PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 361
PLANT 269 PLANTAVITIUS 11. Garlic is the Hebrew CVi1, shum (Numb, xi, 5). See Garlic. 12. Gourd. See Cucumber; Gourd. 13. Grape is the rendering of several Hebrew words ; some of them distinguishing particular kinds or qual- ities : (a) beiishim. D^y N2 (Isa. v, 2, 4), wild grapes, i. e. bad grapes. Aquila has oai…
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3. Hyssop, Heb. ezub, 2"lTN,and Greek vowtoq. See Hyssop. 4. Myrrh, Heb. lot, I3P, a fragrant resinous gum from the leaves of a shrub, the cistus ladanifera. Sept. and Vulg. stacte, myrrh (Gen. xxxvii, 25; xliii, 11). Also Heb. mar, "1^3 or "1*!^, a bitter aromatic resin distilling in tears from a tree, the balsamoden…
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testimony. Gerhard Vossius prolongs his life to the year 1370, and others place it still later. Towards the close of his life Planudes, it i- said, was imprisoned on account of his partiality for the doctrines oi the < Ihurch "t Rome; and when afterwards compelled to write against that church, to have done bo in Mich a…
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Plat (Fl£^n, chelkah, 2 Kings ix, 26, a piece, or portion of ground, as elsewhere rendered). Plate (TOP, luach, 1 Kings vii, 36, a board [or "table"], as elsewhere rendered; HID, pach, a thin lamina, Exod. xxxix, 3 ; Numb, xvi, 38 ; V^'S, tsits, a burnished plate of metal. Exod. xxviii, 36; xxxix, 30; Lev. viii, 9 ; "…
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PLATO 272 PLATO Kitchen (Bologna, 1498, 8vo), which provoked the fol- lowing epigram by Sannazarius: Iogenin et mo p Ificnm, argntxe lex fuit historise. Tu tamen liic lantse trnctas pulmenta (-turns, Bo l • flcea - - rockh, Kirchengesch. vol. xxxii : Nice'ron, Mi- moires, vol. iii : Tiraboschi, Sloria d< Ua I tU …
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Toil iff "AiroXXcov tpva, 'AoicAtiJrioi itii tWarava' Tov 1111 'iva v'.cx./i, toi i' iva <ri7.,.ut, ctc.oi. Soon after his birth he w a- carried to Mount Ilymettus by his lather and mother, that they might perform on his account the due sacrifices to the enchorial d< iii. - l'an. the Nymphs, and the Xoinian Apollo. As…
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oppressive, and indiscreet; but his kinsmen. Critias, Charmides, and their colleagues, were more lawless, sanguinary, rapacious, and brutal. It is safe to reject the blind partisanship alike of Grote and of Mitford. Whether under the rule of the mob or under the rule of the few, the internal condition of Athens had bec…
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e se, and from its flourishing condition at his death. Among the more notable of the earlier academicians were Aristotle, who attended the instructions of the her for twenty years ; Speusippus, the nephew of PlatO, and his immediate successor; Xenocrates. who Speusippus in the direction of the school; Eudox us of…
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The remainder of Plato's life, after his final return from Sicily, was devoted to his school. It was passed in great ease and honor, notwithstanding the troubles, domestic and foreign, in which Athens was involved, and the succession of wars which harassed, impover- ished, and depopulated Greece. He died B.C. 347, in t…
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The question of the canon is associated with several other difficult inquiries — the order of production and dates of the several works, their coherence and interde- pendence, their special aim, and their purpose as parts of a supposed Platonic system. There are no external testimonies or internal criteria by which the…
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Crito, and J 'hail,, - - which Still lead the procession of the Corpus Platonicum in nearly all editions of Plato's work-, lint the tetralogies of 1 brasyllus had no more chronological truth, and rarely more logical coherence, than the trilogies ofthe Alexandrian school. They do not seem to have satisfied himself, for…
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ond fruitage that never ripens — that Plato enounces principles which are neither inductions nor deductions, and propounds dogmas which are rather germs of un- developed speculation than the partial representation of the conclusions of a system already completed and formulated. However greatly he may have travestied an…
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this proc. dure was the Socratic elettchus, and it was inainU conducted by means .. I the Socratic sorites a e ion- form ot reasoning, but most piercing in unveiling the holloU pretensions of arrogant sophistry. It was a ken " examination ol conscience," intended to lay bare the habitual sins ol ig 'ance, false kn…
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The exuberance of the Greek vocabulary can be esti- mated only by comparing Aristophanes with Plato — not that they exhaust its wealth, but that they have an ampler mastery of its treasures than any other writ- ers of the tongue. In this comparison Plato will not appear inferior to Aristophanes in the extent of his pos…
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like a . I I before the sun, whose darkness i- deepened by the fringe of radiance on iis borders. Ii i- not merely from this cause that Plato frequently lapses into obscurities and awkwardnesses, lie is SOme- times more concerned about Ms expression than about his thought lie dealt in reflections still vague to him…
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and Plato, travelled hy different mutes to reach the same end. though Aristotle alone accomplish) d the task which all contemplated. '1 he pursuit of the summvm bonum, or supreme good, became after Plato the special Object .'fall philosophy (Cicero. I h Fin. Bon. et MaL). Divergent were the tracks of the inquirers, an…
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We are not of the number of those who accept with- out inquiry the tenets of Plato, or approve the whole tendency of his teachings. We are of another school. We recognise, however, that his aims are always noble, and that an invigorating morality breathes through nearly all his writings. To him we are indebted for many…
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. and bj Brucker's elaborate ex- position of the Platonic tenets in his well-known flisto- < .. 1'. 11.) A iiti<iue liust of Plato. he use of the teachers, and the other for their pupils. He was also intrusted with the charge of instructing the princess of Wurtemberg, Maria Feodorowna, the grand-duke's consort, in th…
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of his new office was assiduous and exemplary ; for he pretend Bystera where system never existed. Other not onlj Bet about improving the course of study pur- inquirers, feeling the difficulty and the hazard of the sued in the van .u- seminaries throughout his di icese, task, have been content, like the translators an…
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In strict accordance with this interpretation of Plato's latent meaning, his philosophy is distributed under three heads: I. Dialectical Philosophy; II. Theoret- ical, Contemplative, or Physical ; III. Practical (Cicero, Acad. Qucest. i, 5, § 19). The second and third divis- ions are subdivided. This distribution is no…
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i tisition of knowledge was the evolution of this harmony, and it was accompanied with instinctive i - of the pre-adaptation. Many of the Btrang- Plato may he similarly reduced to pro- saic probability. The supernal realities which are the objects of the pure and of the purified intelligence are thejirst Intel- ligi…
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In dialectical procedure, the first thing to be deter- mined is the essential nature of the object under con- sideration. The essence is established by definition, division, and resolution. The accidents are separated by induction and ratiocination, or deduction from first principles. In detecting the essence we reduce…
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Matter was the relatively passive ingredient in the process of creation. The active power was the Supreme Intelligence, or Highest Good, whom it is almost im- possible to apprehend, and impossible to declare (Ti- mceus. p. 29). He is the efficient cause of all things; the fountain of all pure, spiritual, perfect, and s…
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to the third part, or appendix, which was intended to serve at once a- a discipline and as an instrument. ;;. Mathematics. — The importance attached by Plato to mathematical science is familiar to every student, and is illustrated by the inscription supposed to have been placed over the entrance t.> the Academy: Mil'…
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The object of all knowledge, and it should be the ob- ject of all effort, is assimilation to the highest good — that is, to God. This assimilation consists in the habit and practice of wisdom, fortitude, temperance, justice, and holiness (Thecetet. p. 176; Be Lege), iv, 71G). The first stage of this approximation is tv…
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The Republic and the Laws differ greatly in tone and dogma, as well as in execution, but they are intimately connected. They are diverse and consecutive presen- tations of the same general design. The Republic is the ideal state, the Laws the concrete state. The Re- public is the dream of a Utopian constitution, the La…
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with the Chinese practices, with English competitive examinations, and still more with the regulation of the < Ottoman Janizaries. Then- is also a considerable degree of correspondence betwi en the Platonic organization and ■ ..ustilutioli of tin- Positive Society. The body of the guardians or auxiliaries is employed …
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We have now at some length, yet all too briefly, reviewed the philosophy attributed to Plato and dedu- cible from his writings. We have omitted nearly ev- erything in the way of detail, and have attempted the survey from an elevated vantage-ground, where only the broad lines are apparent, and where the asperities and d…
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Ancient Egyptians playing at draughts and mora (guessing number.-) PLAYFAIR 290 PLEIADES Grecian gam* - ol streugtfa and Bkill so often alluded to by Paul, see G vmi s. C p. S Playfair, James, D.D., a Scotch divine of some note, was born about L740, and was educated al the University of St. Andrew's. He then becam…
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Pleiades is the rendering in the A. V. of n*:"2, 1cimdh,m Job ix,9; xxxviii, 31 : hut in Amos v. 8 our A. V. has "the seven star-." although the Geneva ver- sion translates the word "Pleiades" as in the other cases. In Job the Sept. has XXkudc, the order of the Hebrew words having been altered [see Okion . while in Amo…
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The word is used as the name of the cluster of stars in the neck of the constellation Taurus, of which seven are the principal. Six or seven may be usually seen if the eye is directed towards it; but if the eye be turned carelessly aside while the attention is fixed on the group, many more may be seen. Telescopes show …
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almost a centenarian, in 1 152, as some reporters allege, he must have been about seventy when he held the first public employment recorded as held by him •. and he must have heen verging on ninety when last commemorated a-* an imperial officer in the Pelopon- I be years of maavbians are so readily exag- gerated by th…
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Philosophy. There is no distinctive system of phi- losophy to h, ascribed to Pletho. He was a revivalist and restorer only, except in the d< pan men t of politics; and even here he was a legitimate disciple of Plato. He asserted the exclusive doctrine of Plato against Aristotle and the Aristotelians, and also against …
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Pletz, Joseph, doctor of theology, imperial chap- lain, and abbot of the monastery of the Holy Virgin of Pagrany, Hungary; imperial counsellor, consistorial counsellor, deacon-emeritus of the metropolitan chapter of St. Stephen, at Vienna; director of the theological studies in the Austrian empire, referent of the same…
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in this— that they were wont to meet together on a Stated day before it was light, and sing anion:: themselves alter- nately a hymn to Christ, as to God, and bind themselves by an oath, not to the commission of any wickedness, but guilty of theft, or robbery, or adultery, never to falsity their word, nor to deny a ple…
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Plotinus, the most prominent and celebrated of the Neo-Platonic philosophers, the most elaborate and authoritative e\| enl of the school of Alexandria, was the most transcendental of the ancient trans isi-. .and was mainly instrumental iii transforming into the Pantheism oflamblichus and Proclus the doctrine .l.du.c.…
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Kcti irafiirav . . . yiyvtoffKotev S' civ icai ra Trap' a\\t)~ Xiov iv ovvetTEi, Enn. iv, iii, 18). There is something of the same inspiration by contact and association which quickens and assimilates the eager intellect, and enables us to divine and appropriate rather than to understand the mystic communications of Pl…
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tlnre had been entire constancy ami consistency in the development of his speculation; but in his earlier ca- reer Plotinus was much influenced by the tenets of Numenius; in his maturerlife he acquired greater in- dependence of thought, hut inclined most closely to the anl tendencies of Plato; and in his later y.at- he…
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Whether, then, we consider the character of the in- vestigations, the form in which they appear, their lim- itation to the highest and most insoluble problems, their incompleteness, or their discontinuity, it is a task of the greatest difficulty to present a (dear, orderly, and Coherent view of the philosophy of Plotin…
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of the present exposition. It is due to a logical neces- sity rather than to a theological presumption that Plo- tinus asserts being to be posterior to the One, for he attaches being inseparably to the three hypostases of divinity which constitutes his three principles. It is an attempt to develop with entire internal …
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The sensible world is occupied with body; and body is produced by the union of ideas with matter. The shadowy and attenuated nature of matter in the con- ception of Plato and the Platonists has already been exhibited. Sec Platonh Philosophy. Ii is the idtimate subjeel <>r substratum from which all bodies arc formed: ii…
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every species of beauty. The sense Of beauty arises from iic joyous recognition in objects of sense of the perfection- of the idea embodied in them (r6 Si koXXoq o iv rviroig, I '/'ii. iv, vii, 8 ; i, vi, 1). It is an immediate and instinctive perception, which discerns in the excellence of t he form (the Aristotelian…
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which worketh in you both to will and to do of his good pleasure" (Phil, ii, 13). All things from the high- est to the lowest turn by native constitution to the more excellent nature whence they are derived, and the love within their soul seeks union with their orig- inal above. This universal conversion, permeating al…
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Plough, (charash', '-"". toplough ; whence macha- reshah', tV3"yTV2, and macharesheth, r'l"~~"c. l Sam. xiii, 20; two instruments used in agriculture. One of these is perhaps the ploughshare, the other the coul- ter. See also Bar). Egypt, from the earliest times, has laid claim to the honor of the invention of this im-…
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Ploughshare (^X, eth, Isa. ii, 4). The plough- share is a piece of iron, broad but not large, which tips the end of the shaft. So much does it resemble the short sword used by the ancient warriors that it may with very little trouble be converted into that deadly weapon, and when the work of destruction is over, re- du…
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Plunket, Thomas Span, an Irish lord and prelate, was a son of William Conyngham Plunket, the great Irish chancellor, and was born in 1792. He was educated at Trinity College. Dublin, and. after hav- ing held various preferments, was appointed dean of Down in 1831, ami eight years later was raised to the bishopric of Tu…
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:ceed £' In Ireland, m. faculty or dispen- sation can be granted to any spiritual person to hold two .-r more benefices. In Scotland, before the Refor- mation, pluralities were also common. Abbacies and priories were likewise often bestowed in commendam. See Commexdam. of tin- twenty abbots that sat ill the Parliament …
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Works, — The great work of Plutarch is his Parallel Lives (B/oi IlapdWriXoi), which contains the biogra- phy of forty-six distinguished Greeks and Romans, be- sides the lives of Artaxerxes Mnemon, Aratus, Galba, Otho, and Homer, which last is probably not by him. The forty-six lives are arranged in pairs or sets, each …
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translation is by P pei. The French transla- \ mi\ ■ -i . which appeared in 1559, has considera- ble merit, and has been often reprinted. The English translation of sir Thomas North | Lond. 1612), which is avowedly made from thai ol Ann ot. is often very happy in point of expression, and is deservedly much esteemed. T…
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whi.l, i- -aid t.> he correctly printed. This edition was reprinted several times. A complete edition, Greek and Latin, appeared at Leipsic (1774 17s;,. \-i vols.8vo), with i he name of J. J. Reiske, hut Reiske did very little i" it. ler he die, I in 1771. Aii edition by J. C. Ilulieii appeare.l at Tubingen (1791 1805,…
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Early History. — John Darby was born in England of a wealthy family, studied jurisprudence and became a lawyer, but, brought into the Church, he was strongly impressed with a call to the ministry, and, though op- posed by his father, he took holy orders. Disinherited by the parent for disobedience, Darby found a friend…
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in... i prominent Other divisions have oc- curred, but they are of very little importance. The "Brethren" are more or less numerous in Paris. Lau- ! Hand, Italy, and Belgium, on the Continent; ith, Exeter, and London, in England; a very few are in the United States, but more ii i rificing people. I he •• I'.n th have n…
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the living. In our own day Spiritualism has 1, ranched I naively that it w ill he treat) d at parately un- der that heading, id. II.W'j Pneumatomachi, i. e. adversaries <>f th, Holy a name properly applied to all those who en- tertain heretical opinion- as to the Scripture .1.. .trine ofthe Holy Ghost, e. g. the Sabe…
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In comparison with the Macedonian party, this ear- lier party can have been but small. It was, however, reinforced a few years later, as we shall show, upon the return of a large portion of the Semi-Arian body to catholicity. The adoption of the truth concerning the Son leads almost necessarily to the adoption of the t…
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Poach, Andreas, a German Lutheran minister ol tin- 16th century, studied at Wittenberg under Martin Luther, whin- also he was ma In 1542 In- was called t>> Jena as archdeacon; then he was appointed pastor at Nordhausen; ami in 1550 he was called as pastor ami professor of theology to Lrfurt, where in 1572 in company w…
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Pocklington, John, D.D., an English divine, noted also as an educator, flourished near the middle of the 17th century. He was at one time president of Pembroke Hall and Sidney College. Cambridge. He published Sermons (Lond. 1636) : — AUare Christianum (1637, 4to), in answer to Williams's Holy Table. See Williams, Joiix…
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POCOCK 310 POCOCK I ' r the fn edom he had taken ; and gave him full the vi nrion hi spunge and alter r be should tliink lit. This work was published in 1660 at the sole expense of Mr. Boberl Royle: Gro- tiu,'-, introduction was left "tit. and a new prefa ... showing the design of the work, and giving iunl of th…
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to the loyal cause as they were aide to appre- ciate his works and his worth. He took his doctor of divinity's degree, and continued afterwards to discharge the duties of both his lectures, anil to give to the world. to the end of his life, new proofs of his unrivalled skiil in < Iriental learning. He was consulted as…
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His brother Thomas translated into English a Hebrew treatise of Manasseh ben-Israel (Of the Term of Life, Lond. 1699, 12mo). (J. H. W.) Pococke, Richard, an English prelate, was born in 1704 at Southampton. It is believed that he be- longed to the family of the preceding, notwithstanding the slight difference in the s…
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Young as he was. he was Boon appointed a class-leader, and was licensed to exhort. He prepared al an acad- emy for colli ge, and studied al Augusta ' ollegi . K< a- tucky. He was licensed to preach, and admitted into the Ohio Conference, and appointed to travel the Letarl Falls Circuit, where he labored acceptably and …
917 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.