PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections
Section 361
of Luther, Dr. Staupitz, who, in 1518, became the court preacher of the ducal archbishop of Salzburg. In 1520, however, he was silenced by the archbishop. Another eminent evangelical priest was Paul Speratus, who was driven into banishment. A third was Stephen Agric- ola, also a court preacher; after three years of imp…
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While Prussia profited so richly from the persecu- tions of these Salzburgers, the persecuting archbishop was foiled in his real, sole purpose. Instead of tilling his treasury, he actually emptied it. It was only im- perfectly that he could supply his deserted fields and mines with new laborers ; and those whom he did …
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I. /fisiorg. — The hill of the same name, which the city occupied, was purchased for two talents of silver from the owner, Shemer (q. v.), after whom the city was named (1 Kings xvi, 23, 24), by Omri (q. v.)i king of Israel, for the foundation of his new metrojiolis, B.C. cir. 925. The first capital after the secession…
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After this demolition (which occurred in B.C. 129), the Jews inhabited what remained of the city; at least, we find it in their possession in the time of Alexander Jan- najus (Josephus, /!»«/. xiii, 15, 4), and until Pompey gave it back to the descendants of its original inhabitants (roTf oiKi'iToprni'). These o'lKijro…
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interprets it as d'^lTiilJ, ^/iXaicec, or "keepers." The hill on which the city was built was, he says, designated Somer, or Somoron t2wju/}p, ^lonvfjior), from a certain Somorou the son of Somer, whom he considers to have been of the stock of the ancient Perizzites or (iirgash- ites, themselves descendants of Canaan a…
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On the summit, the first object which attracts the notice of the traveller, and, at the same time, the most conspicuous ruin of the place, is the church dedicated to .John the Baptist, erected on the spot which an old tradition (noticed above) fixed as the jilace of his buri- al, if not of his martyrdom. It is said to …
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See Wuhmstm, Researches, iii, 136-149; Olin, Travels, ii, 366-374; Buckingham, Ti-avels in Palestine, p. 512- 517; Richardson, Ti-avels, I'l, 409-413; Schubert, ;l/o^7/«^- land, iii, 156-162 ; Raumer, Paldstina, p: 144-148 (notes), 158; Maundrell, Jo)/r»«/, p. 78, 79; Reland, Palcestiixi, p. 344, 979-982; Van de Velde,…
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than elsewhere. But the best proof of their richness and fertility is that both are thickly populated." The accounts of modern travellers confirm tliis description by the Jewish historian of the "good lanii" which was allot- ted to that powerful portion of the house of Joseph which crossed the Jordan, on the first divi…
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Hence it is concluded by the advocates of this view that the cities of Samaria were not partially, but whol- ly, evacuated of their inhabitants in B.C. 720, and that they remained in this desolated state until, in tlie words of 2 Kings xvii, 24, " the king of Assyria brought men from Babvlon, and from Cuthah, and from …
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2. Arguments in Favor (if a Mixed Origin of the Sa- maritans.— The above views have been strongly com- bated by Kalkar (in the Tkeologische Mitarlu itiit, 1840, iii, 24 sq.) ; and weight}' names are on this side, e. g. De Sacy, Gesenius, Winer, DiiUinger {Ueidentlaim u. .fitdenthum, p. 739), Davidson, Stanley, Rawlinso…
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(2.) That the country should be swept clean of its inhabitants on the downfall of Samaria seems most im- probable. It is true Eastern conquerors did sometimes utterly destroy cities, and occasionally extirpate whole islands (Herod, iii, 149). And some have thought that such was the general treatment of the conquered bj…
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I probably have referred to their origin ; but as it had I become almost extinct, the wiser policy was to make j no allusion to descent. The very fact, however, of their I application for admission to tiie national worship of the [ Jews, and all their subsequent history in connection j with this people, imply an Israel…
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The enmity which began at tlie time when the co- operation of the Samaritans in rebuilding the Temple was refused continued to increase till it reached such a height as to become proverbial in after-times. It is ]irobable, too, that the more the Samaritans detached themselves from idols a]id became devoteil exclusively…
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SAMARITAN 287 SAMARITAN among the Philistines; and that foolish people that dwell in Sichem." So long was it before siicli a tem- per could be banished from the Jewish mind that Ave lind even the apostles believing that an inhospitable slight shown bj^ a Samaritan village to Christ would be not unduly avenged by cal…
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At Nablus the Samaritans have still a settlement, consisting of about two hundred persons. Yet they ob- serve the law. and celebrate the Passover on a sacred spot on Mount (ierizim, with an exactness of minute ceremonial which the Jews themselves have long in- termitted. The people are very poor now, and to all appeara…
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Lexicons. — Castelli, Lexicon Heptaglotton (Lond. 1669 fol.) ; Young, Samaritan Root-hook (Edinburgh, s. a.). See also Kohn, Samuritanische Studien, and Zur Spruche der Sumaritaner, p. 206 sq. (B. P.) Form.* 1 Name. Hebrew. Power. Numerical Value. | A ^ Alaf X 1 a &, Bith :n b,bh,v 2 ^ ^ Gam&n 5 g …
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Another interesting and ini|)cirtant c )mmentary is one preserved at Berlin, from which large extracts were given by Geiger in the Zeitschrift d. 1), Al. G. xvii, 723 sq. ; XX, 147 sq. ; xxii, 532 sq. In it the national feel- ing as exhibited in opposition to the Rabbinic school of thought among the Jews is thoronglily…
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Another work by Abu-1-Hasan relates to the future life, with arguments drawn from the Pentateuch (Bodl. MS. Hunt. .350 [1]). An A hridgment of the Mosaic Law according to the Samaritans, by Abul Farag Ibn-Ishag Ibn-Kathar, is preserved at Paris (Bibl. Nat. Anciens Fonds, 5, Peiresc); a work on penance, in Amst. (MS. x…
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SAMARITAN LITURGY 291 SAMARITAN LITURGY 2. Moses is the one messenger and prophet ot God for all time, the end of revelalimi, the friend and familiar t^ervant of (jod ; none will ari^e like him. 3. The law is perfect and complete, destined for all time, never to be supplemented or abrogated by later rev- elation. …
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The second feast, celebrated on the 21st of Nisan, or last day of Unleavened Bread, is marked by a pilgrim- age to Gerizim. The third feast is Pentecost; the fourth that of Trumpets; the fifth is the Day of Atonement. The first and eighth days of Tabernacles count for the remaining feast-days. The Sabbath, moreover, is…
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"And why are the Cuthim not permitted to come into the midst of the Jews? Because they have mixed with the priests of the heights (idolaters). R. Isniael says: 'They were at first pious converts (p*!!! '^"I'^3 =real Israelites), and why is the intercimrse with them pro- hibited ? Because of their illegally begotten chi…
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SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH 293 SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH ously. Another codex, now in the Ambrosian Library at jNIilan, was brought to Italy in KVil. Peiresc pro- cured two more, one of which was placed in the Koyal Library of Paris, and one in the Barberini at Kome. Thus the number of MSS. in Europe grailually grew to sixteen. …
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This venerable roll is written on parchment, in col- umns thirteen inches deep and seven and a half inches wide. The writing is in a good hand, but not nearly so large or beautiful as in many book-copies which they possess. Each column contains from seventy to seven- ty-two lines, and the whole roll contains a hundred …
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We will now proceed to lay specimens of these once 80 highly prized variants before the reader, in order that he may judge for himself. We shall follow in this the commonly received arrangement of Gesenius, who di- vides all these readings into eight classes : 1. The first class, then, consists of readings by which em…
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3. The third class consists of conjectural emendations of difficulties ; e. g. the elliptic use of ^15% frequent both in Hebrew and Arabic, being evidently unknown to the emendator, he alters the 'nbl'^ n30 riX'O )'2'bn (Gen. xvii, 17), "shall a child be born unto him that is a hun- dred years old?" into T^PIX, "shall …
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Antediluvians. Hebrew, ABC Jared 162 SOO 962 Enoch 65 300 365 Methuselah 18T 7S2 969 Lamech 182 595 777 POSTDII.DVIANS. Arphaxad 35 403 438 Eber 34 430 464 Peleg .% 209 239 Reu 32 207 239 Serug 30 200 230 Nahor 29 119 148 Samaritan. ABC 62 785 S47 65 300 365 67 653 720 53 600 653 135 303 438 134 270 404 …
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the Galilaio - Palestinian dialect, such as the inter- change of the ahevi letters, and of 3 for S, of T for S, etc. But this peculiarity is simply owing to careless- ness of transcription in the copyists, who wrote as they pronounced, and softened the hard gutturals which were difficult to their organs. 3. The Aram:ea…
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(c.) The present Hebrew character was not introduced by Ezra after the return from the Exile, but came into use at a much later period. The Samaritans might, therefore, have received the Pentateuch at the hands of the returned exiles, who, according to the Talmud, af- terwards changed their writing, and in the Pentateu…
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SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH 298 SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH has been used : The Samaritans had already brought out for their own use a Greek translation, known under the name of ru SajKaptiriKoj'; the Sept. finding tliis con- venient for their purpose, took it for their basis, altering here and there after the Hebrew original to su…
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YII. Literalure. — Besides the Introductions of Eich- horn, Bertholdt, .lahn, De Wette, Hiivernick, Keil, and Bleek, and the articles in the dictionaries of Kitto and Smith (which we have freely used here), the reader is re- ferred to Gesenius, ]>e Pent. Samarit. Origine, Indole, et Aucioritate (Hala?, 1815, 4to); Jour…
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extended to the former as well, it was decided by watch- ing wliether a clean or unclean bird first settled upon it. On the Sabbath they might only eat and drink from earthen vessels, which, if defiled, could not be purified; they might give no food or water to their cattle: this was done on the day previous. Their hig…
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As a whole, the version cannot be called a good one, since the translator seems to have been guided by no proper rules of exegesis. Hence he falls into many mis- takes. "Elohim" or "Jehovah" is commonly avoided, and " angel" put instead, to suit the supposed dignity of the divine being. The names of peoples, countries,…
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For purposes of exegesis the version is entirely use- less. It is simply interesting as faithfully representing the religious ideas and literary progress of the Samari- tans; it is valuable also for philological purposes, as being the most trustworthy monument of an important She- mitic dialect. The oldest ]\ISS. hithe…
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Samaritans, Modern. As already stated (un- der Samaritan), a small remnant of i lie old nation still dwell in their ancient capital, Shechem. There existed a tradition among them, which has yet hardly died out, that large numbers of their brethren were dwelling in various parts of the world — in England, France, India,…
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3. Divorce. — The Samaritans are not given to di- vorcement, and in this matter they stand in singular contrast to their Jewish and jMohammedan neighbors. Their modern theology at least forbids it, except only for the cause of fornication, but their strict conformity to this dogma under all circumstances is very doubtf…
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IL Religion. — The Samaritan idea of religion is a national one. To them tlicir faith and people are sy- nonymous. In this sense they are, according to their own belief, the only peculiar people of God, with whom the Almighty has entered into covenants, and which covenants they faithfully keep. These are seven in numbe…
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3. ASi/iuif/of/uc— They themselves never call it syna- gogue. Sometimes they use the Arabic term bit Al- lah, house of (iod. but the common appellation is Icin- shah, iTCSp, place of assembly ; equivalent to the Greek ffwi'nyaiy/;, and the Hebrew rCj^il n"2. At present they have but one, a small and unsii;ht]y building…
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(2.) The New Moon. — Next in frequency, but not in importance, to the observance of the Sabbath is that of the new moon, the i-eosh hadesh, equivalent to the Jew- ish rosh chodesh. The new moon is sacredly watched for, and the afternoon immediately following its ap- pearance, about half-past four, the Samaritans assemb…
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SAMARITANS, MODEllN 306 SAMARITANS, MODERN ed bread out of its dwelling, and a most careful search is made, so that the least fragment may not remain. Thus by the evening of the fourteenth day, all leavened bread and fermented drink are laid aside, and unleav- ened bread alone must be used during the seven follow- i…
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Besides the sacred seasons already mentioned, they have two others of less important character. The first is Reosh-ashena, Rosh-haskanah of the Jews, the begin- ning of the year. It is held, not on the first day of Tishri, the beginning of the civil year, but on the first day of Nisan, the commencement of their ecclesi…
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Unleavened Bread; one for the fifty days following Passover; one for Pentecost: one for the 1st of Tisri; one for the Day of Atonement; one for the Tabernacles; one for the first day of the year, and one for the last day of the year. mental activity existed among the people in former ages. Of their literary' productio…
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Another historical work is extant, partly compiled trora the above, by Abul-Fatah, an author of the 14th century, but is not he"ld in esteem by the Samaritans themselves. El-Tabak, a history of the Jews, principally relating the judgments that had befallen them : written by Abu Has- san es-Suri in the f2th century. (H…
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Sa'mi (S«f((, v. r. So/3ti', Tw/Si'c; Vulg. Tobi),a cor- rupt Greek form ( 1 Esdr. v. 28) of the name Shobai (q. v.) of the Heb. list (Ezra ii, 42). Sanii, a species of hard-wood which the Hindils em- ploy in kindling the sacrificial fire. They believe that it contains a mysterious internal heat which must be called f…
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"Previinis to the compleiion of the New Test, some progress had been made iu the translation of the Old ; nnd, iu 1S4S, an edition 4)f l(l,(K)0 copies of the book of Psalms was put throuirli the press, bound, and circulated. "In lS4it, editions of 10,000 each of the books of Gene- sis and Exodns were primed ; and iu …
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celain is called by the general name of china. The island is sometimes stated to have been famous for its wines, but, in fact, the wine of Samos was in ill repute. Strabo says expressly that the island was ovk tvoivoc. It now, however, ranks high for its Levantine wine, which is largely exported, as are also grapes and…
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Samp'sames {^af^i\pdpt]c v.r.'Slai-ixl/aKijQ; Yulg. Latiipsaats, Samsames), a name whicli occurs in the list of those to whom the Romans are said to have sent letters in favor of the Jews (1 Mace, xv, 23). The name is probably not that of a sovereign (as it appears to be taken in the A. V.), but of a place, which Grimm…
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habits that in 15G4 he was deprived of his deanerj-, and for some time imprisoned. Notwithstanding his non- conformity, he was presented, in 1508, with the master- ship of Wigston Hosi)ital at Leicester, and had, accord- ing to Wood, a prebend in St. Paul's. He resided at Leicester until his death, April 9, 1589. He ma…
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(1.) On his first visit to his future bride, he slew a lion without weapons; and on his second visit, to es- pouse her, he found the skeleton, denuded of the flesh by the birds and jackals, occupied by a swarm of bees (.ludg. xiv, 1-8 ). The strange incident of a Nazarite eating honey out of the carcass of a dead lion …
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(5.) The Philistines were from this time held in such contempt by their victor that he went openly into the city of Gaza, where he seems to liave suffered himself weakly to be drawn into the company of a woman of loose character, the yielding to whose enticements ex- posed him to the most imminent peril (Judg. xvi, 1-3…
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Thus terminated the career of one of the most re- markable personages of all history, whether sacred or profane. The enrolment of his name by an apostolic pen (Heb. xi, 32) in the list of the ancient worthies, "who had by faith obtained an excellent repute," war- rants us, undoubtedly, in a favorable estimate of his ch…
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(4.) As to Mythological Coincidences. — The narrative of Samson's deeds has often been compared with the mythical story of the Greek Hercules. (See especially Vogel, in the Hull, /uici/clop. ii, § vi, 8 sq. ; Riskoff, Die Simsonsage u.d. llerakles-Mythus [ Leips. 1801].) Thus, his combat with the lion is compared with …
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same as Baal" (Rawlinson, Herod, ii, 44, note 7). Tlie ciiiinectiou between the Plioeiiiciaii Baal (called Baal Sliemen, Baal Shemesh, and Baal Ilamman) and Her- cules is well known. Gesenius (Tkesain: s. v. 5"3) tells us that in certain Phoenician inscriptions, which are ac- ciirapauied by a Greek translation, Bddl is…
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For other monographs on Samson, see Darling, Cyclo- pcedia Bibliof/raphica, col. 285. Samson. Bkknuakdin, a Franciscan monk, who plied the traffic in indulgences in Switzerland at the time of Tetzel's exploits in Saxony, was a native of Mil- an, but the dates of his birth and death are not known. He is described by hi…
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?1115 ? 1O90 Kohalh Izhar or Amminadab Koiah Assir I Elkanah I Ebia^aph Assir II Tahath Uriel orZephaiiiah Uzziah or Azariah Shanl or Joel I Elkanah 11 Mahath or Ahiinoth? Elkanah III Znph or Zophai Nahath or Toah Eliab or Eliel Jerohani Elkanah IV Samuel or Shemnel Joel II or Vashni He…
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2. iSamiul\^ Cull. — In this waj' his childhood was passed. It was while thus sleeping in the tabernacle that he received his tirst prophetic call. The stillness of the night, the sudden voice, the cliildlike miscon- ception, the venerable Eli, the contrast between the terrible doom and the gentle creature who has to a…
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SAMUEL 319 SAMUEL ernment " the weapons of whose warfare were not car- nal." The presidency of Samuel appears to have been emi- nently successful. Its length is nowhere given in the Scriptures; but, from a statement of Josephus (A7if. vi, 13, 5), it appears to have lasted twelve j'ears (B.C. 1105 -1093), up to the …
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of justice, because of his hatred of kings as so far infe- rior to the aristocratic form of gcivernment, which con- ferred a godlike character on those who lived under it." For the whole night he lay fasting and sleepless, in the perplexity of doubt and difficulty. In the vision of that night, as recorded by the sacred…
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The remaining scriptural notices of Samuel are in connection with David's history. See David. 6. Decease and Traditions. — The death of Samuel is descriljed as taking place in the year of the close of David's wanderings. It is .said with peculiar empha- sis, as if to mark the loss, tfiat "o// the Israelites" — all, wi…
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But there are two other points which more especial- ly placed him at the head of the prophetic order as it afterwards appeared. The lirst is brought out in his relation with Saul, the second in his relation witli Da- vid. 2. He represents the independence of the moral law, of the Divine Will, as distinct from regal or…
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It is needless to enlarge on the importance with wliiih these incidents invest the appearance of Samuel. He there becomes the spiritual father of the Psahnisc king. He is also the founder of the first regular institutions of religious instruction, and communities for the pur- poses of education. The schools of Greece w…
975 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.