PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 961
To specify the words and clauses which vary from the Hebrew would carry us far beyond our limits. For these and the comparison of the two versions generally, the student mav be referred to Jiiger. Ubsuv. in Prov. Solum, vers. Alex., and Schleusner, Opiisc. Critic. In many of these cases the Sept. has probably preserve…
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(viii. 1). 2. In the second division, " the Proverbs of Solomon," which form the kernel of the book, (x-xxii, 17). we linil a striking similarity of structure throughout. Ev- ery verse (reckoned by Delitzsch at 375) in its normal form consists of two members, each containing three, four, or more randy live short words…
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xxiii. 1 Ii. 12 I 1. 19 21 : xxi\ . II. 12: .and one ol se> en. xxviii. Ii 8. We have a longer strain, xxiii. 29 35, against drunkenness. 4. The short appendix, xxiv. 2:'. 34, comprising more "words of the wise," can hardly he distinguished in style or form from the preceding. It closes with a ■■ proverb-lay" of live …
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spective of the two concluding chapters, the express ref- erence to other sages (QlEQPI, in xxii, 17; xxiv, 23; comp. i, 6) indicates a diversity of authorship, while the difference of style between various divisions of the work strengthens the hypothesis. Indeed, a careful ob- server will find at the very outset an in…
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state oft fusion inconsistent with that state of peace and social security which marked the reign of Sol i 1 Kings iv. 25). To this it is replied that a condition of greal private wealth, such as was the c lition of Solomon's times, always tempts needy and unprincipled men in acts of unlawful violence; and that not…
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two collections lends Btrong confirmation to this view. In selecting or arranging a collection in Solomon's time. and under his inspection, the choice would naturally fall upon the most perfect, and as alterations might be freely made by their actual author, these would tend to bring them into a still more finished for…
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The similarity in style between i-ix and the appen- dix to the first collection of proverbs (xxii, 17-xxiv) appears to favor the view that this supplement is due to the same person by whom the proem was prefixed to the book. Ewald enumerates several reasons for as- cribing the two to the same writer (p. 42), but finall…
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foil. The two periods which .are generally selected in op- position to the above views of the Solomonic author-hip for the composition ol various parts of the I k are the reign of Hezekiah and the times subsequent to the cap- tivity. Neither of these periods seems to suit the gen- eral character <d' Proverbs at .all…
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1600, 4to); Agell [Rom. Cath.], Commentarius (Par. 1611, fol.); Cartwright, Commentarii (L. B. 1617, and later elsewhere, 4to) ; Imninus, Expositio (Par. 1619, 2 vols, fol.) ; De Salazar [Rom. Cath.], Expositio (ibid. 1619-21, and elsewhere later, 2 vols, fol.); Jizchaki, Cms [with Aben-Ezra's and others] (in Latin by …
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Providence (Lat. provideniia; ilr.Trp6i>oia; both signifying foresight), a term importing the wisdom and power which God continually exercises in the preserva- tion and government of the world, for the ends winch he proposes to accomplish. I. The. Doctrine Proved. — -1. From Reason. — (1.) From the existence of a Supr…
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compared with Prov. xvi. 3, 33; Luke i. 52-53; 1 Cor. xvi. 2 I. (4.) By a class which aver his government of chance and accident (Exod. xxi, 12 13, compared with Deut xix,4 5; 1 Kings xxii, 34, 38, compared with xxi, 19; Prov. xvi, 33 (5.) By a class which proclaim his use uf noxious animals for the purposes of his g…
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In this way alone can the emphatic statements of the Scriptures, as classified above, be explained in harmony with other passages which distinctly deny his complic- ity with evil, i. e. in the sense of moral wrong. We first bring fully into view the seeming impeachment of his attributes contained in the classes of pass…
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1. The primitive view, held during the childhood of superstition, identified the gods with the elements of nature. Thus Zeus, or Dis. originally meant sky, and was worshipped as a god, afterwards known as Jupiter, or Jove, and by the Canaanites and Babylonians called Baal, Bel, or Belus. The earth was also worshipped a…
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7. Durandus, in the 1 lib century, proposed the me- chanical theory, which affirms the independent activity ol Coil's creatures in the use of powi rs given tothi m at their creation — like a wound-up clock which goes of it- self. It has been advocated by Scotus, Richard Baxti r, and others, closely akin to ibis is the …
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(5.) It is revealed in the Scriptures as clearly as the biographies of its noted characters, such as Joseph, Samuel, Elijah, Ruth, Esther, Daniel, etc., can illustrate it, and proclaimed as strongly as such texts as Luke xii, 6-7, 22-31 can express it, and enforced as powerfully as such prayer- examples as The. friend …
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tng a common interest with the Israelites in resisting (ovfiflovXiov) of Acts xxv. 12 we recognise the assess- the attacks of Syria. They are specially distinguished ors who were appointed to take part in the judicial in ver. 15 from " the children of Israel." Not the hosts functions of the governor. The authority of…
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the senate, and of the latter again into proconsular tion. The election or designation confers on the candi- (virariKai) and praetorian (orparnyiKat), is recognised, date only a right of priority: the complete lawful pos- more or less distinctly, in the Gospels and the Acts, session can only lie acquired by the canon…
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d. 18 Maj. 1566, and Benedicti XIV " Cum illud," d. 14 Dec. 1742). As the diocesan synods, after a long interruption, have only been revived of late, the papal see has conferred full powers on the bishop (modo pro- visorio), and, until the regular synods should be re- established, to nominate, himself, these synodal ex…
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PROVISION 714 PROVISORS solutely personal right of the bishop, neither the vicar- genera] -"''■ / Una) <an perform itwithout Bpecial pow- ers, nor the chapter, oor the capitular vicar appointed by them i The institutio canonica, or coU lativa, <>r verbalis, was formerly a regular official righl of the archdeacon (c…
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II. In tin Chun-It of England, the bishop is nominally elected by the chapter; but. in reality, the numbers of the chapter are only permitted to name the particular person whom tl rown presents to them for election with the i-onoi il'ilin. In the Roman Catholic Church of England and oflreland, the parochial clergy, t…
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5 PRUDENCE The same Prowe, it is believed, was also worshipped under a different form : he stands on a column, his nude form in a pair of boots; a bell lies at his feet. This is asserted by the chronicle of Botho, which calls the god Prono, and speaks of him as being the idol of Altenburg or Stargard. E-otho may be mi…
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Prudentius, St., :i French prelate of the 9th cen- tury, was a native of Spain. The name of his family Be took the name of Prudentius in mem- pry of the Christian poet, his compatriot. Taken when young to France, he passed several years at court, where it appears he occupied some important charge, mi i il his election …
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Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens, one of the earliest hymnists of the Latin Church, is greatly cele- brated in ecclesiastical history, though generally over- rated. Bentley calls him " the Horace and Virgil ol the Christians." not even qualifying them as Latin Chris- tians. There were certainly many hymnists previous to Pr…
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seventh and eighth while and after fasting; the ninth, an encomium on the Saviour, at all hours. To these are added Songs for Exequies (on the Resurrection), on the feasts of Christmas (" octavo Calendas Januarias") and Epiphany. All these songs breathe an earnest, Christian spirit; they show the rich symbolism of the …
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Eng. sq. m. Pop. Dec. 1811. 1. Prussia 24,880 3,137,.r45 2. Poseu 11,330 l,58d,843 3. Pomerania 12,130 1,431,633 ■t. Silesia 15,666 3,70T,167 5. Brandenburg 15,505 2 st;:;. •>•.".» ('..Saxony 9,729 2,103,174 7. Westphalia 7,771 1,775,175 ne province 10,2S9 3,r.7>.i.::47 9. Hesse-Nassau 5,943 1.400,370 in. Han…
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PRUSSIA 719 PRUSSIA Heiligenbeil, with a circumference of forty feet and a diameter of nineteen, was the most celebrated. Some mountains enjoyed the same honors. The best-known of them was near Brandenburg, at a short distance from the Frische Haff. Near the holy woods and trees there were, as a rule, holy fields, w…
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2. Introduction of Christianity. —We here substan- tially give the account found in Wetzer u. Welte, Kir- chen-Lt xikon, s. v. "Several attempts to introduce the Christian religion into Prussia had been fruitless. St. Adalbert, bishop of Prague, died April •J::, (.>97, a martyr to bis faith, while en- deavoring to con…
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their pontificalia. At the same time the' pope IX. in 1234, and [nnocent IV, In 1244, declared the present and future conquests of the n f< Is of the papal see ('tii jut et i roprietatem B. Petri u ipimua et earn mtb toliccem 1 erpetuo tempore permanere sancimns, . . . Te Conrade magister ejus doraus annulo nostra d…
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the order, with all revenues connected with them— the dime, for instance; that the bishop should have only one third for ins share, but with this additional stipulation, thai in the two thirds which want to the order, such ad- vantages as could be enjoyed only by a bishop should al-o accrue to the latter. 'The bishop …
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by which the provinces of Pomesania, Pogesania, Erm- land, and Natangen submitted to the order and promised conversion. The neophytes obtained all civil rights, were allowed to enter the ecclesiastical state, and to become members of regular congregations. These civil and other rights were forfeited by their eventual a…
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PRUSSIA '22 PRUSSIA the work of confession, was selected for the diocese of Culm. The Dominican Ernest, from Torgau, a friend and companion of Heidenreich, who had, like him, worked many years for the expansion of Christianity, was select- ed to he it e fl"6t bishop of Pomesnuia, A brother-priest of the Tentonii O d…
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vigor in a-sisliug hv all means in forming the Church. e xi .- coi.'tiu ua.lv heard exhorting p monks to r< pai to the new produce* and share in the work. I : - I ■ - eill IV addressed a bull to the superiors of all mot ?iic orders, in which be urged them to help the sister churches of Prussia, Livonia, nnd Estho- ni…
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But at the same time the seeds of new di-seii-ioii- had been scattered. To give to the archiepiscopal dignity in PRUSSIA 723 PRUSSIA the countries of the Baltic .a firmer support, bishop Will- iam of Sabina directed, iu the pope's name, that the seat of the archbishop should be Riga, which was in many re- spects t…
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mediately result, as the knights had hoped, in securing them allies powerful enough to aid them iu emancipating themselves from Polish domination, it was fraught with important consequences to Germany at large, no less than to the order itself." The state founded by the order had, through the peculiar relations in whic…
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PRUSSIA ■24 PRUSSIA time, deprived the electorate of some of its original do- mains— as, for instance, the margravate of Ans] ich which passed, on the death of the elector Albert Achilles, in 1 186, as in ii d< | i ndenl state to his younger sons and tln-ir descendant-, i Mr mosl considerable addition to the elector…
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bl I was raised that in 1553 the leaders of opposition were obliged to ipiit tin country: and when, later, the ude turned against the Osiandrians, Funk himself and two other leaders paid for their distinction with their lives, in 1566. See Funk, Johank; Morlin, Joachim. Duke Albert then set about restoring the peace o…
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In like manner, the established Protestant Church was enriched by the newly inaugurated system of gov- ernment supervention, churches were built, the emolu- ments of the clergy were raised, and their dwellings im- proved ; but, not content with that, the king wished to legislate for the Church in accordance with a set …
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28. 1834, excited universal indignation, while tlic im- prisonment, at a later period, of the archbishops of * '"- logne and Gnesen for their conduct in regard to the vexed question of mixed marriages involved the king in a long and fruitless dispute with the pope. In his ecclesiastical regulations, the king was genera…
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At an early period of his reign, the king had ex- pressed his determination to allow the Church, over which the crown had acquired supreme power during the Reformation, freely to form for itself its own exter- nal organization. The transfer ofa part of tic astic administration from the provincial governments to the con…
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PRUSSIA prosperity and internal improvement of the country. Extensive lines of railway and post-roads were opened, the river navigation was greatly facilitated, treaties of commerce were formed with foreign countries, great expansion was given to the Prussian and North German Zollverein, the army was put upon a footin…
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The obvious benefits of the preshyterial ami synodal constitution in the Rhenish and Westphaliau churches, the fuller co-operation there of ministers and elders, the greater activity of the laity, the room afforded for the exercise of discipline, the variety of home mission work, and the facility for checking rationali…
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union has extended only to the government, and not to worship or doctrine; in Rhenish Bavaria, in the union deed, stress is laid on the common scriptural ground of the churches. ^\* i 1 1» the accession of king William [, Prussia's most brilliant page of history opens. The civil and ecclesi- astical affairs of that co…
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and educational establishments of every kind, exclusive of the universities; and of these 153 were colleges or gymnasia, about 1000 classical private schools, 58 nor- mal, about 700 art, trade, and industrial schools, and about 25,000 public elementary schools, with 35,000 teachers, and about 3,000,000 scholars. (See b…
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"All the ministers and one deputy from each congre- gation form the district synod (the Scottish presbytery), which meets yearly under the superintendent, who is elected lieelv for six years by and from the members Of the synod. His most important duties are— tl of the ministers and presbyteries, the administration …
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chapel of 1100, each minister of 1400 persons. In the for- mer electorate of Hesse were 988,041 Kvangelicals, 652 Evangelical parishes, 1284 Kvangelical churches, and 681 ministers; on an average, each parish 1. "dr., each church 769, each minister 1450 persons. There tire UU superin- tendents. •■ In SchleSWig-Holst…
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"The whole German empire has 330 gymnasia, 14 pro- gymuasia, 4S4 other high schools for young men, with a total of 177,370 scholars. " According to the list of the minister of worship, there were on Sept. 1, 1874, in all Prussian elementary schools, 35,191 places for teachers, 1430 of which were filled by Catholic fem…
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"In Germany, besides the Canstein Bible Institution, which does only the printing of the Bible, there are 25 Bible societies, the largest of which is the Prussian Prin- cipal Bible Society at Berlin, with 102 branch societies, Since its establishment in 1,814 it has spread more than four million copies of the Bible. Al…
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It was the period when the illegal operations of the Star-chamber and the courts of high commission bad reduced England to a despotism equal to that of France, while the manners of the age were a Bcandal to religion and good morals. Marshal. .Mantoti. Calamy. Burton, and other preachers in London kepi alive the spirit …
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of Court, who had been roused by his wholesale condem- nation of the drama to spend thousands of pounds on a gorgeous mask, which they presented to the king, and some who afterwards took the foremost part in resistance to the court, joined now in approval of its measures. The prison with which Laud rewarded Prynne's en…
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Prytaneum {irpvTavtioi>) was the common house of an ancient Greek city or state in which a sacred tire was kept constantly burning in honor of Vesta. It was an appropriate building, where, in the name of the city or state, the magistrates, known as the Pry tanes, brought suitable offerings to the venerated goddess. The…
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of , commonly known as Georg< Psalmanazar, a re* jmiiil nativi "/' Formosa, written by himself, was some year- alter given to the world. See the an. in Alli- bone, Diet. <;/' Brit, and Amer. Auth. s. v.. and the ref< r- ences there given; Chambers's Cyclop. 8. v. ; National Repository . April. 1878),p.376. (J. II. W.)…
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In its form, worship-song may be either rhythmical or metrical; the former was its primitive and more un- cultured form; the latter is its subsequent and more artistic form. The former is exemplified in the Hebrew psalms and the Greek Christian hymns; the latter in the Latin hymns of Ambrose and Gregory, and in the sub…
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From 1 Chron. xxv. 7 it appears that Church music was formally taught in the Jewish schools. That Jewish song was celebrated throughout the 1 East is implied in the ironical request of the Babylo- nians that their poor captives would "sing them one of the songs of Zion." It is to be observed that the singing of the …
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Set II \i i i i. Wh.n Paul and Silas were imprisoned at Philippi, "at midnight they prayed .and sang praises unto God" (vfivovv rbv -■ ■■> ', ^cts xvi, 25). Whether what they sang were BOme of the .ancient psalms or spontaneous utterances of adoration and worship we have no means of determining. See Htmk. In his epis…
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tile converts it would be somewhat different. Among ternately between themselves, and to praise Christ as the Greeks and Romans poetry had fixed metrical furms. a god"' (Pliny. Epist. lib. x. ep. 39), alluding probably to which the tunes of the Hebrews could not be adapted, to the Gloria in Excelsis, the morning hymn…
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sik bet den Hebraern, § 61. Harmonius. who is said to have invented new metres. Thus, while the destruction of the Temple and the Ephraem Syrus flourished in the 4th century. For an dispersion of the Jews suspended Jewish worship, the account of his contributions, see Burgess, Metrical singing of the psalms and the …
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lli. < Ihristian Church. The service of the early Church usually opened with psalmody; but the author of the Apostolical Constitutions prescribes firsl the reading of the i ild T( -i.. and then the Psalms. The service was usually performi d in the standing posture ; and as to the maimer of pr nidation, the plain son--…
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Down to the Reformation, the music of the Church was thus pretty much surrendered to the clergy and trained musicians, and there were obstacles besides the mere ordinances of the Church. The words of the songs were in Latin, a tongue foreign to the people. The music was of a nature so elaborately complex that none coul…
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The Reformers, observing the excessive attention paid to musical services, endeavored to return to the plainness of apostolic times. There had previously been repeated efforts at such a transformation. " The Albi- genses, during the hottest season of persecution, are stated to have solaced themselves, in the very prosp…
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man Switzerland, and Holland. Not I' the strictly Calvinistic communities have a hymn-hook dating back to the Reformation. David's Psalter was the tir>t hymn- book of the Reformed or Genevan Church. The I k of Psalms became the only hymn-book of the Reformed churches in France. Switzerland. Holland. Italy. Cor- many,…
944 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.