquity as the Phoeni- cian ; and monuments of it have been found, and con- tinue to be found, almost all over the ancient world. We can only vaguely speculate on its early hist…
902 wordsSECTION 218Section 218
"In the month of Bui, in the fourteenth year that I reigne I, kim.' Eshmanasar, king of the Sidomnns, son of king Teboith, king of the Sldouiune spoke king Esh- manasar, king of the sidoniaiis, sayh Ian Sar- cophn before my time, in the flood of days— in dumbness ceases the BOU of gods. Head do I lie ill this toinh. …
967 wordsSECTION 219Section 219
2. Modern A uthorities. — Among those who have more or less successfully occupied themselves with Phoenician antiquities, language, and literature, and who have also, in some instances, deciphered inscriptions, we mention Scaliger, Bochart, Pococke, Bartbelemy, Swinton, Bayer, Dutens, Hamaker, Gesenius, Movers, Munck, …
917 wordsSECTION 220Section 220
Phonascus {fymvaoKoc, a singing-master'); a name given in the ancient Christian church to the individual who acted as precentor (q. v.), or led the psalmody in divine service. This appellation seems to have been used first in the lib century, and is slill employed in the I Ireeb I Lurch. Phoicus or Phorcys, a Homeric …
968 wordsSECTION 221Section 221
Photius of Constantinople (2), also an Eastern ecclesiastic, flourished in the 5th century as presbyter of the Church at Constantinople, and was one of the most decided and active supporters of the unfortunate heresiarch Nestorius (q. v.). When Antonius and Jacobus were sent, some time before the Council of Ephesus, A.…
1,016 wordsSECTION 222Section 222
The patriarchal throne of Constantinople was occu- pied in the middle of the 9th century by Ignatius (s. v.), who had the misfortune to incur the enmity of some few bishops and monks, and also of Bardas, who was all- powerful at the court of his nephew Michael, then a minor. Ignatius had excommunicated Bardas on a char…
934 wordsSECTION 223Section 223
Of the conduct which controlled Photius as patri- arch, in matters not connected with the Btruggle to maintain his position, it is not easy to judge. That he aided Bardas, who was elevated to the dignity of Caesar, in his efforts for the revival of learning, per- je-hd those efforts to him. U highly proba- ble from his…
1,369 wordsSECTION 224Section 224
ever, was Photius from joining in the designs of Santa- baren, that it was chiefly upon his urgent entreaties the emperor spared the eyes of Leo, which he had intended to put out. Basil died A.D. 886, and Leo VI succeeded to the throne. He immediately set about the ruin of Santabaren; and, forgetful of Photius's interc…
908 wordsSECTION 225Section 225
Bibliotk.) that wo have no just reason for suspecting that the Bibliotheca i- imperfect; and that the fuller analysis of Philostorgius probably nev< r formed part of ii. hut was made at a later period. The two hundred and eighty divisions of the Bibliotheca must l»- under- stood io . xpress the numbi r h volun i r manu…
976 wordsSECTION 226Section 226
which is of little moment, may ha\ i- 'mated either text of the Bibliotheca was formed on a collation of four in the mistake of Photius himself, or in some alteration MSS., and was accompanied with nous by the editor; of the divisions by some transcriber. It has been hut there was no Latin version. A I. at in version …
970 wordsSECTION 227Section 227
1718, 4to). The second letter, also of considerable length, is an encyclical letter on various disputed topics, especially on that of the procession of the Holy Spirit, the leading theological question in dispute between the Eastern and Western churches. Mountagu's version has been severely criticised by Combefis (Fabr…
1,170 wordsSECTION 228Section 228
with a Latin versi in his Cura Philological (Hamb. 17:;.'). Iio). vol. v ad fin.; these were reprinted in the Bibliotheca Palrum ofGalland (Venice, 177:>, fol.), vol. xiii. A further portion of eighteen Quastiones, under the title 'Etc t&v Qumov 'AfiipiKo^iwv riva, Ex Photii Amphilochiis quoedam, was published, with a…
914 wordsSECTION 229Section 229
PHOTIUS 171 PHOTIUS leg. in vol. i, p. xli). (4.) ITfpi tov m?) oiiv irpbc, ra Iv toj /Si(,t> Xvwnpa i-jriGTpicptaSai, Quod -non oporteat ad jim s< litis Vita- Molest ias attendere. This piece, which is perhaps not a homily, but the fragment of a letter, was published in the Ecclesia Greece Monumenta of Cotelerius, …
1,020 wordsSECTION 230Section 230
In the Synodicon of bishop Beveridge (vol. ii, ad fin. pt. i) a short piece is given, of which the running title is Bcdsamon in Photii Interrogations quorinndam Mo- nachorum; but the insertion of the name of Photius is altogether incorrect; the work belongs to the time of the emperor Alexius I Comnenus. The Exegesis, o…
949 wordsSECTION 231Section 231
lie tlin). Conciliis, extant in MS., is ascribed to Photius oi ryre: this cannol i.e. a- -ohm- have supposed, i work as the Epitonu Aclorum Conciliorum, i in MS., and ascribed to the more celebrated Photius, patriarch of Constantinople. See Tillemont, Mem, I.e.-. Cave, Hist. Lift, ad ann. 151, i. 143; Fa- bricius, Bi…
902 wordsSECTION 232Section 232
Phrygians or Cataphrygians (q. v.), a sect in the 2d century, so called as being of the country of Phrygia. They were orthodox in everything, setting aside this, that they took Montanus for a prophet, and Priscilla and Maximilla for true prophetesses, to be con- sulted in everything relating to religion ; as supposing …
1,280 wordsSECTION 233Section 233
"In the ancient Egyptian inscriptions we find two names that may be compared to the Biblical Phut. The tribes or peoples called the Nine Bows, IX Petu or phut 174 PHYLACTERY IX Na-Petu, might partly or wholly represent Phut Their situation is doubtful, and they arc never found in a geographies li-i, bul only in th…
1,070 wordsSECTION 234Section 234
Some late Egyptologists, however, regard Put as a merely Egyptian pronunciation for Punt (Bunsen, Egypt, ii, 304), which was the name of an Arabian tribe east of Egypt (Brugsch, Gtogr. Inschr. ii, 15). See Eth- nography. Phu'vah (Ileh. Puvvah', illB, mouth ; Sept. <l>oi>«), the second named of four sons of [ssachar (G…
1,061 wordsSECTION 235Section 235
ten thereon in four columns, each column having seven lines. On column i is written Exod. xiii, 1-10, treating on the sanctification of the first-born, and containing the injunction about the phylacteries; on col. ii, Exod. xiii, 11-1G, which also treats on the sanctification of the first-born, and repeats the injuncti…
945 wordsSECTION 236Section 236
3. Origin and Design of the Phylacteries. — It is the unanimous voice of Jewish tradition that the phylac- teries are enjoined in Exod. xiii. 9, 16; I>cut. vi. 8; xi, 18. It is true that Rashbara and Aben-Ezra (on Exod. xiii, 9), who are followed by De Lyra. Calvin, bishop Patrick, 11. Michaelis, Keil, etc.. take the p…
1,145 wordsSECTION 237Section 237
PHYLACTERY Matt, xxiii, 5 only they are called <pvXaKTr)pm, either because they tended to promote observance of the law (del pi'np>)v tYfii' rov Btov, Just. Mart, Dial. c. Tryph. p. 205, for which reason Luther happily renders the word by DenkzetteV), or from the use of them as amu- lets (Lat. prcebia, Gr. -xtpiaTrTa,…
1,104 wordsSECTION 238Section 238
Phyllobolia (from QuWov, a leaf, and fiaWto, to i'i>- '. a custom which existed among the ancient heathen nations of throwing tlowers and leaves on the tombs of the dead. The Greek was placed on his fu- neral bed as if asleep, wearing a white robe and gar- land, the purple pall half hidden by numerous chaplets, and b…
1,013 wordsSECTION 239Section 239
The superstitious credulity of modern Orientals as to curative means is proverbial, and has been noticed by all travellers. The Arabs are ready to put faith in al- most any Frank as a professional "medicine man" or hakim (literally "wise man"), as they term all physi- cians. Prescriptions of all sorts are at once taken…
967 wordsSECTION 240Section 240
Piane, Giovanni Maria Dei.le (called II Molina- retto), a Genoese painter, was born at Genoa in the year 1660. According to Ratti, he studied under Gio. Bat- tisti Gaulli, whose style he adopted, and distinguished himself by some excellent works which he executed for the churches at Genoa, but more by the excellence of…
910 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.