PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 541
for tin isecration of churches and church} aid- there i- no office appointed by Sufficient authority. See Bible and Missal, p. 217; Coleman, Primitivt Ck. (Index). See ( nx-i ( ration "l < Ihurches. Pontificalia, properly the ensigns of a pontiff's or bishop's office, is a term loost ly used for any ecclesiasti- PON…
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Pontormo, Jacopo da (or Jacopo Carrucci), a distinguished Florentine painter, was born at Pontormo in 149.!. He was a short time the pupil of Leonardo da Vinci, and studied under Albertinelli, Pictro di Cosi- mo, and Andrea del Sarto. He painted for some time in a similar style to Andrea, and was that painter's rival …
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reduced the country to the condition of a province. Man- Antony restored Darius, the son of Pharnaces; and a Bhorl line of princes, none of whom require any DOtice in this place, governed the country till the time 'lie- last of these, Polemo If was the lather of that Berenice who married Herod Agrippa If before « 1…
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2. Again, DSX (Isa. xiv, 23; xxxv, 7; xli, 18; xlii, 15) ; elsewhere " pond" (q. v.). 3. Mikveh, StJpB (Exod. vii, 19), a gathering together (i. e. of water), as rendered Gen. i, 10. 4. In the New Test. /co\uju/3»/3-p«, only in John v, 2 ; ix, 7. The following are the principal reservoirs mentioned in the Bible : a…
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For the | Is of Gibeon, Hebron. Samaria. Solomon. Bethesda, and Siloam. see those words respectively. See also Foi STAIN. Poole, Matthew, an eminent English Nonconform- ist minister, was born in York in 1624. He received his < ducation and took bis degree al Emmanuel ( !ollege, Cambridge. Having attached himself to t…
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Poor. This word, in the Scriptures, often denotes n<. i so much a man destitute of the good things of this world, as a man sensible of his spiritual wants. In ibis sense the greatest and richest men of the world are on a level with the poorest in the eyes of God. [n the fol- lowing treatment of the subject we make con…
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former were to be relieved by the authorized collectors, but all are enjoined to maintain themselves if possible. Lastly, the claim of the poor to the portions prescribed is laid down as a positive right. Principles similar to those laid down by Moses are inculcated in the N. T., as Luke iii, 11; xiv, 13; Acts vi, 1 :…
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ing is a charitable institution in Austria, under govern- ment control; and many pawnbroking establishments rest On endowments, and lend without interest. 1 lie trade ig forbidden to private persons. •• In France, the relief of the poor is not compulsory. in so far as its distributors may. after making inquiry. they …
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is strictly municipal. In many provinces private char- ity is associated with public assistance, administered by the cure, a tew chosen inhabitants, who are called 'Fa- thers of the Poor,' and an officer accountable to the • •on me. This s\ Btem is called the • Poor's institutes ;' and their funds are principally der…
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wall are a number of smaller temples. A visit to these temples is enjoined upon a Hindu as one of the most important acts in the ritual of his religion, and year after year this Mecca is resorted to by representatives from every section of the country. See the literature quoted under the article Jaggernaut. (J. H. W.) …
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CtimbentS of the Roman see attained in various periods of Church history, for a long time they claimed and receh ed as bishops of Rome and patriarchs of the West only those rights and honors which also belonged to oilier bishops and patriarchs. See BlSHOP; PATRI- ARCH. When their superiority over other bishops and patr…
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lemnity of the festival. At Whitsuntide, and all festi- vals of the martyrs, he officiates in red; at Easter, and all festivals of virgins, in white ; in Lent, Advent, and eves of fasting-days, in violet; and on Easter-eve, and at all masses for the dead, in black. All these colors are said to be typical: the red expre…
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The General of the Holy Church is created by a brief of the pope, who gives him the staff himself in his chamber, and takes his oath. In time of peace he has allowed him a thousand crowns per month, and three thousand in time of war. He commands all the troops and all the governors in the places and fortresses of the e…
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The principal scriptural authority for the papacy re- lied upon by the Roman Catholic Church i- Matt. xvi. 18, 19. Without entering into a discussion of the mean- ing of this famous passage, we may here quote from Al>- bott's Commentary on the New Testament a statement of the Roman Catholic interpretation, and the grou…
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Pope Paschal II, in 1000, deprived Henry IV, and excited enemies to persecute him; telling them that they could not "offer a more acceptable saciTtice to God than by im- pugning him who endeavored to take the kingdom from God's Chinch." Pope Gregory VII says: "For the dig- nity and defence of God's holy Church, in the …
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For a full review of this question, see Gallican Church; Investiture; Temporal Power. III. The Eh tiir.i) nf the Pope. — In the 2d and 3d cen- turies the bishops of Rome were, like all the bishops of the ancient Church, elected by the clergy and the peo- ple. When Christianity was declared to be the religion of the st…
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The councils of Pisa. Constance, and Basle elected new popes, without binding themselves to the papal provi- sions concerning the c laves; lmt in this as in many hi Imt respects their proceedings were of an exceptional character, and were without abiding consequences in the law ofthe Church. In 1621 Gregory \Y issued …
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el before the processl same int.. St. Peter's ; aid now, in,- the third time, each cardinal prostrated himself before the pop,., then kissed his toe, or rather his slipper, next kissed his hand, which was not hare, hut covered by the cape of his robes; and, lastly, the pope embraced each twice, and when all hail gon…
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55. SL John I, M Tuscany 523-526 56. St Felix IV Beuevent 526-530 57. Boniface II Rome 53(1-532 58. John II Rome 532-535 59. St, Agapetus I Rome 535-536 Name. Place of Birth. Term. St Svl verbis, .1/ Frosiuone 536-538 Vigiiius Rome 538-555 Pelairius I Rome 555-560 John III Rome 560-573 Benedict I Rome 574-578…
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2u0. Clement V France (De Gout, artlibi.h. p of Bordeaux.) 201. John XXII Prance d Jucub de Fine.) [Nicholas, antipope.] 202. Benedict XII France 1334-1342 (Cardinal Jacob Founder.) 203. Clement VI France 1342-1352 (Cardinal Peter Roger.) '204. Innocent VI Prance 1352-1302 Aubert.) 205. n. Urban V France 1302…
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The see of Rome was frequently disputed. The first the clergy and laity in opposition to Cornelius; the last, Felix V. who was elected in opposition to Eugenius IV. Sometimes the whole Church was for a number of years divided by the rival claims of two popes, and in one instance this division continued for thirty-nine…
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dies, his list tiihn ss as a pa-tor comes to an end. and. as a rule, he retires to some monastery, where, as a priest- monk, he enjoys special honors. But, according to more modern rules, popes of good repute are allowed to re- main in office after the death of their wives; but a sec- ond marriage is entirely out of th…
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excellence. His general reading, too. was uncomn ly extensive and various, ami at twenty-five he was on< ol i lie best-informed men of his generation. When only eighteen years old he produced his Messiah, a sacred eclogue in imitation of Virgil's Potlio. Pollio was a Roman senator in the time of Augustus, and ci lebra…
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tope. "Vital spark of heavenly flame ! Quit, oh, quit, this mortal frame ! Trembling, hoping, ling'ring. living, Oh, the pain, the bliss of dying ! Cease, fond nature, cease thy strife, And let me languish into life !" It has been urged by critics that it is inconsistent, and inconceivable that a dying man should hold…
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\ II w. I be ' huivh of Rome is charged with having depart- ed from apostolic Christianity by requiring all w ho com- municate with her to believe, as necessary to salvation: 1. That that man is neenrsed who does not kiss and honor and worship the holy images. 2. That the Virgin Mary and other saints are to be playe…
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i-, are to he had ami retained, and bonoi ami veneration are to lie given to them. I also affirm that the power of indulgences was lefl bj Christ in ; ; ami that the use of them is nio-t w I to Christian people, i acknowledge the holy Catholic and Apo-tolic Roman chnnh. the mother and m - all churches ; and 1 promis…
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Others, however, have been of opinion that libneh denotes the storax-tree rather than the white poplar. Thus, in Gen. xxx, 37, the Sept. has pafiCov (jTvpan'i- vr\v, " a rod of styrax ;" and the Greek translation of the Pentateuch, according to Rosenmliller, is more an- cient and of far greater authority than that of H…
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Popogano is the name by which the primitive in- habitants of Virginia designated hell, which the} imag- ined Boating in the air between heaven and earth. Poppie, Poppy, Poppt-hkad (from Ft.poupi a doll, or l.at. puppis the "| p" of a ship., an archi- tectural term designating an elevated ornament often used on the top…
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Wooden porches occur at all dates, and of these also fine examples remain. At Chevington, Suffolk, is a wooden porch of Early English date, but much impaired by modern work. In the Decorated style wooden porches are not unfrequently found; they are of one story only in height, sometimes entirely enclosed at the sides, …
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Porchet, Joseph, a converted Jew. flourished in the 1 Ith century in Spain, and by his learning rendered greal service to the Church of Christ in that day. Be was acquainted with Martini ( q. v.), the author of Pugio Fidei, and transcribed a great part of it into a work which he himself composed under the title oi Vict…
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The whole system of Pordage claimed to rest upon a series of supernatural visions. With the other " Phila- delphians," lie regarded the actual state of the Church as one of utter degeneration, and as incapable of refor- mation. Even the Quakers he regarded as among the antichristian sects. He believed himself called to…
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PORPHYRY 420 PORPHYRY Porphyry (Yloptyvpioc), a celebrated heathen phi- losopher, the ablest expounder and defender ofNeo- Platonism as taught by Plotinus (q. v.), and one of the i acious ami learned antagonists of Christianity under the Roman empire, flourished in the second half of the 3d century. / /'/'. Porphy…
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method, according to the Platonic teaching, to release the soul from the prison of the body. From this mad design, however, he was dissuaded by bis master, who advised a voyage to Sicily. Complying with this ad- Nice. Porphyry recovered his bodily vigor and serenity of mind, and devoted himself to authorship. He then w…
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doubts which he entertained with regard to the popular superstition. These doubts he set forth in a letter to the Egyptian prophet Anebos, in a series of questions. The distrust there expressed respecting the popular no- tions of the gods, divinations, incantations, and other theurgic arts, may have been, as Ritter bel…
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passions. Superior to this is purifying virtue, which came in contact with the Gospel. Plotinus held that -* the evil principle is only apparent, and that only the good has a substantial and permanent existence. The opposers concluded that as the teachings of < Ihristianity could not he entirely ignored or disproved, …
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bad become associated with the apocnphal literature and Celsus, in his attacks on the Co-pel. often reminds us of the vulgar gibes and ribald remarks ol' Thomas Paine : but nothing of this is found in Porphyry Speaking in the name of philosophy, he assumes a dig- treatment of his subject, akin to that of the judge, v…
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mystery of an infinite punishment in requital for finite sin (August, Retract, bk. ii, c. 31, vol. i, p. 53, con- cerning Matt, vii, 2). His objections are not. it will be observed, founded on quibbles like those of Celsus, but on instructive literary characteristics, many of which are greatly exaggerated or grossly mi…
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Besides these we have mention of the following lost works of Porphyry: _'•». Ilt-oi ayaXuartov (Euseb. Prop. Ev. iii. 7: Moli. Eel. Phys. i. 25). 21. flepi avo- dov tyvxfe (August 1 1> Civ. Dei, s, 910, etc.). 22. Hipl tov uiav uvai rqv n Varwvoc eai \innroTtXovc aiptaw (Suidas, 8, v. tlop<p.). 23. A commentary on Aris…
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Porst, Johann, a Lutheran minister, was born Dec, il. 1668, at Oberkotzau, not far from Hof. In 1689 he went to Leipsic for the study of theology. In 1695 he was appointed pa-tor at Malchow. near Berlin; in 17nl he was called to Berlin as preacher at Friedrichswer- der and Dorotheenstedt J in 1709 he was made court- pr…
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the time when Savonarola went to Florence to preach against the sinfulness of the city. Bartolomeo became the earnest friend of the preacher, and was so carried away by his influence that he burned all his studies and drawings of profane subjects, and those which repre- sented nude figures. He abandoned his art, and sp…
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Ii is i'> lie regretted thai we ran learn nothing of his personal history beyond this period. Porta, Guglielmo della, an Italian sculptor of the 16th century, was a noted follower of Michael An- gelo. His most important work was the monument to Paul III iii the tribune of St, Peter's. Two statues, of Peaa and Abundanc…
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Portail, Antoine, a French priest noted for hi- re- lation to the '•Congregation of Priests ofthe Mi — ion." which body he joined immediate*) after their institution by Vincent de Paul, flourished in the firsl half ofthe 17th century. Nothing i- known of bis personal history, but be is reputed to have been not only Pau…
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Porter. This word, when used in the A. V., does not bear its modern signification of a carrier of burdens, but denotes in every case a gate-keeper, from the Latin portarius, the man who attended to the porta. In the original the word is IS""!! or "irilJ, shoer, from "i>'U, shdar, a gate; once (Ezra vii, 2-1) Chald. S'n…
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/ ■ , i .■ on Homilt tics, Pn aching, mi, I Public Prayt r (1834): -anil a large number of occasional Sermons. Since his death The Biblical Reader and Lectures mi /■.'/in/ill nn and Style have also been published. Dr. Porter was a contributor to the Quarterly Register, and the translator of many sacred German poems. Se…
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he sen el >i\ months. Leaving I 'urban, on account of inadequate support, he became pastor in Conway < >.t. 20, 1778, which charge he gave up in 1814, and died Nov. 11. 1837. lie published An Address at t hi <>]><n- ing I'l'mi Academy at Fryeburg (1806), and a I. w occa- sional Sermons. See Sprague, Annals of th Ameri…
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delighted in the quiet of that rural retirement, and still more in exercising the duties of the ministry among its simple and attached people. He was most indefatiga- ble in performing all the duties of the parish— preached in some district of it daily ; and by his pastoral visits to the poor, as well as to the rich, s…
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an assault upon heresy in the very stronghold of its power. For this purpose he repaireil to the Nether- lands, and burled from several pulpits the most virulent imprecations against the doctrines and practici - of the ministers. But his success was not equal to his cour- age ; he returned to Tours in 1568. His enemi< …
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Portio Congrua, the name given in the canon law to the suitable salary which was anciently allotted to the priest or minister of a parish. Portion (p'n, clielek). In addition to the sense of dividing or allotting, this word is used in reference to a custom still prevalent among princes and rich peo- ple in the East, n…
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Port-Royal, Recluses of, occupy a most impor- tant position in the ecclesiastical and literary history of France, especially in the 17th century, and are largely identified with the Jansenistic controversy. Port-I!oyal (Pomgium, Portus Regis, Porreal) lay in the vicinity of the hamlet of Chevreuse, three leagues from …
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side. They did not quarrel with the Church ; they de- sired to remain Catholic in .-pin of the pope, believing in the priesthood and the sacraments. They arrived at a metaphysical and moral reform, and pointed to St. Paul and St. Augustine a- their in-pirers. The Jesuits adopted directly antagonistic views on grace and…
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Previously some of the nuns who had remained at Port-Royal de Paris intrigued with the government in order to become independent of Port-Royal des Champs, and Louis XIV appointed a separate abbess to Port- Royal de Paris. In 1669 a compromise was made be- tween the pope and the defenders of Jansenius, which was called …
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sons of the expelled king, and by their uncle. Oppas, archbishop of Hispalis, for the purpose of driving from the throne the newly elected king Roderick. The land between the Douro and the Pyrenees, a small portion of the peninsula, remained under Christian rule. Ferdinand II (1038 65) wrenched from the Araks Lame-,,…
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86,1 badly preserved volumes and 8000 MSS.; that ai the Necessidades Palace, with 28,000 volumes; and that at the Ajuda Palace, with 20,000 volumes; and the University Library at Coimbra, with 45,000 volumes. The administration of the management of general edu- cation i- conducted bj a superior council of education at…
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Poschel, Philipp P., a German Protestant divine, was born Sept. 23, 1769, at Ansbach. In 1797 he was minister at Bulenheim, and in 1817 city pastor in Augs- burg, where he died, Feb. 6, 1838. He wrote Meine Mussestunden, oder Resultate meines Nachdenlcens iiber die wichtigsten Gegenstandt aus dun Gebiete der Religions-…
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Poschelians. See PSschel. Poseidon, the god who was considered among the ancient Greeks as presiding over the sea. He was the son of Chronos and Rhea, and had his palace at the bottom of the sea, where the monsters of the deep play around his dwelling. This deity was believed to be the author of storms, and to shake t…
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POSEY 437 POSITIVISM Posey, John Henderson, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was born Sept. 17, 1819, in Breckinridge County, Ky. ; emigrated with his parents in early life to Illinois, and settled in Morgan County. His first, religious impressions were at about the age of seventeen. When he atta…
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Positive Philosophy, a recent scheme of phi- losophy, on the basis of phenomenalism, founded by Auguste Comte of Paris. See Comte ; Positivism. Positivism, a distinct, scientific habit of mind, reg- ulated by a characteristic principle, which was made the basis of an extensive and ambitious scheme of philos- ophy by A…
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It will readily lie recognised that Positivism, as SO understood, revives under strangely modernized aspects the old dogma of Protagoras thai man is the measure of the universe. The ancient contrast and analogyof rocosm and the microcosm are reproduced in quaint disguise and more plausible form by limiting the intelli…
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This notice proceeds on the same plane with thatadopt- ed by the Positivists, and the discussion of their prin- ciples does not travel beyond the domain of the human understanding. The danger of Positivism springs from the same source as that whence have issued the dangers of so many kindred schemes of philosophy in ou…
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But instead of referring to the numerous passages in the Critical Philosophy in which Positivism is antic- ipated and censured before its appearance, we may suit- ably close these remarks with a citation from a scientific writer, whom we may presume to have been Sir David Brewster : "A third dogmn, which has of late b…
934 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.