PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections
Section 661
Sowing was done by the hand, as often with us, though according to the Gemara {Daba Metsia, fol. 105) the Jews used machines also for this purpose (Otho, Lea-. Rab. p. 685). The seed when sown and the young plants have more enemies in the East than even here: not only drought, hail, mice (1 Sam. vi, 5), fire, but also …
1,044 wordsSECTION 662Section 662
S'^T, in the singular form, takes the pronouns plural in the following places: (ien. xv, 13; xvii, 7; Exod. XXX, 21 ; Lev. xxi, 17; 2 Kings xvii, 20; 2 Chron.xx, 7, etc.; Neh. ix, 2, etc.; Psa. cvi, 27; Isa. Ixi, 9; Jer. xxiii, 8; xxxiii, 26; xlvi, 27; Ezek. xx, o-ll. S^T, in the same singular form, has pronouns singul…
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Seemiller, Skbastian, a Roman Cathf)lic doctor of divinity, was born Oct. 17, 1752, at Yelden, in Lower Bavaria, and died April 25, 1798. He wrote, Exercitt. PhiloL-theologiccp. ad Illustranda et Vindicanda qufedam Primi Capitis Geneseos Loca (Nurerab. 1776) : — Herme- neutica Sacra (Augsburg, 1779) : — De, Greeds Bibl…
1,399 wordsSECTION 664Section 664
SEER 508 SEER less (so De Wette, Pr. de Propheiar. in V. T. [Berl. 181(5]; also in his Opusc. Theol. p. 16 sq. ; Stiekel, De Prophet. IJeh., in lllgeii's Zeitschr. V, ii, 55 sq.). The impulse to speak in the Hebrew prophets must be sought deeper than in the natural activity of imagina- tion. At a later day (after t…
1,048 wordsSECTION 665Section 665
The origin of the prophets, in the meaning we have unfolded, is to be referred to the end of the period of the Judges, or to the time of Samuel (comp. Acts iii, 24), who was himself a prophet (1 Sam. iii, 20), and may be considered as having founded the order by establishing schools of prophets (comp. esp. xix, 24), an…
1,175 wordsSECTION 666Section 666
The prophets mentioned in the Old Test, besides Moses (Deut. xviii, 15; xxxiv, 10), and those whose books remain in the canon, are the following, nearly in chronological order: Samuel, (iad, Nathan [see these names], the two latter under David and Solomon ; Ahi- jah, Shemaiah,Iddo (1 Kings xi, 29; xii,22; xiv,4sq.; 2 C…
954 wordsSECTION 667Section 667
Seething Pot [not seelhing-pot] (n^lEJ "1^^, o pot hloirii, i.e. with a fanned fire under it), a kettle violently boiling (Job xli, 20 [Heb. 12]). See Pot. Sefer. See Siii'iiER. Seforno. See Sfouxo. Segelia, in Komau mythology, was a rural deity who secured growth to the germinating crops of grain. Segneri, Paolo (…
950 wordsSECTION 668Section 668
Seidel, Gotthold Emanuel Friedrich, a Lutheran theologian of (iermany, born at Ezelwang, !Marcli 10, 1774, was appointed in 1802 deacon of St. /Egidius's at Nuremberg, in 1817 pastor of the same church, and in 1829 dean of Nuremberg, where he died, Feb. 6, 1838. Seidel published several collections of sermons delivered…
941 wordsSECTION 669Section 669
In Deut. xxxiii, 2, Seir appears to he connected with Sinai and Paran; but a careftd consideration of that difficult passage proves that the connection is not a geographical one. Moses there only sums up the sev- eral glorious manifestations of the divine majestj^ to the Israelites, without regard either to time or pla…
971 wordsSECTION 670Section 670
Se'irath (Heb. with the art, /idx-Siirii/i', rTl^y'vatn, the shafjf/i/ ; Sept. Seeioio^a v. r. ^ereipw^ii ; Vulg. Sei- rath), the place to which Khud tied after his murder of Eglon (Judg. iii, "itJ), and whitiier, by bl.ists of his cow -horn, he collected his countrymen for the at- tack of the Jloabites in .Jericho (ve…
1,151 wordsSECTION 671Section 671
Se'lah (2 Kings xiv, 7). See Sela. Se'lah (Heb. /</. nbo). This word, which is only found in the jioetical books of the Old Test., occurs sev- enty-one times in the Psalms, and three times in Hab- akknk. In sixteen psalms it is found once, in fifteen twice, in seven tliree times, and in one four times — al- ways at th…
1,137 wordsSECTION 672Section 672
3. Rahhinical Writers. — The majority of these follow the Targum and the dictum of R. Eliezer (Talm. Babyl, Ernhin, v, 54) in rendering Selah "forever;" but Aben- Ezra {On Psa. Hi, 3) showed that in some passages this rendering was inappropriate, and expressed his own opinion that Selah was a word of emphasis, used to …
1,203 wordsSECTION 673Section 673
among the interjections, and renders it Praise! "For my own part," he says, " I believe it to be descended from the Arabic root salah, 'he blessed,' etc., and used not unlike the word .-1 men, or the doxolvi/y, among our- selves."— Smith. Delitzsch thinks that the instrumen- tal accompaniment, while the psalm was sung,…
1,033 wordsSECTION 674Section 674
Selene (SeX//)'?;, the morm), a goddess worshipped by the ancient Greeks, being the personification of the moon. She is called a daughter of Hyperitin and Theia, and, accordingly, a sister of Helios and Eos. She is also called P/iabe, as the sister of Thfebus, the god of the sun. In later times Selene was identified wi…
1,076 wordsSECTION 675Section 675
In the second sitting the formulary of Antioch was confirmed by the Semi-Arians, who were alone in the council; while the Acacians drew up a new formulary, condemning both the similarity of substance and the contrary. In the third sitting the dispute was contin- ued, Leonas having been deputed by the Acacians to attend…
1,053 wordsSECTION 676Section 676
The general policy of Seleucus towards the .Tews, like that of his father (iii, 2, 3, kuI SAfUK-oi'), was coucilia- torj', as the possession of Palestine was of the highest importance in the prospect of an Egyptian war; and he undertook a large share of the expenses of the Temple service (ver. 3, 6). On one occasion, b…
916 wordsSECTION 677Section 677
Self-government, the wise and conscientions reg- ulation of all our appetites, affections, and habits on Christian prmciples. Selfishness, an inordinate self-love, prompting one, for the sake of personal gratification or advantage, to disregard the rights or feelings of other men. It is a negative quality — that is, i…
1,012 wordsSECTION 678Section 678
SELINGSTAD 519 SELYNS 1781) : — Kurze unci fjriindliche Anweisimij zu einer lelch- tereii Erleniung der jildisch - deutschen Sprache (ibiil. 1767): — Der Jude (ibid. 1767-71, 9 vols.), in which he describes the usages, customs, and doctrines of the Jews according to Rabbinic sources : — Compemlia Vocum Ile- hraico-R…
1,028 wordsSECTION 679Section 679
Seloure, a mediajval term for a canopy ; the inner roof of a room which is sealed or closed with planking.. Selvedge (i^^i^j katsah', an end, as often rendered), the edge of a piece of cloth (Exod. xxvi, 4). See Tab- ernacle. Selyns, Henry, a (Dutch) Reformed minister, was born in Amsterdam, Holland, in 1636. He was …
940 wordsSECTION 680Section 680
Sembat, a Paulician who, about the year 840, formed a sect in the province of Ararat by a fusion of Parseeism and Paulicianism. He established himself at Tliondrac, from which place his sect was called Thondracians (q. v.). Sembiani, a Christian sect who were so called from their leader, Sembianus, who condemned the u…
917 wordsSECTION 681Section 681
Semi-double, an inferior or secondary ecclesiasti- cal festival, ranking next above a simple feast or bare commemoration. Semi-frater, a layman or a secular cleric who, having benefited a religious house by gifts or personal service, was regarded as in some way belonging to the order or fraternity, having a share in i…
1,160 wordsSECTION 682Section 682
SEMIS 522 SEMLER Aquitania (q. v.); while on their side we find certain i great names, especially Vincentius of Leriiis (q. v.). His Commoniliirium was directed princijially against, the doctrinal development tif Angustine as being un- supported by tlie Catholic tradition of the Church (Voss, Hist. I\lii;i. i, 10). …
934 wordsSECTION 683Section 683
On the death of Baumgarten, in 1757, Semler became the most prominent memlier of the faculty at Halle, and enjoyed an uneqiutlled popularity despite the confusion, and even liarreiniess, of his deliveries. As he became bolder in the ]iresentation of his views, he was violently opposed by the orthodox party — periodical…
940 wordsSECTION 684Section 684
Having postulated the theory of accommodation by which the Old Test., and much of the New, lost their authoritative character, Semler was obliged to show what, if any, element of binding truth remains to Chris- tianity after all that is merely local and temporary has been stripped off from the Bible. He finds it in "th…
1,005 wordsSECTION 685Section 685
Sources. — Semler's Selbstbiogrnphie (1781, 2 pts.); Eichhorn, Lebeii Semlers in the Bibliothek, pt. v ; Tho- luck, Verm. Schriften, ii. 39; Schmid, Die Theologie Semlers (1858). — Herzog, Real- Encyklop. s. v. See Katioxalism. Semne {^ifivi], revered), a Greek term for a nun. Semniou {'S.kuvwv), a Greek term lor a mo…
984 wordsSECTION 686Section 686
Sendal. See Sexdel. Sendel, a kind of taffeta, frequently used of old in the making of ecclesiastical garments and banners. The clergy in 1343 were forbidden to wear their hair rolled with fur or sendel. Senderling, John Z., D.D., a Lutheran minister, was born Nov. 12, 1800, at Philadelphia, Pa. Having in early life …
928 wordsSECTION 687Section 687
" Deflcior prudens artis ab arte niea." At the first contemplation of these strange anomalies we are inclined to say, " tota vita mentitur'' {Ej>. V, iv, 10) — his life was all a lie. But much that is con- tradictory, much that may invite the sternest reproba- tion, may be palliated by regarding the times, the dif- fi…
1,240 wordsSECTION 688Section 688
Seneca is charged with encouraging and excusing Nero's amour with Acie to prevent worse excesses. Tlie olTence was venial in comparison with other sub- serviences. This liaison, however, irritated Agriiipina. nnd iutlamed the growing hostility between the mother niid the son. I'ublic art'airs coniinued lo be conducted …
1,094 wordsSECTION 689Section 689
one of the most finished of the numerous de- lineations in distemper of that consum- mate artist, and has fur- nished the ex- em plar for many inferior copies. T h e story has been s(j often repeat- ed, and is so fa- miliar, that it need not be re- iterated here ; but a suspicion Seneca. (From an antique bust.) remains…
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SENECA 528 SENEH and the defect. He was thoroughly unsystematic and discontinuous. He indulges in no speculation to estab- lish or to fortify the theory. He employs the current tenets for the practical conduct of life. He had a broader comprehension than Zeno or Chrysippus. He was latitudinarian in his sentiments. H…
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It is a perilous and doubtful task to unveil the depths of the human heart; to reconcile the comiilex and often tniconscious duplicities of human nature; to decide where delusion ends and deception begins; to estimate the force of temptations and the degrees of resistance to them ; to discern the subtle harmony which b…
911 wordsSECTION 692Section 692
Sengler, Jacob, a Roman Catholic divine of (ier- many, was born at Husenstamm, near Frankfort-on-the Main, Sept. 11, 1799. When twenty years of age, after having learned the trade of a shoemaker, he entered the gj'mnasium at Frankfort. In 1824 he studied the- ology at Tubingen, under Miihler, and in 1828 he at- tended …
907 wordsSECTION 693Section 693
IV. The fourth council at Senlis was held in 1315 or 1316 by Robert de Courtenay, archbishop of Kbeims, and his suffragans, in which Pierre de Latilly, bishop of Chalons-sur-Marne (accused bj' Louis Hutin of the death of Pliilip le Bel, and of another murder, and im- prisoned), demanded his liberty and the restitution …
698 wordsSECTION 694Section 694
"The eastern expedition of Sennacherib occupied his third year, and at the close of this year, his sonthern and eastern borders being secure, he had leisure to turn his attention to the afl'aifs of Palestine. Encouraged by the king of Egypt, Hezekiah, king of Judah, had thrown oft" the Assyrian yoke, several of the sma…
1,048 wordsSECTION 695Section 695
"The accounts of this expedition of Sennacherib given in the Bible relate that after the submission of Hezekiah, ' the angel of the Lord" went through the camp of the As- syrians and destroyed 18.'>,000 men of Sennacherib's army, aiid that the Assyrian monarch returned in disgrace to Nineveh (2 Kings xix, 35-37). Tliis…
1,123 wordsSECTION 696Section 696
Sennacherib was not onlj' a great warrior, but also a grand builder. He seems to have been the tirst who fixed the seat of government permanently at Nineveh, which he carefidly repaired and adorned with splendid buildings. His great work is the palace of Koyunjik, surpassing in magnificence all the buildings of his pre…
989 wordsSECTION 697Section 697
Sensation, the immediate effect produced on the mind by something acting upon the bodily organs. The earliest sign by which the Ego becomes percepti- ble is corporeal sensation, and this sensibility ai>pears to be a necessary attribute of animated organic matter itself. All the perceptions of sense are rooted in tlie g…
1,004 wordsSECTION 698Section 698
Separation of Church and State. See Church AND State. Separation of Eastern and Western Church- es. See Schism. Separatism, a term used to denote the disposition and practice by which persons withdraw from estab- lished communities or dissent from settled and common views or beliefs. This article is concerned with th…
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2. In Ireland there are three distinct bodies of Sep- aratists. The Walkerites, founded by Rev. John Walk- er, who seceded from the Established Church of Ireland and formed a small Church in Dublin on the principle of holding no communion with any other sect. They profess to found their principles entirely upon the New…
910 wordsSECTION 700Section 700
"VI. We render to no mortal honors due only to God, as to uncover the head or to bend the knee. Also we ad- dress every one as ' thou' — du. "VII. We separate ourselves from all ecclesiastical con- nections and constitutions, because true Christian life re- quires no sectarianism, while set forms and ceremonies cause …
937 wordsSECTION 701Section 701
"DhafAri is a town of the Yemen ; one says, 'He who enters Dhafi'iri learns the Hiniyeritic' . . . Ks-Saghiini says, 'In the Yemen are four places, every one of which is called Dhafari ; two cities and two fortresses. The two cities are Dhafiri-1-Hakl, near San'a, two days' journey from it on the south; and the Tuhbaas…
1,050 wordsSECTION 702Section 702
There are now Only three or four inhabited houses in El-Belid. It is on a small jieninsula lying between the ocean and a bay, and the port is on the land side of the town. In the present day, during nearly the whole of the year, at least at low tide, the bay is a lake and the peninsida an isthmus; but the lake is of sw…
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6. Ewald (^Propheten, i, 404) considers that Sepharad has a connection with Zarephath in the preceding verse ; and while deprecating the " penetration" of those who have discovered the name in a cuneiform inscription, suggests that the true reading is Sepharam, and that it is to be found in a place three hours from Akk…
949 wordsSECTION 704Section 704
Sephiroth (mT'Sp), a Cabalistic term of frequent occurrence in late Jewish writers. The ten Sephiroth have i)een represented in three different forms, all of which may be seen in H. IMore's Opera IViilos. i, 423; and one of which, altliough not tlie most usual, has already been given in the art. Cabala. The Sephiroth h…
902 wordsSECTION 705Section 705
Septfoil (seven-leaf), an architectural ornament which has seven cusps or points. Septiniana in Albis (sevenfold in n-hite) is (he name frequently given to the first week in Whitsuntide with reference to the state of the newly baptized, who wore their white robes of baptism during that time. See Alb. Septimoutium, a …
1,250 wordsSECTION 706Section 706
the Jews who were originally interested in it, while Demetrius Phalereus and the king may have been ac- tuated by some other design. It is difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain whether Aristobulus's words imply that <dl the books of the Old Test, were translated into(;reek under Philadelphus, or simply the Pentat…
978 wordsSECTION 707Section 707
2. Cotijirmation hij Later Authorities. — (1.) Of Jewish writers, Josephus (.l?^^ xii, 2) agrees in the main with Aristeas; but Philo's account (7Je Vita Alosis, lib. ii) differs in a number of circumstances. (2.) Among the Greek Church fathers Irenseus (lib. iii, c. 24) relates that Ptolemy Lagi, wishing to adorn his…
1,054 wordsSECTION 708Section 708
(4.) Nevertheless, the opinion that the Pentateuch was translated a considerable time before the pro|i]iets is not warranted by the language of Justin, Clement of SEPTUAGINT 541 SEPTUAGINT Alexandria, Tcrtullian, Epiphanius, and Hilarj' of Poi- tiers; although we are aware that Aristeas, Joscplius, Philo, the Talin…
1,212 wordsSECTION 709Section 709
Some suppose that the one was interpolated from the other — a conjecture not at all probable. Jahn and Bauer imagine that the Hebrew ]\IS. used by tlie P^gyptian Jews agreed much more closely with the Samaritan in the text and forms of its letters than the present Maso- retic copies. This hypothesis, however, even if i…
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Tychsen ( Tentamen de Variis Codd. Heb. V. T. MSS. Gener.) thought that the Sept. was made from the He- brew transcribed into Hebrew-Greek characters. It is almost unnecessary to refer to such a notion. It never obtained general currency, having been examined and refuted by Dathe, Michaelis, and Hassencamp. 2. Evidenc…
1,001 wordsSECTION 711Section 711
1. This version was highly esteemed by the Helle- nistic Jews before the coming of Christ. An annual fes- tival was held at Alexandria in remembrance of the completion of the work (Philo, De Vita Mosis, lib. ii). The manner in which it is quoted by the writers of the New Test, proves that it had long been in general us…
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(1.) It has been clearly shown by Hody, Frankel, and others that the several books were translated by differ- ent persons, without any comprehensive revision to har- monize the several parts. Names and words are ren- dered differenth' in different books ; e. g. nOS, the Passover, in the Pentateuch is rendered wa- axa.…
931 wordsSECTION 713Section 713
In very similar cases the error may be thus traced to the similarity of some of the Hebrew letters, 1 and "1, tl and r, 1 and 1, etc. ; in some it is difficult to see any connection between the original and the version — e. g. Deut. xxxii, 8, bx'n'I!^ "^33, "the sons of Israel," Sept. dyyEXuiv Qeov, Aquila and Symmachu…
1,003 wordsSECTION 714Section 714
There are some, perhaps, who will deem this estimate of the Sept. too low ; who think that the use of this ver- sion in the New Test, stamps it with an authority above that of a mere translation. But as the apostles and evangelists do not invariably cite the Old Test, accord- ing to this version, we are left to judge l…
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3. Further, the language of the Sept. is the mould in which the thoughts and expressions of the apostles and evangelists are cast. In this version Divine Truth has taken the Greek language as its shrine, and adapt- ed it to the things of God. Here the peculiar idioms of the Hebrew are grafted upon the stock of the Gree…
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We may here remark, in conclusion, that such an edition might prepare the way for the correction of the blemishes which remain in our authorized English ver- sion. Embracing the results of the criticism of the last two hundred and fifty years, it might exhibit several passages in tlicir original purity ; and the correc…
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with the Hebrew in respect of additions or omissions), may help to bring these results more clearly into view. The base-line R. T. represents the Roman text. Eh — — — — — — — — — — 72. Venetiis. — — — • — — — — — — 50. Ghisgueiisis. — — — — — — — 5S. Vaticanus (No. x). — — — — — — X. CoiSl.INIANUS. — — — — — — 1…
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So Jerome (in Catal. Script. Eccl. vol. iv, pt. ii, p. 116) : "Qnis ignorat, quod tantum in Scriptnris divinis habu- erit studii, ut etiam hebraeam linguam contra ietatis gen- tisqne sure naturam edisceret ; et acceptis LXX iuterpreti- bus, alias qiioqueeditiones in nnum volumen congregaret: Aquilse scilicet Ponticipro…
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4. Pac-simile edition of the Codex Alexiuidriuus, by Ba- ber (tSlG). 5. Fac-simile edition of theCodexSinaiticns,by Tischen- dorf (St. Petersburg, 1802, 4 vols. ful.). The texts of (1) and (2) were probably formed by collation of several MSS. The Roman edition (3) is printed from the venerable Codex Vaticanus, but no…
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SEPTUAGINT, Linguistic Character of the. The language of the Sept., from its close connection with that of the New Test., has been a fruitful source of discussion, and various theories on the sulyect have been maintained with considerable vehemence. Thus Isaac Vossius maintained that the Alexandrian Jews were studious …
909 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.