PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 421
f,,r the resolute and the heroic. lie had a naturally kind and amiable spirit. He was far from being im- petuous in hi- movements or hasty in his decisions; . . . hni when his purpose was once deliberately and con- scientiously formed, it was impossible to divert him from of his sober convictions. With the highest i hy…
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The son of Sirach, intent on praising eminent men, enumerates bards or poets; who were, he savs, "Leaders of the people by their counsels, and by their knowledge of learning meet for the people ; wise and eloquent in their instructions : such as found out musical tunes, and recited verses in writing" (Ecclus. xliv, 4).…
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cover tin- earth as the dung which covers the surface of the Gelds. The impious man sows crime and reaps misery, or he sows the wind and reaps the tempest. The people yielding to the blows of their enemies arc like the corn crushed beneath the threshing instrument God tramples the wine in the wine-press when ho ch…
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I their | tic rhythm was more like thai of our blank \ erse than of our rhymed metre. < if poetical feet they appear i,, have known nothing, and in conse- quence their verse must be less measured and I, -.- strict It- melody was rather that of thought than of art and skill spontaneous, like their religious feelings, a…
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" O God, thy justice give the king-, And thy righteousness to the king's son" (Psa. lxxii, 1). Or the verb may be in the second member : " With the jawbone of an ass, heaps upon heaps, With the jawbone of an ass have I slain a thousand men" (Judg. xv, 10). The second member may contain an expansion of the first : …
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music of thi Hebrews. See Music. Referring to the articles which bear on the subject, we merely remark that both music ami dancing wire connected with sa- cred son- in its earliest manifestations, though it was only at a comparatively late period, when David ami Soloi i had given their master-powers to the -rand per…
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The poetical character of the Revelation of John is evident to every attentive reader. Many parts are professedly songs, formal expressions of praise, triumph, or mourning. The language is not only highly figura- tive, but it everywhere abounds with the most poet- ical images and modes of expression. Bishop Jebb has pr…
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are many examples, whether uttered ovi r an individual or as an outburst of grief for tbe calamities of the land. The mosl touchingly pathetic of all i- perhaps the la- David for the death of Saul and Jonathan (2 Sam. i. 19 27), in which passionate emotion is blend- ed with touches of tenderness of which oulj nature i-…
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pro- riumpb over the fall ..f Babyl [sa. tench, we can find only in the book of Judith, and with rather more reason in that of Tobit, anything which .like the riddle of ?PP"»che» '" "I'"' !""■"->;■ fadeed fiction= which if it is n.. t the essence, enters for a very large share into h..th 1 id-. \iv. 14), or -dark Ba…
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Each of these forms of poetry, as the}- appear in the Bible, requires a more distinct notice separately. (1.) Lyrical Poetry. — The literature of the Hebrews abounds with illustrations of all forms of lyrical poetry, in its most manifold and wide-embracing compass, from such short ejaculations as the songs of the two …
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& mething of I a g iIm- He- . vidence thai it did exist, nor even a probable conjecture \ rude kind of farce i- described by ii, ch. vii |, the play< rs of which I i,. se frequently perform prior to weddings and circumcisions al the hou | and Bometimes attract rings of auditors and spectators in the public places in…
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lim s. See Ps \i ms, B % oi . I\. History of th Treatment of Hebrt ;' In the 16th and 17th centuries the influence of classical studies upon the minds of the learned was so meat as to imbue them with the belie! that the writer- . and Rome wire the models of all excellence; and conse- quently, when their learning and …
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first and second chapters of Lamentations may be com- pared to Sapphic odes. The resemblance of the He- brew verse composition to the classic metres is express- ly denied by Gregory of Nyssa (1 Tract, in Psalm, cap. iv). Augustine (Ep. 131 ad Xumerium) confesses his ignorance of Hebrew, but adds that those skilled in t…
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metimes the same, but thej a differ. Both kinds of verse an' mixed in tl : I) order t.> carry out these rules, tiny are sup- i.l.ni. nted by one which gives to the \ <r-iii<r the widest Words and verses an- contracted or lengthened at will, by Byucope, elision, '■!<•. In addition to this. the bishop was under the nece…
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the best Bebrew Bcholar of the present day. Now. had there originally been metre, the case, it is presumed, could hardly have been such; somewhat must have been sacrificed to the importunities of metrical neces- sity ; i he sense could not invariably have predominated over the sound; and the poetry could not have bee…
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But whatever may have been achieved by his pred- ecessors, there can be no question that the delivery of Lowth's lectures on Hebrew poetry, and the subse- quent publication of his translation of Isaiah, formed an a?ra in the literature of the subject more marked than any that had preceded it. Of his system we have alre…
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] gave my back to the smiters, And my cheeks to them that plncked off the hair; My face 1 hid not from shame and spitting." Jebb gives as an illustration Psa.xix,7 10: •• The law of Jehovah is perfect, converting the soul. The testimouy of Jehovah is sure, making wise the simple." etc. h is instructive, as showing…
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It is impossible here to do more than refer to the essay of Kbster (Theol. Stud, und Krit. 1831, p. 40-114) on the strophes, or the parallelism of verses in He- brew poetry, in which he endeavors to show that the verses are subject to the same laws of symmetry as the verse-members, and that consequently Hebrew poetry i…
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It remains now only to notice the rules of Hebrew poetry as laid down by the Jewish grammarians, to which reference was made in remarking upon the sys- tem of R. Azariah. They have the merit of being ex- tremely simple, and are to be found at length, illustrated by many examples, in Mason and Bernard's I/eb. Gram. (vol…
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-t I while singing them. So the Mishna (JSuccah, v, ]>:■•< tu the fifteen steps which led into the women's court, corresponding with the fifteen songs of degrees, Stood the Levites with their instruments of mu.-ic. and sane,." Besides, the Great Hallel (q. v.) and certain verses of Psalms were also used, as may be se…
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THE PIOUS AND TnE MEN OF RENOWN. "O happy youth, devoted sage, Who will not put to shame our age ! TIIF. PENITENTS. "O happy, also, is our age, Which now atones for youth, not sage 1 CHORUS. "O happy be on whom no guilt doth rest, And he who sinn'd with pardon shall be blest." These songs were accompanied by the …
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h Literature, p. '■'•■> Bq.; Edersheim, History of tin Jewish Nation, p. 349 sq., 559 sq.; id. The Temple, ttt Ministry and Services as they wen in tk< Tirm of . 246 Bq., 270 Bq., 266 sq. | 1!. P.) P( )|. L'RY, < HBiSTi w See Hymsolooi ; Psal- mody. Poggio, Bracciolini Giovanni - Francesco, a celebrated Italian hu…
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lie returned to Rome with the papal court, after a sojourn often years at Florence. During this period he had published a choice selection of letters, and com- posed two dialogues, full of the mosl curious remarks on the manners of his time {On Nobility ami On Ih* Mis- fortunes of Princes'), lie had. be-ides. written t…
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Pogoda is in Slavic mythology the name of a god of the spring and of fine weather. Pogoda is a pure Slavic word, and means weather. He is supposed to have been of a kind and amiable disposition — the god of sunny weather, of bright skies, of smiling springs; yet the qualification of dobra (good) would seem to be neces…
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Poilly, Francois M.M French engraver, was born at Abbeville in 1622 or 1623. Hi- father was a gold- smith. After working for three years in the studio of Pierre Daret, be wenl to Rome in 1649. and remained there until 1656. He engraved during his stay in Italy >Hinr drawings in a manner which resembles thai of rt. « > …
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admiration. In 1680 he established himself al Amster- dam. Speaking of his exemplary life there. I'.avlc says that •■from a greal Cartesian he hail become so pious that, iii order to apply himself the better I" the things of heaven, lie had broken off almost every inti with the earth." In order to live in more comple…
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131 POIRIER plici so'Cida, superficiaria et falsa lib. Hi (ibid. 1692, 12mo, and 1707, 4to). His purpose is to show that there can be no real erudition without inspiration from above : —Theologie du Cceur (Cologne, 1696, 1697, 16mo) :— La Theologie reelle, vulgairement dits la Theologie Germa- nique (Amsterd. 1700, 1…
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be able to give food ami clothing to the i r. ' at Paris Iii'.--'. L803. Besides whal has been mentioned, In- wrote several historical Memoires, which in thi academy of which In- was a member, . Dom /'■•ii u i i Paris. 1804, i l :. Vouv. Biog. Gem rale, s. v. Poison i- i In- rendering in tin- A. V. of the Bibleof…
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could he so directly and pre-eminently styled the poi- son plant (it was even placed on the table a- a Bide- dish. Pliny, xix. 58); and if rosh had denoted a plant -ii well known, surely some one of the old interpreters would have discovered it. '• Water of rosh" would thus be simply " opium ;" but it must be admitted …
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the anticipated renewal of the Tridentinum (q. v.); partly as a sort of national council, to effect the refor- mation of the French Church; and partly to help re- duce the debt of the kingdom by the treasures of the Church. But however friendly the prelates were to the state, they did not look very favorably upon the p…
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tiona "I ill" conference were therefore of very little advantage. Several regulations relating to dis- cipline were made. < concerning the election of bishops, it was ordered thai the name of the person nominated by the king i" a bishopric Bhall be posted at the cathe- dral doors, and in ntlicr public places, that all …
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I. Forbid* to ret eive investitures at the hand- of kin^s and other ia\ men. -. Forbids 811 y and pluralities. 4. Forbids bishop- to receive any present for conferring holy order-, for consecrating churches, or for ^i\ine; any benediction. 6. Forbids monks and canons to purchase churches w ith- out the bishop's • …
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Pol. See Bean. Polak, Jacob, a Jewish savant, one of the great- est Talmudic authorities in his time, was born about 1460, and died about 1530 at Prague, where under his lead a great Talmudic school had flourished. Polak was a pupil of Jacob Margoles of Nuremberg, from whom he learned a new method of Talmudic casuistr…
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The last work of Carlo Polanco, who seems to have been the most celebrated oftbe brothers, bears the date ol 1686. Poland, Ecclesiastn u Histoid of. The Po- lish historians Naruscewicz, Friese, Lelewel, and others assert that Christianity was introduced into the Slavic countries at a very early period by some disciple…
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Oil the day previous tO that ceremony St. Adalbert is -aid to have appeared to the Pole- in a battle with the lded hi- -tates during hi^ lifetime between Boleslas POLAND 337 POLAND and another illegitimate son, Zbigniew. The latter had revolted a few years before, and was pardoned at. the in- tercession of the bi…
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The Reformation Period and Since. — In order to make clear the history of the Polish Church in the Reformation period, it is necessary to retrace our steps to the 11th cen- tury. It was then that the neighboring churches of Ger- many acquired a great influence over the Poles, while priests and monks flocked from France…
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: reign it the dominant creed of that city, without, how- ever, infringing upon tb< religious liberty of the Koniau ■ "The works of Luther found many readers, and even . in Poland, and n Bee et society, composed of . Miien and laymen, met frequently to ligious subjects, including those pom:- more especially which the l…
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"Throughout all his wanderings Lasco's thoughts were habitually turned towards Poland, and he maintained a constant intercourse wilh his countrymen, and also with his sovereign, Sigismund Augustus, who entertained a high regard for him. He returned to Poland in 1556, and no sootier did his arrival become known than the…
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"The Polish Reformation went steadily forward in spite of all the opposition of Rome and its emissaries. In Lithuania particularly it received a strong impure from the influence exerted in its favor by prince Radziwill, who had been intrusted by the monarch with almost the sole government of that province. Taking advan…
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led from their brethren, forming i'-iastiial organization, Its members the Minor Reformed chin, h i>l Po nd in 1579 led to tl ie Antitrinitaiians being thrown • finite form, and to the formation of Socillian i ,iis. chiefly composed of nobles, among whom there were m iny wealthy landowners. " Whei n hided in • u…
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■•Henry eel out for Poland, but after what had passed ' the Protestants were far from being nllaved, and they resolved carefully to watch the conduct of the irch at his coronation, l-'irlev, the leader of the Protestant party, insisted that on thai solemn occa- sion the oath taken at Paris should be repeated; and ev…
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cious effects on the political as well as social state of the country. The enlightened statesmen who had appeared during the reign of Sigismund III— the Zamoyskis, the Sapiehas, the Zalkiewskis, whose efforts counterbalanced for a time the baneful effects of that fatal reign, as well as some excellent authors who wrote…
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POLAND 342 POLAND, JEWISH MISSION IN I ibe restrict lone I . • were ol short con tin n- iven from hi* throne by Peter, : :; at i. nod Augustus ll ngaiu r» Btored to his ■ mo — . which were ouly i by the mediatl f Peter th ,•. In lTir,, Intowbicb the Romau- il influence to g i ted to the : 'Thai all the Protes…
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It is computed that the Protestant Poles amount in round numbers to 442, the great majority of whom are found in the Prnssian portion. There is a considera- ble number of Protestants in Poland itself, bnl tl chiefly German Bettlers. In that part of Poland which was annexed to Rnssin by the treaty of Vienna, it was ca…
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The event of most consequence that marked the fol- lowing years was the occupation of a new station, in 1834, in the south of Poland. Kielce was the place se- lected, a place equidistant from Warsaw and Lublin. The main features of the work that now present them- selves are the missionary journeys to Suvaltri, Calvary,…
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POLE 344 POLE kin;; Ilarrv determined upon lii- divorce from Catha- tbe troubles consequent upon this, and how he must needs be involved in them, to withdraw, and obtained leave of his majesty I iuued in quiet till the fl iir ol iIh- divorce, and Bending (ll ii,,. mosi noted universities in Europe for their opin- .…
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I liolic communion, and to Edward VI in justi- fication of his acts; bul his letter- were left unopened. Pole's book, /'■ unitaU ecclesiaslica, was published in Rome in 1536; and .though, a< Burnet says, "il was more esteemed for the high quality ol the author than for any - el reasoning in it," ii yet gave the most …
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These are forgiven — matters of the past — And range with jetsam and with offal thrown Into the blind sea of forgetfitlness" (Queen Mary, act iii, scene iii). In a later scene he makes bishop Gardiner (q. v.) the persecutor, and Pole the advocate and friend of the heretic : "Indeed, I cannot follow with your grace;…
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as in physical conflict the offensivt and the defensivi op- erations. In practice, however,il is impossible always to separate the apologetic and the polemical elements, art Apology. In the ages of the Church fathers no greal difficulty was encountered, because their object was to combat the Jewish or the heathen -\ st…
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POLEMICS 347 POLEMICS cited by Werner, Gesch. der apologet. u. polemischen Li- teratur, and to Spanheim, Coniroversiarum de Religione cum Dissidentibus Hodie Christianis Prolixe et cum Judeis Elmchus Historico Theologicus, and Horneck, Summa > 'onti-oversiarum ; Clarisse, Encyclopaedia Tki o- logicce Epitome (Lugd. …
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We now give an alphabetical list of such as wrote against Christianity, and who, for the most part, have been treated upon in this Cyclopcedia, to which refer- ence is made : . I !n ndana, Jacob (q. v.), carried on a controversy with Htdsius ( 1699), and translated the Cusari into Spanish. Abrabanel, Isaac (q. v.), w…
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• IK which i- entitled Latercu- ind which includes hea- ; \ portion of this i- llandus, in the general the whole will I"' found, but in a mutilati d Btate, in thi volume ol the Barat wot . \.; / ,,. I.vi; Schiinemann, BiM. i Polemo, Anionh s. a highly celebrated sophist and rhetorician, who flourished under Tr…
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(2.) Another Platonic philosopher was the disciple of Plotinus; but very little is known of him (Porphyr. Plot. Vif.; Fabricius. 1. c. ; Clinton, F. H. sub ann. B.C. 315, vol. ii, 3ded.). (3.) Of Athens by citizenship, but by birth either of Ilium or Samos or Sicyon, a Stoic philosopher and an eminent geographer, surn…
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Polhemus, Johannes T. See Polhemus, Abra- ham. Polhill, Edward, a learned English Calvinistic lay- man, flourished in the second half of the 17th century as justice of the peace at Burwast, Sussex. He wrote, The Divine Will considered in its Eternal Decrees, etc. (1673, 8vo) :— A nswer to Dr. Sherlock's Discourse < 1 …
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murdered by his servant tor his money. This happened in 1543. Polidqro's principal work was done at Messina, and represented Christ bearing hi* Cross. This, with several small pictures of sacred Subjects, is now in the Studj Gallery al Naples. His works have power, life, and passion, and he may he said to have origina…
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person to conduct the delicate negotiations in support of the candidature of the prince de Conti for the crown of Poland. He was accordingly sent to Warsaw as am- bassador extraordinary. This was his first diplomatic employment. On his journey he was wrecked on the Prussian coast; and, to add to the misfortunes of the …
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English throne the smart family, to whose head he had ordered the excavations, presented Polignac -with a was indebted for his n mation t<» the cardinalate. bass-relief containing fourteen figures, embodying the be negotiations al Utrecht were closed, the legend of Bacchus and Ariadne, h had formed the promotion of …
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: i ' ince. His Even that great work for it merits the epithet of itlyadmired. great both by its design and by its execution— thi - I iverj the marquis Latin poem which preserves his reputation, was hi. in ■ delivered as incomplete and rragmentarv a condition as the an- leim had existed, cienl ruins from which he h…
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" Dicam Tanti pace viri, quo non solertlor alter Naturam rerum ad leges componere niotiis, Ac Mundi partes justa perpendere libra, Et radium solis transverso piismate fractum Septeni in primi^enos perniaiisurosque colores Solvere" (ii, ST4-SS0). Yet how different is this deprecatory commendation from the enthusiastic…
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day ol Spinoza and I ke and Bayle; " to justify the ways "i i i" man," by explaining the wonder of the universe in consonance with a lively and intelligent faith in a wise, beneficent, and sustaining Creator. De- spite of its imperfections, its disc tections, its disorder a»<l it mpleteness, the study ol the poem ma…
971 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.