PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 8
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,493,014 words · 1487 reading sections
Section 1081
VIII.— D D D helpful to a speaker. It relieves him of the necessity of creating a bond of sympathy between himself and persons ignorant of him, or perhaps prejudiced against him. It is in this respect that a speaker's reputation may become to him an auxiliary of great value. While the conditions above specified, and o…
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Pumbaditha (Nri""'£), a name celebrated in Jewish literature as the home of one of the great schools of Judaism, was located in Babylonia, and derived its name from its situation at the (puni) month of the Bei- ditha, a canal between the Tigris and Euphrates. Its academy, except only that of Sura (q. v.), was the most …
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and the plain of Sharon toward- Jaffa, On the BOUth side of the road (Robinson. Later Researches, p. 135 , \ ui «le Velde, Memoir, p. 340. Piingel, Ninii.u s. Dr., a Roman Catholic divine, was bom at Mllnster iii 1802. Having completed bis studies, he was ordained priest in L825, and for several years labored as chap…
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4. Witchcraft, and false pretension to prophecy (Exod. xxii, 18 ; Lev. xx, 27 ; Deut. xiii, 5 ; xviii, 20 ; 1 Sam. xxviii, 9). 5. Adultery (Lev. xx, 10 ; Deut. xxii, 22 : see John viii, 5, and Josephus, Ant. iii, 12, 1). 6. Unchastity — a. Previous to marriage, but detect- ed afterwards (Deut. xxii, 21). b. In a betr…
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death always ••recorded." but not always executed. It is also probable that the severity of the sentence produced in practice an immediate recourse to the pre- scribed means ,,f propitiation in almost every actual remonial defilement (Numb. xv. 27. 28). See Saalschiitz, .1 /«•/,. //,/„■. x. 71. 7.">, vol. ii, 299; Knob…
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PUNISHMENT 789 PUNISHMENT of sawing asunder, as practiced in Barbary, is described by Shaw (TVcra. p. 254). 4. Pounding in a mortar is alluded to in Prov. xxvii, 22, but not as a legal punishment. It is mentioned as a Cingalese punishment by Sir E. Tennant (Ceylon, ii. 88). Something similar to this, beating to dea…
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4. Scourging with thorns is mentioned (Judg. viii, 16). Reference to the scourge with scorpions, i. e. a whip or scourge armed with knots or thorns, occurs in 1 Kings xii, 11. So in Latin, scorpio means a knotted or thorny switch. The stocks are mentioned (Jer. xx, 2); passing through fire (2 Sam. xii, 31); mutilation …
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special passages, see Matt, xii, 82; xxv; xxvi,24; Mark i Rev. xiv, 11; xx, 10.) Moreover, aparl from -],i . i.-ii passages, the general tone of the New Tes- tament indicates the final and irrevocable ruin of those who persist to the last in sin and in the rejection of ( Ihrisl the Saviour. 2. In the ancient Church, …
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Pu'non (Heb. Punon', 'pIS, darkness [Gesenius], ore-pit [Fiirst] ; Sept. Qivwv v. r. <Pivw), a camp sta- tion of the Israelites on their journey to Canaan (Numb. xxxiii, 42), on the east side of the mountains of Edom, and perhaps belonging to that district, since a duke Pinon is mentioned (Gen. xxxvi, 41 ; 1 Chron. i, …
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PURANA 792 PURANA probable — at least, of his oldest commentator-. Set the distinguished scholar most conversant with the ex- isting Puranas, who, in his preface to the translation of the Vvhnu- Purdna, gives a more or less detailed ac- count of their chief contents (Prof. II. EL Wilson), ob- serves, in regard to th…
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One purpose, however, and that a paramount one, is not included in the argument by which Sayana en- deavored to account for the composition of the Pu- ranas; it is the purpose of establishing a sectarian creed. At the third phase of the Hindu religion, two gods of the Hindu pantheon especially engrossed the religious f…
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The age of the Puranas, though doubtless modern, is uncertain. The Bhagavata, on account of its being ascribed to the authorship of the grammarian Vopa- deva, would appear to yield a safer computation of its age than the rest; for Vopadeva lived in the 12th cen- tury, or, as some hold, 13th century after Christ; but th…
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Purchas, John, an Anglican divine. noted especial- ly in the department of belles-lettres, was born at Cam- bridge in 1823, received his preparatory training at Rug- by, and then studied at Christ's College, Cambridge, in L840, graduating in 1844. Entering the Church of Eng- land, .Mr. Purchas became curate of Ellswort…
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The doctrine of purgatory does not, then lore, involve the idea of the future redemption of the impenitent. •• The sonls who go to purgatory are only such as die in the state of grace, united to Jesus Christ. It i- their imperfect works for which they are condemned to that place of .suffering, and which must all be the…
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The direct testimonies cited by Roman Catholic writ- ers from the fathers to the belief of their respective ages as to the existence of a purgatory are very numerous. We may instance among the Greeks, Clement of Alexan- dria, Stromata, vii, 12 ; Origen, Horn, xvi, c. 5, 6, in Jeremiam; vi, Horn, in Exod.; xiv, Horn, in…
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unanimously affirmed that the souls of the saints go di- rectly from earth to in aven, never touching upon purga- tory. To these we may add Cennaditis. who asMires us that, "after the ascension of the Lord to heaven, the souls of all the BaintS are with Christ, and. going out of the body, go to Christ, expecting the …
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The Bible passages quoted by Romanists as in direct support of the doctrine of purgatory, Protestants sim- ply set aside as a ridiculous attempt at malpractice in exegesis. First it is answered that the books of Mac- cabees have no evidence of inspiration, and that the second of these books, whence the support is purpo…
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with Christ's coming or the Day of Judgment (see Psa. i, 3; Isa. iv, 4; Dan. vii, 9; Zech. xii, 9; Mai. iii, 2, 3; iv, 1). Many of the Church fathers are cited in sup- port of the belief that Christians must pass through the fire on the Day of Judgment, though all will not be injured by it— the highest saints passing t…
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PURGATORY, Rabbinic. The doctrine of purga- tory (q. v.) is not only a peculiarity of the Romish Church, but also of orthodox Judaism. The latter maintains "that the souls of the righteous enjoy the beatific vision of God in paradise, and that the souls of the wicked are tormented in hell with tire and other punishmen…
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PURIFICATION 799 PURIFICATION Purification (prop. i"I*li"|B, tohordh, KaSapto-poc), a ceremony enjoined in the Mosaic law for the purpose of cleansing from pollution or defilement (Numb, xix, 9). Purifications were, for the most part, performed with water, sometimes with blood and with oil (Heb. ix, 21, 22; Exod. xx…
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The purification of the leper was a yet more formal proceeding, and indicated the highest pitch of un- cleanness. The rites are thus described in Lev. xiv, 4-32 : The priest having examined the leper and pro- nounced him clear of his disease, took for him two birds "alive and clean," with cedar, scarlet, and hys- sop. …
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all sin those who accept of his atonement in righteous- ness. See Imporits : Six. In the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Church, as well ,-i ime ol the ultra-ritualistic churches which still cling to Protestantism, acts of purification prevail to tent. There is, firstly, the act of purification after the communio…
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1. The purifying offerings of menstrual women and of men after unclean issues were just the same (Lev. xv). And the eighth day after the cure was certain, each brought two turtle-doves, or young pigeons, to be slain by the priests— the one as a sin-offering, the other as a burnt-offering (xv, 14 sq., 29 sq.). Drink-off…
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The whole ceremony is peculiar, and suggests many questions which have never been fully solved. In par- ticular, the svmbolic meaning of the details is still un- PURIFICATION-WATERS 802 PURIM settled, as the disagreement of recent expositors shows (ISiihr, Symbol, ii. 193 Bq.; Hengstenberg, Moses und Egypt en, p. 1…
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paten— a custom mentioned by Chrysostom I llm/til. in Epist. ml Ephes. i. Wet/er u. Welte, Kirchen-Lex. s. v. Purifier. See Pcrificatorium. Pu'rim ("""""E. I'n rim ; Sept. &povpai v. r. <J>poi;- fiifl, etc.; also ~"-"n *"". days <;/' //,. Purim, Esth. ix. 26, 31 ), the annual festival instituted hy Mordecai, at the …
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iv, o, 6): and sundrv pravers expressive ol li'pi'iitauce, ' '. *> ■ . , . . I contended our contest, indeed our cause, hast avenged humiliation, etc. (HlPrtO), are introduced into the , our ^^ requUed &n fche enemieg of Qur ^^ aa& regular ritual for the day. As on all the fast-days, ||ast delivered us from our oppr…
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III. Did Christ celebrate this Feast? Ii was tirst suggested by Kepler that tin- ioprrj tSiv 'lovSaiup of John v, 1 was the feast of Purim. The notion has been confidently espoused by Petavius, Outram, Lamy, Hug. Tholuck, l.iicke. < Ushausen. Stier, Wieseler, Winer, ami Anger (who, according to Winer, has proved the po…
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Puritans, a name given to a large party in the reign of queen Elizabeth, who complained thai the Reformation in England wa- left in an imperfect state, many abuses both in worship and discipline being still retained. The name Puritans was derived from the frequent assertion of those who composed the party that the chur…
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These floating elements of Puritanism had, however, very little compactness and unity except in the one particular of opposition to the principles and practices which then prevailed in the Church of England. But in the latter years of Henry VIII's reign, Calvin was consolidating a system of doctrine, worship, and eccle…
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his devotions by an admixture of those sentiments which are allowed no -place in spiritual things. The Church of Christ was only safe in its simplicity, and such was its inward glory that any attempts to deco- rate could hut iii fact degrade it. They objected, too. that the vestments against which they were contend- in…
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which was not expressly contained in, Or derived from, them by necessary consequence, adding that if any dis- cretionary power in minor matters were necessary, it PURITANS 807 PURITANS must be vested, not in the civil magistrate, but in the spiritual office-bearers of the Church itself. The court Reformers held th…
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In 1572, a Presbyterian Church was formed and a meeting-house erected at Wandsworth, in Surrey. Field, the lecturer of Wandsworth, was its first minister; and several names of consideration with the Puritans, in- cluding those of Travers and Wilcox, were among its founders. Presbyteries were formed in other parts of th…
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In this stall' of matters all hope of a legislative remedy was abandoned, and the Puritan ministers set themsi Ives i \ ise plans for their own usefulness and effic v as < liristian teachers. Although many of the Puritans thus formed separate Beets, a very large proportii f them still continued in the Church; and …
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"All the provincial synods mnsl continually aforehand Ibresee in due time t" appoint tin' keeping of their next provincial synods, and for tin' sending of chosen persons with certain instructions unto tin' national synod, to be I,,, ideai w laai-oe'Vea- tic Parliament fot the- kingdom shall he called, and at -..ine' ce…
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Deprived of all hope of redress, numbers of the Puri- tans tied to the Continent, and some of them, having there become imbued with the principles of Indepen- dency, returned to introduce that system of Church polity into England. Thus arose a body of Christians which ere long assumed a prominent plpce both in the reli…
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1 pendent or Congregational party in the Assembly, how- ever, though few in point of number, yet had sufficient influence to prevent presbytery from being established in England. Throughout the days of the Common- wealth Puritanism existed in the form chiefly of Inde- pendency. On Dec. 25, L655, Cromwell issued a proc-…
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Purity, the freedom of anything from foreign ad- mixture; but more particularly it signifies the temper directly opposite to criminal sensualities, or the ascen- dency of irregular passions. See Chastity. Purity implies — 1. A fixed, habitual abhorrence of all forbidden indulgences of the flesh. 2. All past im- puriti…
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Purner, John Milton, a minister of the Methodist PURPLE 812 PUPPPE Episcopal Church, was bom in Cecil County, Md., March 31, [833. He was converted al Elktnn, .Md.. in 1854, and was for some time engaged in business al Oxford, l'a. In 1858 he felt called to preach, and was made assistant pastor on Lewistown Circuit…
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i heir shape when he says (< ant vii, 5), " The hair of thine head is like purple," meaning that tic tresses (Sept. itXokiov KE<pa\rje, Vulg. coma capitis) were tied up in a spiral or pyramidal form on the top. others Say that the word "purple" i- here used like the Latin puipureus, for beautiful, etc.. and instance t…
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I ony of Jews which was established at Thebes in Greece I in the 12th century carried on an extensive manufac- tory for dyeing purple. It ultimately became super- seded by the use of indigo, cochineal, etc., whence a cheaper and finer purple was obtained, and free from the disagreeable odor which attended that derived…
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chemical mean- as were at hand: and it was found that after the color was fixed at it- la-t natural change, ni- trous no in,, re than vitriolic acid had any other effect than that of rattier brightening it: aqua regia, with or without Boluti f tin. and marine aeid. produced no change; nor had fixed or volatile alkali…
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Purslain. See Mallows ; White of an Egg. Purtenance (-?£, he'reb, midst, or inner part) stands improperly in one passage of the A. V. (Exod. xii. 9) lor the riscera, or "inwards" (as elsewhere ren- dered), of a sacrificial victim. Puru, in Hindu: mythology, was the son of Jajadu and of Devajani, the daughter of a Bra…
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Kit to. J yclop. s. v. Purveyor. This word is not found in the A. A'.. although it would perhaps represent the meaning of the lleh. iS3, nitstsdb', in I Kings iv. f>. 7. rather than the word KaSeoTafiivoi, or the similar "officers" of our ver- sion, 'ldie Hebrew word, however, is the Niphal (pas- sive) participle of t…
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determine: none certainly has ever prevailed so subtle and extensively poisonous. We must plainly express our conviction that a religious heathen, were he really I,, accpt the doctrine which Lutheran language ex- presses, -o tar I i making any advance, would sustain a heavy loss in exchanging fundamental truth for f…
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VIII.— F F F one great end — the growth of Catholic truth and piety among us, or, contrariwise, resistance to what might hinder, retard, or obscure it ; but still insulated" {Eiren- icon, iii, 338). The Puseyites have adopted from the Romish Church, without assenting in a general way to her dogmas, a number of ritual…
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. Kritiken, 1838 47; Brit, and For. Rev. 1844, p. ■"■: 1846, p. 189; Christian Remembrancer, Jan. 1866, p. 164; Oct. 1868, p. 881. (J. II. \V.) Pushtu Version. Pushtu is the language spo- ken in Afghanistan (q. v.), in Asia: hence it is also called Afghan. We have not as yet a complete ver- sion of the Holy Scriptures…
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War. It was a favorite watering-place of the Romans, as its numerous hot -springs were judged efficacious tor the cure id' various diseases. Ii was also the port where ships usually discharged their passengers and cargoes, partly lo avoid doubling the promontory of Circeiuro, and partly because tin re was no commodious…
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Putnam, George, D.D., a Unitarian minister of the did School, was born in Massachusetts in 1808, and was educated at Harvard University, class of L826. lie early entered the ministry, and finally became pastor at lioxlairy. .Mass.. where he sustained a pastorate of nearly half a century, enjoying not only the warm af- …
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Pygarg CptJ'nl. dishon, from dush, "r"~. to tread, or perhaps duts, H'T '■> leap; Sept. iruyapyoc, Vulg. pygargus) occurs only i Deut xiv. ."> i in the list of .dean animals, being the name apparently of some ; . though it i- by no means easy to identify it. PYGARG 821 PYNCHON The Greek irvyapyoQ denotes an animal…
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Pygmies of Western Africa. The existence of pygmy races of human beings in Africa has often been asserted, and many circumstances less easily cred- ible than their diminutive size have been reported. Du Cliaillu has recently discovered the actual existence of a pygmy race, but of whom the diminutive size is the only re…
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and triangular sides. Although various opinions have ' has led to the conclusion thai they wire wound Up by prevailed as to their use, as that they were erected for machines. The stones were quarried on or near the spot; astronomical purposes, for resisting the encroachment sometimes, however, granite taken from the qu…
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i mg, 3 feel •"• inches broad, and 3 feel 5 inches Bmallerthan theothei two, being only hi for whom the pyramid was built. As the heat 218 feet high by 854 feel 6 inches square. Ii also has two sepulchral chambers, both in the solid rock. The lower sepulchral chamber, which held a sarcophagus of rectangular shape, of…
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in ii Memphis, and was engraved in memory of a personage who acted as superintendent of the building of the pyramid. This pyramid has tw se- pulchral chambers, and appear- to have PYRKER 825 PYRRHO nasty. Some small brick pyramids of the kings of the eleventh dynasty are at the Drah Abit Negr at Thebes. In Nubia, …
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Pyliaeus, John Christopher, a Moravian itiner- ant and missionary among the Indians, was born April 25, 1713, at Pausa, in Swabia, graduated at the Univer- sity of Leipsic, and immigrated to America in 1740. After having spent a part of the year 1743 in the Mo- hawk country, in order to learn its language and cus- toms…
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a work of Pyrrho, the character of which is entirely un- known. The first writer on the scepticism of Pyrrho is said to have been Timon, his friend and disciple, w hose life is written by Diogenes Laertius. See English Cy- clop, s. v.: Smith, Diet, of Class. Biog. s. v.: Kingsley, Alexandria andher Schools, \>. 59 sip:…
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The birthplace of Pythagoras, if less doubtful than the date of his birth, has been more variously deter- mined. He is usually designated the Samian. This rests, primarily, upon a passage in Herodotus, in which the curious story of Zamolxis is related. Grote con- siders the passage decisive. On referring to the text, i…
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Samos, however, proved an uncongenial abode. Whether his philosophical vocation was too much in- terrupted by the embassies and public duties imposed on him by his countrymen, or the Samians displayed too little aptitude for philosophy; whether he was of- fended by the tyranny of his friend Polycrates. or im- perilled …
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The society seems to have been divided into two classes: the more advanced, or . 3oterical, and the neo- phytes, or cxoterieal. < n her di\ isions .are also mention- ed, as into Pyihagorici, Pytkagort t, and Pytkagm ista . ac- cording to their pro-res- in the studies of the sect, and the intimacy of their communion wit…
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Pythagoras was married, and had a family consist- ing of two sons, Telauges and Mnesarchus, and three daughters or more, Damo, Muia, and Arignote, all of whom became his disciples. Telauges is said to have succeeded him in the conduct of the school. But the disciples appear to have been scattered, the school bro- ken u…
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PYTHAGORAS 830 PYTHON It is an obvious deduction from the doctrine of me- tempsychosis that animal life should be scrupulously regarded, and that animals should nol be slaughtered l'ur food. The butcher is a homicide, if not a murderer. Ii is a natural consequence from the doctrine of disem- bodied spirits thai Pyth…
929 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.