PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections
Section 241
Spelt (Triticum spelta). ^''J^^'i^'^f^ especially applied to ' It (C. Bauhni, Pmox, p. 22). Triticum spelta, or spelt, is in many respects so closely allied to the common wheats as to have been thought by some old authors to be the original stock of the cultivated kinds; but for this there is no foundation, as the kin…
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ing any one on the road, would always lift his hat and give a friendly greeting. Before the Kevolution- ary War he taught a classical school at Fishkill, and among his pupils was the celebrated Dr. John H. Liv- ingston. He was regarded as the most learned theolo- gian and classical scholar in the Dutch Church. He wrote…
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SAADIA(S) 187 SABA and again, with important corrections, by Geiger in his Wissenschiiftliche Zdtschrift (Leips. 1844), v, 317-324. All these works Saadia wrote before he was thirty- six years of age, i. e. between A.D. 915 and 928. So great was the reputation which these works secured for him that he was called to …
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Saba or Sabas (2a/3ac), the name of several saints of the Roman Catholic Church. See also Sabbas. 1. A Gothic soldier who was martyred at Rome with 170 other persons under the emperor Aurelian {Martyr. Rom. April 24 ; Tilleniont, Memoires, iv, 363). 2. Another Goth and martyr who suffered many cruel tortures in the p…
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SABA {St.), Monastery of, now called Deir Mar Saba, still exists on the brink of Wady Nar, the exten- sion of the valley of the Kidron, near the Dead Sea. The surrounding scenery is of the wildest and most ro- mantic character. See Kidron. The convent hangs on the precipitous side of the ravine, being partly ex- cavate…
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Sabaism. See Sab^an. Sabanus (aa(iavoQ, classical aal'iarov, a linen cloth'), a white cloth with which the infant was covered in baptism. This was an ancient practice. From the 4th century we tind frequent mention of clothing the newly baptized in white garments. These garments, as emblems of purity, were delivered t…
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Sab'atus (^af^aroQ, v. r. S«/3a9-oc), a (Jriecized form (1 Esdr. ix, 28) of the Heb. name (Ezra x, 27) Zabad (q. v.). Sabazius, a deity worshipped by the ancient Phryg- ians, alleged to have sprung from Rhea or Cybele. In later times he was identified both with Dionysus and Zeus. The worship of Sabazius was introduced…
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SABBATH 191 SABBATH (John vii, 22 sq. ; comp. Mishna,.S'^«5. c. 19 ; Schottgen, llor. Ihhr. i, 121 ; Lightfoot, Hor. Ihhr. p. 1028). Deliberate profanation of this day was pnnished with death (Exod. xxxi, l-l sq. ; xxxv, 2), which was inflict- ed by stoning (Numb, xv, 32 sq.; Mishna, SanJiedr. vii, 8). But if the l…
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The Sabbath was especially consecrated to devotion and to the law (Josephus, vlH^ xvi, 2, 4), and frivolous or unclean conversation was accounted a desecration of the day (Gesen. In Jesa. ii, 230). Hence in the syna- gogues everywhere on this day took place the great services of worship (INIark i, 21 ; vi, 2 ; Luke iv,…
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even among the Romans, the day of Saturn was counted an unlucky one. Astrologically, too, the day of Saturn is the first, not the seventh, of the week. But, apart from all this, it was more natural for an agricultural people to keep as a festivaii the last day of the week, after men and beasts had become wearied with t…
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In Luke vi, 1 we have the above-noted phrase, aafi- ficiTOi' otvTipi'nrpwToi', rendered in the A. V. " The sec- ond Sabbath after the first." It is over-hasty, after a few MSS., to blot out the second word as not genuine, though even Jleyer does so. AVho could have inserted it? And is not the omission of a word which n…
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See, in general, Journ. of Sac. Lit. Oct. 1851, p. 70 sq. ; Ball, Ilorcc SabbaticcB (Lond. 1853) ; and the mon- ographs cited by Volbeding, Index I'rogrammatum, p. 112; and by Darling, Cyclopedia Bibliographica (see Index). See also the literature referred to under the article following and Lokd's Day. SABBATH, Christ…
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It is objected, however, that the Sabbath disappears from the record during the antediluvian and patriarchal periods. AVhy this protracted silence about it if it had then a place among religious articles and usages? Tliis evidence of its absence is negative, and cannot outweigh express contrary proof of its initiation.…
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(1.) The Sabbath provides for i-est and icorship. Our sensuous being requires the one, and our spiritual being the other. To deny the laboring population any inter- mission of toil, or the heir of immortality any time for religious observances, would be to ofl'end against the fundamental conditions of our state of exis…
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SABBATH 196 SABBATH our common luimanity, and that it is to be so employed as to conduct' to man's liighest or siiiritual good. But he also said that he was '-Lord of the Sabbath: which shows," we are told, " that lie had power to abrogate it partially or wholly." It seems as if some cannot think of power in connect…
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These arguments, it is true, are not satisfactorj' to some, and it must be confessed that there is no law in the New Test, concerning the first day. However, it may be observed that it is not so much the precise time that is universalh" binding, as that one day out of seven is to be regarded. "As it is impossible," say…
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The evils arising from Sabbath-breaking are greatly to be lamented: they are an insult to God, an injury to ourselves, and an awful example to our servants, our children, and our friends. To sanctify this day, we should consider it — (1) a day of rest; not, indeed, to exclude works of mercy and charity, but a cessation…
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198 SABBATH-DAY'S JOURNEY week at the commencement of the year, so that the 7th, 14th, and 2lst of iS'isan were always Sabbath daj-s. He imagines that '• the morrow after the Sabbath" from which Pentecost was reckoned was the 22d day of the month, the day after the proper termination of the Pass- over. He is well answ…
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Sabbathaists. See Sabbathai. Sabbath-day's Journey (aaPiidTov 6cog, Acts i, 12; in Talmudical Heb. ri3t"ri dinri, techom hush- shabbdlh) is a phrase for the prescribed distance which may la'wfully be traversed on a Sabbath, and beyond which no Jew can go without violating the sanctity of the day, except he adopts the …
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were probably loose statements rather than measured distances ; and both arc below the ordinary estimate of 2000 cubits. Taking all circumstances into account, it seems likely that the ordinary Sabbath-day's journey was a somewhat loosely determined distance, seldom more than the whole and seldom less than three quar- …
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The second enactment, which is contained in Exod. xxiii, 11; Lev. xxv, 5-7, enjoins that the spontaneous growth (tn'^SG) of the fields or of trees (comp. Isa. xxxvii, 30) is to be for the free use of the poor, hire- lings, strangers, servants, and cattle (Exod. xxiii, 11; Lev. xxv, 5-7 ; comp. Mishna, Edayoth, v, 1). T…
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SABBATICAL YEAR 201 SABBATICAL YEAR no more relates to the law of the sabbatical year than ver. 19 sq. (comp. Ranke, Pentat. ii, 3C2), and where the sabbatical year is expressly treated of— as in Lev. xxv — nothing is said of such manumission. Nor does Jo- sephus {Ant. iii, 12, 3) mention it. Lev. xxxiv, 8 does not …
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after the return from Babylon the king, should perform | pg^p^^.^ (^LnUe vi, 1). Various explanations have been this duty. The manner in which it was read by the i gi^,g„ ^f (i^g terin, one of them being that it denotes the monarch is thus described in the Mishna: "At the close | first Sabbath of the second year in the…
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Sabbatier, Pierre, a French Benedictine, was born at Poitiers in 1G82. In 1700 he took the habit of St. Benedict at the abbey of St. Faron de iMeaux. He was employed by prince Bruinart to edit the fifth vol- ume of the Annules Benedictines. At this time he also began to publish the ancient version of the Scriptures, co…
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Sabellius is by far the most original and ingenious of the so-called Jlonarchians. His system is known to us only from a few fragments imperfectly preserved in Athanasius and other fathers. It has been carefully discussed, and even partially revived, by Schleiermacher in modern times (see Schaff, Church History, p. 292…
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The name of Sabians is often given by the IMoham- medans and Eastern Christians to a sect in and about Bagdad and Bassorah, whose proper appellation is Men- daites, or "Disciples of John:" sometimes improperly called " Christians of St. John," as they have in realitj' no pretensions to Christianity. The name of their f…
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Sabina, Saint and Martyr, was a pious and noble widow who had been converted to Christianity by Sera- pia, a virgin of Antioch who lived in her house (in what station is not known). Serapia was required to sacrifice to the gods, but refused ; and when the presid- ing judge commanded her to offer to Christ instead, she …
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the Persian Gulf, where are those of Raamah, the next before him in the order of the Cushites. See Deuan ; Raamah; Siikba. He has not been identified with anj' Arabic place or district, nor satisfactorily with any name given by classical writers. Bochart (who is fol- lowed by Bunsen, Jxibelwerl; Gen. x, and Atlas) argu…
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Sacer, Gottfried Wiliielm, a German hymnist, was born at Naumberg July 11, IGiio, and died Sept. 8, 1G99. He was an excellent lawyer, and in his official duties distinguished himself by a strict conscientious- ness and the most unbounded benevolence. He is the author of a number of very tine hymns; the greater part he …
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These priests alone " drew near to God " (Numb, xvi, 5; Exod. xix, 22; Ezek. xHi, 13; comp. Numb.xviii,3), and hence must alone attend to all the services of the central sanctuary, the penalty of death being denounced against all others who assumed such duties (Numb, iii, G-10, 38; xvi, 40). These priests, who exercise…
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linen, which reached down to the forehead. It was fitted closely to the head (Josephus, Ant. iii, 7, 3). But Biihr has made some well-grounded objections to this descrip- tion of Josephus {Symhul. ii, G4 sq.), and the vrigbadk may, perhaps, have been a real cap, possibly in the form of a tlower-cuj) (comp. especially t…
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The priests were also required to instruct the people in the law, and in certain cases to give judicial answers (Deut. xvii, 8 sq. ; xix, 17; xxi, 5; comp. 2 Chron. xvii, 8 sq.). King Jehoshaphat even established a high tribunal, consisting of priests and Levites, in Jeru- salem (2 Chron. xix, 8; comp. Josephus, Apion,…
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Thus, until the destruction of the Temple at Jerusa- lem by the Komans, the priestly order continued as a hereditary and honored body (contrasted with the laity in the Talmud, Tenim. v, 4), directing and expressing the religious views of the people by symbolic usages, and when their relations to Jehovah were disturbed …
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The career of Sachs falls in the most prosperous pe- riod of Nuremberg's historj-, and covers the Avhole epoch of the Reformation. Among his townsmen were Diirer, Vischer, Ebner, Spengler, and Osiander. When Luther began to preach, he warmly welcomed the new epoch, and called the reformer the "Wittenberg nightingale." …
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Sack, Brethren of the, a religious order, which was established about the beginning of the 13th cen- tury, and had monasteries in France, Germany, Italy, and England. The brethren were very austere, for they neither ate flesh nor drank wine. Besides, the sack which they wore, and from which they took the name, they wen…
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SACKBUT 211 SACONAY stood firmly on evangelical ground. God as a person and Father; the Son as Redeemer and Offering; the yoly Spirit as comforter; love to God in Christ as the spring of the Christian life — such were the elements of his theology. Though leaning somewhat towards ra- tionalism, he yet firmly opposed …
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Saconay, Gabriel de, a French theologian, was born near Lyons. While quite young, he was made canon of Lyons, and afterwards became dean of the chapter. He was one of the most zealous opiionent.s of the Reformation, and was for some time censor of (he city of Lyons. He died Aug. 3, 1580. His writings are principally co…
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I. Scriptural Statement of the Subject. — The instruc- tions given by the N. T. in reference to baptism and the Lord's supper are of two kinds : 1. Those found in the example and precepts of Christ himself; 2. Those found in the subsequent practice and teaching of the apostles. Introductory to both is the great fact wi…
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ideas to Christians at all inclined to a worldly policy. The writers of the New Testament had, in tact, repeat- edly used the words mystery and mysteries, but never in connection with either baptism, the Lord's supper, or anj^ Christian ceremony. They had spoken of the mysteries of the kingdom of God, the mystery of fa…
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For centuries following Chrysostom, the prevalent ideas of the real presence in the eucharist were not only vague, but widely dissimilar, ranging from the border of a just spiritualism to a gross materialism, but with growing tendencies to the latter, until, at length, the more material tlie conception came to be of an…
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From the periods named above, scholasticism was busy in the vindication and explanation, by various ingenious methods, of the new dogma; while in prac- tice, the sacrifice of the mass became more than ever the centre of the Roman ritual. Nor is it easy for Protestants in the 19th century to understand how completely th…
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of grace or righteousness received by faith, and marks of Christian profession whereby the faithful are distinguish- ed from unbelievers, let him be accursed. "7. Whosoever shall affirm that grace is not always piven by these sacraments, and upon all persons, as far as God is concerned, if they be rightly received, bu…
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The oldest of all the Protestant confessions of faith is that of Augsburg, of which several articles related to the sacraments. That celebrated document was pre- pared by Melancthon, and read, June 27, 1.530, in the presence of the emperor Charles V and liis court, in- cluding many prominent Roman Catholic tlieologians…
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SACRAMENT 217 SACRAMENT trine of the opvs operatiim, and also, as sacraments, all observances besides baptism and the Lord's sup])er, that the general drift of the Protestant doctrine be- came widely diffused and accepted during the tirst pe- riod of the Reformation. That the influence of coun- ter-discussion had co…
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VI. Literahire. — Taking into view all the phases of controversy that have been developed in reference to the sacraments, the literature of the subject is exceed- ingly voluminous; but by far the greater part of it is now obsolete and never likely to be reproduced. That the discussions of the past have, on the whole, h…
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" Monday. — You will look on yourself as a crimirMl, who desires to appease his judge by sorrow for his sins, and who is ready lo make salistaction to his justice. Y'on will enter in spirit into the heart of Jesus, in order to euclose yourself iu that prison of love. " Tuesday. — You will enter into the heart of .Tesu…
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BELI.ATICI. Sacrifice, properly so called, is the solemn inflic- tion of death on a living creature, generally by effusion of its blood, in a way of religious worship; and the pre- senting of this act to the Deity as a supplication for the pardon of sin, and a supposed mean of compensation for the insult and injury t…
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1. One recent writer on the subject (Davison, In- quiry into the Origin and Intent of Primitiee Sacrifice, 1825) adduces (on the authority of Spencer and Ou- tram) the consent of the fathers in favor of the human origin of primitive patriarchal sacrifice, and alleges that the notion of its divine origin is "a mere mode…
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SACRIFICE 221 SACRIFICE taught by the Divine Spirit, it became their duty thus to shadow forth the great and venerable victim, really acceptable to (jod, which was, in time then future, des- tined to be offered in behalf of the whole human race (^Deinoiist. Evang. i, 8, 24, 25). Among the considerations urged in su…
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2. On the other hand, the great difficulty in the the- ory which refers it to a distinct command of God is the total silence of Holy Scripture — a silence the more remarkable when contrasted with the distinct reference made in Gen. ii to the origin of the Sabbath. Sacri- fice when first mentioned, in the case of Cain a…
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The sacrifice of Xoah after the flood (Gen. viii, 20) is called burnt-offering (oldh). This sacrifice is express- ly connected with the institution of the covenant which follows in ix, 8-17. The same ratification of a cove- nant is seen in the burnt-offering of Abraham, especial- ly enjoined and defined by (iod in Gen.…
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SACRIFICE 223 SACRIFICE tems, and fimling its logical result in human sacrifice) that the more costly tlie offering, the more surely must it meet with acceptance. At the same time, probably in order to impress this truth on the mind, and also to guard against corruption by heathenish ceremonial, and against the noti…
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IV. Significance of the Leviticul Sacrifices. — In ex- amining the doctrine of sacrifice, it is necessarj' to re- member that, in its development, the order of idea is not necessarily the same as the order of time. By the order of sacrifice in its perfect form (as in Lev. viii) it is clear that the sin-offering occupie…
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(2.) The second mark of distinction is closely con- nected with this, inasmuch as it shows sacrifice to be a scheme proceeding from (iod, and, in bis foreknowledge, connected with the one central fact of all human his- tory. It is to be foimd in the typical character of all Jewish sacrifices, on which, as the E|iistle …
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(c.) The meat-offerings — the peace- or thank-offer- ing, the first-fruits, etc. — were simply offerings to (jod of his own best gifts, as a sign of thankful homage, and as a means of maintaining his service and his servants. Whether they were regular or voluntary, individual or national, independent or subsidiary to o…
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(2.) New-Testament Explanation. — Without entering directly on the great subject of the atonement (which woidd be foreign to the scope of this article), it will be sufHcient to refer to the connection established in the N.T. between it and the sacrifices of the Mosaic system. To do this, we need do little more than ana…
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Now, this view of the atr>nement is set forth in the Epistle to the Hebrews as typilie<l by the sin-offering, especially by that (larticular sin-offering with which the high-|)riest entered the most holy place on the great day of atonement (ix, 7- 12), and by that which hallowed the inauguration of the Mosaic covenant…
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(c.) The typical sense of the meat-offering or peace- offering is less connected with the sacrifice of Christ himself than with those sacrifices of praise, thanksgiv- ing, charity, and devotion which we, as Christians, offer to God, and " with which he is well pleased" (Heb. xiii, 15, 1(5) as with "an odor of sweet sme…
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Sacrificial Festival (Srt). This was held with the pieces of the victims laid aside from sacrifices of a joyful nature {epi/lce sacra?, dapes), not only in all ancient heathen nations (Saubert, Be Sacrific. c. 26 ; Feith, Antiq. Horn, i, 10, 7 ; Stuck, Antiq. Conviv. i, 33 ; Lakemacher, Antiq. Grcecor. Sacrce, p. 384 s…
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493 sq.), and perhaps the sacrifice of animals may have led to the burning of the sacrifices on altars. (See in general (iedicke, Verm. Schri/t. p. 229 sq.; Wolf, Vei-m. Schri/t. u. Aii/s. [Halle, 1802], p. 243 sq. ; Saubert, Be Sacrific. Vet. Collectanea [Jen. 1C59] ; Meiner, Krit. Gesch. der Reliyion, ii, 1 sq. ; Bau…
1,254 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.