PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 1321
RED SEA 90 2 KED SEA The Ked .Sea anil Jcbel Atakah, near Suez. (1 )h by the Editor.) fore him Scaliger, in his notes to Festus, s. v. "^Egyptinos" (ed. 1574); and still earlier Genebrard (Comment.ad Ps. 106). Bochart (PhaJeg,iv, c.3i) adopted this theory (sec Reland, Diss. Xfwceft fed. 1706] i, 85). The Greeks an…
1,021 wordsSECTION 1322Section 1322
curious results (see El-Makrlzi's Khitat, Descr.ofthe J>'i jii. and Descr.ofihi I>>.«rt ofEydhdb; Quatreraere's Essays on these subjects, in his '/< moires Hist. </ Geogr. sur FEgypte, ii, 184, 162; and Tfu Genesis of tht Earth and of Man, 2d ed, p. 109); and then, coast-tribes of Abyssinia. The Gulf of el-' Akabah (i…
927 wordsSECTION 1323Section 1323
The earliest navigation of the Red Sea (passing by the prehistorical Phoenicians) is mentioned by Herod^ otus. '■ Scsostris ( liameses II) was the first who, passing the Arabian Gulf in a fleet of long vessels, reduced under his authority the inhabitants of the coast bordering the Erythraean Sea. Proceeding still farth…
1,162 wordsSECTION 1324Section 1324
The commerce of the Red Sea was. in very ancient times, unquestionably great. The earliest records tell of the ships of tin' Egyptians, the Phoenicians, and the Arabs. Although the ports of the Persian Gulf received a pari of the Indian traffic, and the Hirayeritic maritime cities in ih<- south of Arabia supplied the k…
912 wordsSECTION 1325Section 1325
Kebir,a village in the centre of the valley of Tumeilat RED SEA 965 RED SEA with remains of antiquity in its vicinity. The other is probably represented by Tell Ramsis, a quadrangular mound on an arm of the Nile opposite the modem vil- lage of Belbeis, located on the Damietta branch of the railway, about seventeen …
1,060 wordsSECTION 1326Section 1326
1. On the Mediterranean Shore. — M. Brugsch has re- ! cently discovered a new crossing-place for the Israelites on their passage out of Egypt, which, on account both of the fame of the author and his confident announce- ment, has attracted no little attention (L'Exode et les Monuments Egyptians: Discours prononce a l'o…
924 wordsSECTION 1327Section 1327
alOllg the shore of these lakes (see I »f. llarmall. Egypt and the Holy Land, p. 106). This would seem to indicate a continuity of these bodies of water in earlier times. (See further in Laborde. Commentairi Geographiqut sur PExod | Paris, 1841,fol.],p.79 a.) The great bed of the 1 Inter Lakes extends in a north- erl…
948 wordsSECTION 1328Section 1328
on the other side could have been kept out, and then there would be a continuous lake from sea to sea, and a miracle would have been necessary, at all hazards, in or- der to effect the passage anywhere. The Hebrews had no occasion to " turn" at all, for that matter. (3.) In that case Pharaoh's observation (ver. 3, 4), …
970 wordsSECTION 1329Section 1329
at® » 33 Map of the Ilead of the Gulf of Suez of ot "before") that mountain in this general sense. As for Pi-hahiroth (whether Hebrew for nmiilh of the ravines, or. as is more likely. Coptic for fhi sedge-plat), it finds no special adaptation to any place in thai neigh- borhood. The attempt to identify it with Ajrud…
908 wordsSECTION 1330Section 1330
4. At Eds Atdkah. — This place has been preferred as that of the crossing by the great majority of writers and travellers, including Pococke, Joly, Monconys, Shaw, Ovington, Sicard, Bruce, Arundale, Raumer, Kitto, Olin, Wilson, Durbin, Bartlett, Porter, Bonar, Murphy, etc. It seems to us to meet the demands of the Bibl…
996 wordsSECTION 1331Section 1331
Has Atakah, too, seems to correspond to the geo- graphical features of the case. The point where the Israelites struck the western coast-line of the bed Sea is (as we have seen above) explicitly defined in three passages of the sacred itinerary, which we translate lit- erally: "Speak to the sons of Israel, and they sha…
1,082 wordsSECTION 1332Section 1332
Kurtz (History of the Old Covenant [Clarke's transl. Edinb. 1859, 4 vols. 8vo], i, 357 sq.) has an extended observation on the time that elapsed upon the route from Rameses to the Red Sea, which he argues must have been more than the three days that appear in the narrative (by implication only, however, for there is no…
1,125 wordsSECTION 1333Section 1333
Redditio Symboli i rehearsal of the creed). In early times the candidates tor baptism were accustomed, on Maundy-Thursday, to recite publicly the creed in the presence of the bishop or presbyters, and this act was designated redditio symboli. Redeemer, a frequent rendering of the Heb.bfetS, goSl, which strictly means …
1,079 wordsSECTION 1334Section 1334
blood ofChrist: "Thou wast slam, and basl redeemed us to God (jjydpaffac, hast purchased us i by thy Mood" (Rev. v, 9). The ends of redemption arc. that the jus- tice of God might !><• satisfied; Ids people reconciled, adopted, sanctified, and brought to glory. Tin' proper- ties of it are theBe : (I t it is agreeable …
825 wordsSECTION 1335Section 1335
great distance from Rome, Francis de Paulo had, in 1785, given Hoffbauer full power to establish colleges, receive members, etc.; and in 1792 he appointed him his vicar-general. In 1801 or 1802 they were invited to Switzerland, and in 1803 some of them were sent there. They settled at first, on the estate of the duke o…
1,005 wordsSECTION 1336Section 1336
Redemptorist. Redenbacher, Wu.mki.m. an evangelical German minister and senior of the chapter of Gunzenhausen, was horn in 1800, and died duly 11. 1876, at Doruliau- seu. lie was a popular < Ihristian writer, and published, Christlichet I Nuremb. 1855, 3 vols.): Einfach Betrachtungen, das Gan i der HeUslehn umfassend…
918 wordsSECTION 1337Section 1337
In the New Test, the corresponding Greek word, kci- Xafioc, may signify the " stalk" of plants (Mark xv, 36 ; Matt, xxvii, 48, that of the hyssop, but this is doubtful), or "a reed" (Matt, xi, 7; xii, 20; Luke vii, "24 ; Mark xv, 19), or a " measuring-rod" (Rev. xi, 1 ; xxi, 15, 10), or a "pen" (3 John 13). Strand (Fl…
909 wordsSECTION 1338Section 1338
1. It has been made a question whether the Hebrew agmon', )" -?X, which is mentioned in opposition to the palm -branch (Isa. ix, 13; xix, 15), and is translated " rush" in the A. V., does not rather mean reed. Both were, and are. used for making ropes (Sonnini, Trav. ii, 41G; Pliny, xix, 9; comp. Job xl, 26). See Gesen…
912 wordsSECTION 1339Section 1339
Reed, Alauson, a Baptist missionary, was born in Chesterfield. Mass., in 1807. lie pursued his studies ;u the Hamilton Literary and Theological Institution (now Madison University), X. V.. and was appointed Aug. 3, 1835, a- a missionary by the American Baptist Mission- ary Union to labor among the Chinese living in Ban…
761 wordsSECTION 1340Section 1340
Reed, Andrew, D.D., an English Independent divine, noted as one of the greatest philanthropists of our age, was born in 1788 at London, where his father, a pious man, was a watchmaker in Butcher Row, St. Clement's Danes. Many a time, it is said, Andrew's mother would keep the shop while his father was off on a preachin…
1,086 wordsSECTION 1341Section 1341
"The measure of mercy is the measure of obligation. Of the course I should take at present I see nothing. All is dark, very dark. Work which I had thought to d«> is now abandoned. This one thing is left me, and I will do it. For discipline I will do it. I have naturally a love for the beautiful, and a shrinking, almost…
956 wordsSECTION 1342Section 1342
climate, the ban) work, and plenty of it. and harder fare were jusi what Infinite Wisdom saw I needed. I praise the Lord to this day for Dunham Circuil : ii sav ed me from an early grave." His next lid. 1 of labor was in the wilderness lying north of Lake < Intario. To this region be was sent as the tirst minister of …
934 wordsSECTION 1343Section 1343
Reed, Sampson, a Swedenborgian of note as a writer especially, was born at West Bridgewater, Mass., in 1800, and was educated at Harvard College, class of 1818. He became editor of the New Church Magazine and co-editor of the New Jerusalem Magazine, and died in 1875. He published Observations. Reed, Samuel, a minister…
936 wordsSECTION 1344Section 1344
Reese, Levi R., a minister of the Methodist Prot- estant Church, was born in Harford County, Md.. Feb. 8, 1806, enjoyed a good preparatory training, and taught school for a while after he was seventeen. When about twenty years of age he joined the Methodist Episcopal Church, but shortly after the agitation opened which…
944 wordsSECTION 1345Section 1345
gan the lection from Holy Writ or the lives of saints in the wall pulpit. During dinner all the gate- were closed, and no visitors were admitted. After dinner the broken fragments were sent down to the almonry for the i r and sick, and the brethren either took the me- ridian sleep, talked in the calefactory, read, or w…
983 wordsSECTION 1346Section 1346
Reformatio Legum Eccxesiasticarum, a code of Church laio, first projected by Cranmer at the com- mencement of his primacy, and accomplished, after va- rious impediments (1551), by a sub-committee of bish- ops, divines, canonists, and secular doctors of the law. It was ready to be submitted to king Edward, but his sudde…
1,069 wordsSECTION 1347Section 1347
Much more thorough than this class of reformers were a second, who not only turned against papal usurpations in the government of the Church, but also by a study of the Scriptures were led to look upon the entire doc- trinal system of the Church, as it had gradually devel- oped under the misguidance of the popes, as an…
1,220 wordsSECTION 1348Section 1348
The labors of such nun could not fail to kindle in Germany still more the desire for a reformation, and to strengthen the expectation that in resuming the work of reformation on a grand scale the German na- tion would take the lead. As early a- 1 157, chancellor Mayer of Me ntz wrote to Tinea- Sylvius, subsequently pop…
1,041 wordsSECTION 1349Section 1349
mercy of God in Christ. When he became a doctor of the Sacred Scriptures, he was deeply impressed with the duty imposed upon him by the oath he had to take on the occasion of teaching and making known to the world the truths of Christianity. Both as an earnest Christian, who sincerely believed in the Christianity of th…
1,125 wordsSECTION 1350Section 1350
and science he emerged oi more from his seclusion, silenced by powerful sermons his adversaries ai Witten- berg, and once more placed himself at the helm of the movement. In intimate union with Melancthon, he now labored for completing the theological Byste f the Church which began to rear itself on the basis of his…
956 wordsSECTION 1351Section 1351
■_'. A mw cri>is for the German Reformation began in 1529 with i he- Diel ol Spire'. The emperor having vic- toriously finished hi- war-, was now free' from foreign entanglements, ami showed himself determined to main- tain the religious unity of the empire. A very numer- ous attendance of bishops and prelates secured …
780 wordsSECTION 1352Section 1352
volved in a war with the Turks, who threatened an in- vasion of Austria and Germany, and his desire to obtain the aid of the Protestant churches once more disposed him favorably towards toleration. New negotiations resulted in the conclusion of the religious peace of Nu- remberg (July 23, 1532), which enjoined upon bot…
1,074 wordsSECTION 1353Section 1353
obstruction. The Protestants remained in possession of the ecclesiastical benefices which they held in 1555. But with regard to the luture.it was provided that all spirit- ual states of the empire which should subsequently go over to the Augsburg Confession should by thai act-for- feil their offices and possessions. Th…
972 wordsSECTION 1354Section 1354
general conn, il si be abandoned for the present, as a Lutheran at heart. When he designated the rule of d that peace and order in the empire could only be ] fasting as an ordinance of man. the Council of Zurich, in 1522, took his part against the bishop of Constance ana cnai peace ami ortter in the eni] maintained…
1,075 wordsSECTION 1355Section 1355
2. In French Switzerland, the reformatory movement began in 1526 in the French parts of the cantons Berne ami Biel, where the Gospel was preached by William Farel, a native of France. In 1530 be established the Reformation in Neufchatel. In Geneva a beginning was made as early as 1528; in 1534, after a religious confer…
1,041 wordsSECTION 1356Section 1356
succ( ss during the reign of Henry, hut obtained a ma- jority in the regency which ruled England during the minority of Edward VI. I'eter Mart] r, < techino, Buo r. and Fagius were .ailed to England to aid Cranmer in carrying through the Reformation. The basis was laid in the Hook of Homilies (1547), the new English li…
1,264 wordsSECTION 1357Section 1357
V. The Presbyterians of Scotland. — The first knowl- edge of the Reformation begun in continental Europe was brought to Scotland by several Scotch students of Wittenberg. They tried to circulate Luther's writings, but found the ground not favorable to a reformation, be- cause king James V had intimately allied himself …
1,110 wordsSECTION 1358Section 1358
VI. Tfo Reformed Church of Holland. Nowhere did the Reformation find a more favorable soil than in the Netherlands, which were closely united with Germany, being regarded as a fief of the empire. The people were noted for their industry and love of freedom, and were then lore inclined to an earnest opposition to every …
911 wordsSECTION 1359Section 1359
VII. The Lutheran Reformation in the Scandinavian Kingdoms. At the time when Luther began hi- ref- ormation, Christian II ruled over all the Scandinavian countries — Denmark. Norway. Iceland, and Swedi n. lie was an unprincipled tyrant, who favored the Reforma- tion in Denmark in order to sirip the bishops of their pol…
1,014 wordsSECTION 1360Section 1360
In Sweden the Reformation was hailed as a useful ally in the struggle for shaking off the yoke of Den- mark and re-establishing the national independence. The bishops and higher clergy were the strongest supporters of Danish rule, and when Gustavus Vasa achieved the freedom of Sweden and was elected king (1523) by the …
1,012 wordsSECTION 1361Section 1361
VIII. Protestantism in tin Austrian States. — In the various states governed by the house of Hapsburg both the Lutheran and the Reformed Reformation spread with great rapidity. Great enthusiasm was awakened by Luther's Reformation in Bohemia, where deep-rooted opposition to Rome still pervaded the masses of the people.…
904 wordsSECTION 1362Section 1362
REFORMATION 993 REFORMATION burned. The diet of 1523 passed a decree that all Lu- therans and their patrons should be seized and burned. But the number of Protestants was already considera- ble: in Hermannstadt they had in 1523 the upper-hand; a new bloody law passed in 1524 remained ineffective, and in 1525 the liv…
944 wordsSECTION 1363Section 1363
The success of the Reformation in these two fiefs en- couraged its friends in Poland proper. King Sigis- mund, who died in 1548, was opposed to Protestantism, but unable to arrest its progress. His son, Sigismund Augustus, favored the Reformation, entered into negoti- ations with Calvin, and granted religious liberty t…
944 wordsSECTION 1364Section 1364
3. France, during the Middle Ages, had often taken a leading part in opposing the claims ofthe papacy, and iii assert ing i lie superiority of general councils over the pope; but ii had shown no sympathy with a thorough reform of doctrine. When Luther's views became known in Prance. I h.y were condemned ( 1521 I by t…
1,346 wordsSECTION 1365Section 1365
XI. Main and Minor Divisions. — The Reformation swept with irresistible power over all Europe. In some countries it was totally extinguished by fire and blood ; in others it maintained itself as the religion of the mi- nority ; in others still it became the predominant or the exclusive religion of the people. Fifty yea…
990 wordsSECTION 1366Section 1366
by a scriptural test exclusively. Thus they all retained what the early councils had defined on the essence of the Godhead and the person of Christ. Gradually other parties amse which demanded a greater prominence for the necessity ofthe scriptural affirmative proof, and that not too great a stress should be laid upon…
977 wordsSECTION 1367Section 1367
ol Rome which wasfirsl won by the Reformation. That freedom is now not only fully secured against .any pos- sible combination of Catholic states, but the parliaments of most ofthe latter, as Prance, Italy, Austria, Portugal, are as eager in the defence of this freedom as the Prot- estant slates. Thus il may he said tha…
931 wordsSECTION 1368Section 1368
pended to the minutes of the General Synod of 1867. The word " Dutch" was originally introduced to distin- guish the Church from the " English" Church, by which the Episcopalian denomination was generally known, in the State of New York, after the Dutch colonial govern- ment had surrendered to the British in 1664. The …
977 wordsSECTION 1369Section 1369
The first minister of the Gospel who came to this country from Holland was the Rev. Jonas Michaelius, a graduate of the University of Leyden, and afterwards a missionary in San Salvador and Guinea. He preached in New Amsterdam from 1628 to 1G33, and then re- turned to Holland. See .M h iiAKi.it s. In the spring of the …
924 wordsSECTION 1370Section 1370
and powerful. Some French Huguenots, who tied from religious persecutions in the Old World, also settled in New York. Westchester, and lister counties, and on State n [sland. for their benefit, the Collegiate Church of New York called Samuel Drisius, who could preach in French as well as in Dutch and English; and Dail…
1,260 wordsSECTION 1371Section 1371
The separate organization which was thus secured has remained to this day, a monument of providential interposition, and of the wisdom and piety of its chief human agent, Dr. Livingston, who is justly revered as the father of the Reformed Church in America. The constitution adopted in 1792 continued in force for the sp…
943 wordsSECTION 1372Section 1372
contradicting the same by our public preaching or writ- ings." If difficulties, or doubts, or change of views oc- cur respecting doctrine, they engage that they -will neither publicly nor privately propose, teach, or defend the same, either by preaching or writing, until they have first revealed such sentiments to tie…
988 wordsSECTION 1373Section 1373
The Great Consistory is an advisory body, intermediate between the consistory and the classis, and is composed of all who have previously been elders and deacons in the same Church. This arrangement works admirably in cases upon which the acting consistory may need counsel; as, for instance, in the settlement of a past…
1,091 wordsSECTION 1374Section 1374
REFORMED (DUTCH) CHURCH 1002 REFORMED (DUTCH) CHURCH the classes, and can be adopted only by the votes of a majority of these bodies. The General Synod was in- corporated in 1818 by an act of the Legislature of the State of New York. The fiscal conci rns of the whole Church are managed under this charter by the Board…
910 wordsSECTION 1375Section 1375
•_'. Other Customs (essential and non-essential).— In 181 I the Genera] Synod adopted a report of a commit- tee on this subject which is still the law of the Church. The essential customs and usages which ar& deemed necessary to he continued in the Church an- expressed in the explanatory articles ol the constitution; s…
1,056 wordsSECTION 1376Section 1376
The Vedder Lectureship was founded by Mr. Nicholas F. Vedder, of Utica, who gave a fund of $10,000, in 1873, on this among other conditions, that the General Synod should "every year elect some member of the Reformed Church in America to deliver to the students of the seminary and of Rutgers College at least five lectu…
1,093 wordsSECTION 1377Section 1377
it hears, and who Superintended its erection and has provided for iis maintenance ami support. It is per- fectly fire-proof, and combines every modern arrange- ment for heating, ventilation, light, and security from dust and other annoyances. It has room for about 100,000 volumes. The library at present numbers over 30…
979 wordsSECTION 1378Section 1378
The Arcot Mi—ion in India was organized in 1854, being composed oi the sou- ofthe celebrated missionary, the Rev. John Scudder, M.D., of Madras,^ ith their fami- lies. The (la— is of Arcot wa- formed in 1854, w ilh the clerical missionaries ami three native elders. Accord- ing io the report of 1*77. tin' classis i- com…
965 wordsSECTION 1379Section 1379
In addition to these Oriental Missions, the board has also co-operated with other missionary boards in the plan of Indian agencies under the government of the United States. The tribes assigned to it are the Pimas, Maricopas, and Papagoes ; the Mohaves on the Colorado River Reserve; and the Apaches on the White Mountai…
1,044 wordsSECTION 1380Section 1380
(•-•-'< i. the Van r.ensehoten Fund ($20,3 13.57), the Smock Fund ($500), the Mandeville Fund ($2000), and the Yoorhees Fund ($:»6. ). which are held by the trustees of Rutgers ( lollege, and the interest of which is paid out to beneficiaries of this board, it holds twenty- live scholarships, ranging from $1700 to 8…
923 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.