PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections
Section 1321
Stephen V (IV), a Roman, created cardinal-deacon by pope Leo HI, who was raised to the papal throne in A.D. 816, but reigned only a few montiis. He caused the discontented Roman population to swear allegiance to Louis the Pious as well as to himself, in order to bring them more completely into his power; and he crowned…
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Stephens, more correctly Stephen (Etienne), the family name of an illustrious succession of learned print- ers, of whom, however, we have here to notice spe- cially only Robert. He was the son of Henri Etieinie (Henricus Stephainis), the iirinter of the Qiiiitciiplex Psalterium of Le Fevre d'Ltaples (Paris, 1509-13), w…
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Parliaments (ibid. 1600) : — B. Gregorii Magni Episcopi Romaiii de Cunt Pastor ali Liber vere A ureus, etc., MSS. cum Romana editivne collatis (ibid. 1629, 8vo). He was also editor of Spelman, On Tithes, and his apology for the treatise De non Temerandis Ecclesiis. See Chalmers, Bioij. Diet. s. v.; Allibone, Diet, of B…
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Stern, Hermann, a Jewish missionary, was born of Israelitish parentage in 1794, at Tennstadt, in Bava- ria. He visited the high-school in Bamberg to study as teacher. In his twenty-first year he received his first place as teacher in Hochberg. Endeavoring to conform in his religious instruction to the letter and spirit…
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STERN 1016 STERNE by his Chiircli as rnissionan- siipcrinteiideiit, but after j i.iie vear';. work \h- had ai^ain to ri;-iiiii. In IH71 he mice more aeiepieil a call to (ialion, and when a year was over he i;ave up his cliari;e, never to resume it. He went to l^ouisville, and after four years of inactiv- itv, illnes…
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Sterne, John (2), an Irish prelate, son of the pre- ceding, was educated in Trinity College, Dublin, and became successively vicar of Trim, chancellor and de;m of St. Patrick's, bishop of Droniore in 1713, of Clogher in 1717, and vice-chancellor of the University of Dublin. He laid out immense sums on his episcopal pal…
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3. Daughter of Cepheus of Tegea. Her father de- clined to join Hercules in the war against the Hippo- cocintides, because he feared an invasion of the Argives during his absence. Hercules therenjion gave to Ster- ope a brazen lock of Medusa's hair, which he had him- self obtained from Minerva. This, displayed in the fa…
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STEUDEL 1018 STEVENS belief that controversy reveals the truth ; but he was nevertheless es-seniially a man of peace. He was un- able to advance as rapidly as more recent thinkers, be- cause he believed tliat the new theolo^'y was not doiii},' justice to many features of the older siipranaturalism; but he foui^ht" e…
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Stevens, Isaac Collins, a minister of the ISfeih- odist Episcopal Church, was born in Fulton County, Pa., Feb. 15,1833, and was educated at Cassville Sem- inary. He was converted in his eighteenth year; was licensed to preach Aug. 6, 1855, and in 1857 was received on trial in the Baltimore Conference. He remained with …
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from M. UA bbe de :— .4 Review of the Revieiu of a New Preface to the Second Edition of .Ur. .fones's Life of Bishop Home. He edited the Works of Mr. .Tones, with his life (12 vols. 8vo). The ^[em<tirs of William Stevens, Esq., were printed for private distribution in 1812 (8vo), and in 1815 for sale. See Chalmers, Bi…
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STE\V.\RD, one who manages the domestic concerns of a family, religious house, or episcopal estate. Called also Skxksciial (q. v.). STEWARD, a Church officer among the IMethodists. 1. Methodist Episcapal. — The luimber of stewards on each charge varies from three to nine. They are nom- inated by the preacher in charg…
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SteTArart, Archibald Sinclair, a Presbyterian minister, was born at Palatine, N. V., May 3, 1823. At the age of fifteen he united with the Cluirch at Johns- town, N. Y. In the fall of 1840 he removed with his parents to Wisconsin, and received his ])reparation for college at the AVaukesha Academy. He entered Prince- to…
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Stewart, Henry Greene, a Bajitist minister, was born at Clarendon, Yt., April 12, 1812. and was a graduate of Brown University in the class of 1839. He spent two years in theological study at the Newton In- stitution, and then was ordained pastor of the Baptist Church at Cimilierland Hill, 1!. I., where he remained nin…
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Stheuias, a surname of the Grecian Mhm-va at Tni'/.cne. Sthenius, a surname of Zcm.«, inider which he had an altar in a rock near Hermioiie, and inider which i-Egeus concealed the sword by which he intended to recognise his son Theseus (Pausan. ii, 32, 7; 34, 6). Stheno, one of the Phorcides or Gorgons in Grecian myi…
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lai A[^NHy>Ovl'M NV ^VNN 1^1 > >J >AIH AN '^N> <ri4 Hvjy i> A n animom >M » I > P^1VAMgi>yN</A>AM/l nIHVAV</ H/v)IKIA>OI i^ok CO\/\A 1/1 AVviK Y>1 -^'^H r»" "¥1 V O^siTF^ j^ r O 6 A M NAV4r<AM/NVI IM>n/C-«- Early British Stick-book. almanacs, the use of which has been preserved to a com- paratively recent per…
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STIEl^ 1024 STIER gebraisi Itc stood on the shouKlers of Cliristoph Riiitolph, aiul rc'iiilereil imriiorioiis st-rvice in ixiiiuling I lie area of the sttuly of algebra iu Germany. — llerzog, litul-En- cykiiij). s. V. Stier, KrnoLK Ew.vi.d, an eminent German com- roeniator, was born at Fraustiult, March 17, IKOO. H…
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Stier was an intense and resolute character, and not naturally sympathetic. An unyielding and stern con- troversialist, his bearing intensified the opposition al- ready excited against him in the ecclesiastical \vt)rkl by his earnest advocacy of the union of the Lutheran and Reformed churches and by his suspected leani…
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Stigaud, an English prelate, was chaplain to king Edward the Confessor, and preferred by him tirst to the bishopric of the East Saxons, at Helmhau, in 104.3, and afterwards to Winchester, in 1047. Seeing the king dis- pleased with Robert, the archbisliop, he thrust himself into his room, and kept both Winchester and Ca…
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Although many of the cases of stigmatization are not well attested, it is yet certain that cases have actually occurred ; and it becomes important to account for them. The popes attributed the case of St. Francis directly to '■the sjiecial ami wonderful favor vouchsafed to him in Christ," A better explanation uncpiesti…
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Still, Elijah, a minister of the IMetho.Hst Episcopal Chnrcli. w;is born in White County, Teiiii., Sept. 4, 18(»,5. He was admitted on trial in the Holston Conference in 1832, but ill 1838 was granted a hication. and settled in Bradley County. When the present Holston Confer- STILL 1027 STILLING ence was formed, in…
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Stilling was not a profound I liinker, nor yet a thorough student. Education ha<l not lifted him out of himself. He was simply the frankest,most natural, and most at- tractive of Christian romanticists. Even in his favorite field of theosophic mysticism he displayed none of the creative power of Oetinger, nor was he a …
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Stlllnian, Samuel, D.I)., a Raptist minister, was »«>rn in l'liila<li Ipliin. Pa., Feb. 27, 1737. He preached Im lirst Hermon Fel>. 17, 17.58, and was ordained at Charh-Kton, S. ('., as an evangelist, Feb. 26. 17.">9. He 8ul)<M><)ueiiily settled in James Island, near Charleston. Some eighteen mom lis afterwards he remo…
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Stinson, Edward, a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal Cliurch, South, was born in Fayette County, Tenn., July 18, 1837. He united with the Church in 1845, was licensed to preach in 1852, and the same year join- ed the Memphis Conference. He died at his father's residence in Tippah County, Miss., Sept. 18, 1855. See …
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Stock, Richard, an eminent Puritan divine, was born in the city of York, and was educated in St. John's College, Cambridge. He took his tirst degree in arts there, and in 1595 was passed .\.M. at Oxford. Leav- ing the luiiversity, he became domestic chaplain, tirst to Sir Antliouy C^ope, of Ashby, Nortliampton. aiul th…
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Stocks (in the plur.) is the rendering in the A. V. of the following Heb. and Gr. words: 1. The P^Eil'^, mahpeketh (Jer. xx, 2; xxix, 26; 2 Chron. xvi, 10), is supposed by some to have been rather a sort oX pilloi-y in which the head and hands were fastened than an in- strument for fastening by the feet; j'et, as the w…
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Stoddard, David Tappan, a Congregational minister and missionary, was born at Northampton, Mass., Dec. 2, 1818. At the age of ten he had made consiilerable progress in Latin and Grecfk. He was sent to the Round Hill Academy, Mass. He was early the subject of converting grace, and joined the Church, on the profession of…
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Stoddard, Solomon, a Congregational minister, was born in Boston. Mass., in 1(>43, and was graduated at Harvanl College in UW2. He was afterwards ap- pointed a fellow. His health being impaired, he went to Barbadoes as chaplain to governor .Serle, anil preaclied to the Dissenters on that island near two years. After hi…
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In agreement with those views, and also with those of previous philosophers, philosophy was divided by the Stoics into three parts: Physics, Ethics, and Logic; or, by Cleanthes, into six: Logic, Hhetoric; Ethics, Poli- tics ; Physics and Theology. The latter scheme is only a binary subdivision of the original tripartit…
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H. J'hysics. — Like other ancient philosophers, but with greater propriety, the .Stoics included theology in the philosophy of nature. They usually divided this branch of specidation into three heads: Concerning the Universe; Concerning Elements; Concerning Causes. They assumed two ]irinciplcs, as I'lato had done: af>\…
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"The Author of the world's great plan The same result will draw From human life, however mau May keep or break his law." The Divinity is dispersed, rather than divided, among manj' secondary gods — " ignobilis deorum turba" — but still retains the totality of its own essence. It is the same God always under many names…
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III. Ethics.— From' the nature of man and tlie nature of evil, the transition is immediate to the domain of morals, which is occupied with the proprieties (rd ko- iijKovTCi) of human conduct. This part of the doctrine constitutes the essence of the Stoic scheme. It was prosecuted by the sect, in tlieory and practice, w…
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" Now melt into sorrow, now madden to crime." No one is free from such impulses. The vice comes from vieldinj,' to them. They are checked and sujipressed when reason acts coolly and with assured judf;ment. and when disciplined habUs of thoui;ht and feeling have been tirmly establisheil. Impulses are rational or irra- t…
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Stoicism and Ciikistianitv. The Stoics and Epicureans, who are mentioned together in Acts xvii, 18, represent the two ojiposite schools of practical phi- los()])hy which survived the fall of higher speculation in (Jreece. See Piiii.osoi'hv. (Jiskkk. 1. Jiiblical Connection. — The principles of these sects require noti…
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Ii'id. i 15: "lu reijno uail sumns: Deo parere libertns est." Kpict. Diss, ii, 17, 22: airXwt tmiiv aWo ^i\e rj ti 6 Stof Anton, vii, 74: ^i; oim xafive li^eAoi'i/iffor Jk iL o><pt\e7t. Rut the morality of Stoicism is essentially based on pride, that of Cliristiauity on humility; the one iqiholds individual independ…
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I. (hif/in and Development. — 1, The sect of the Stoics was founded at Athens by Zeno of Citium, in Cyprus, a town which was, in part at least, of Plucnician origin. Zeno himself has been, at times, suspected of having had .\siatic blood in his veins. The institution of tlie new heresy must be assigned to the close of …
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STOICS 1039 STOICS his brilliant disciple, Plato, as the Republic and the Laws may sufHcienth' attest. Seel'LATO; Sockates. Alike design, but with broader views and with less regard to particular applications, may be ascribed to Aristotle; though his alien nativitj', his restless ])ursuit of all knowledge, his marve…
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By whatever motives induced, or by whatever cir- cumstances favored, Zeno established a new school at Athens. At what time this occurred cannot be defi- nitely ascertained. According to some accounts, he was thirty years of age when he reached Athens, and attend- ed philosophers of high repute for twenty years. But the…
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Tl iiaiioiis of Atticn;riis tnanifesi the wi<le range of his iut»llig(!nt (furiosity. His collections and researches in natural history and other departments of natural sci- ence su[iplie<l .Seneca with the materials for his Sutnnil QM^-A/i'/rM. line of the most curious ofihe surviving treas- ures uf antiquity, rosido…
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II. Later Teachers. — The regular "catena Stoicorum" extended only from Zeno to Jason, a period of two cen- turies and a half. Zeno was said to have guided his school for fifty-eight j'ears. Among the numerous pu- pils of those long years are specified Cleanthes of Assos, in the Troad; Aristo of Chios; Herillus of Cart…
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STOLBERG 1042 STOMACHER In 1790 he consummated a second marriaj:je (with So- phia, coiintc's-s von Hedern). and soon at'ttTwards undcr- totik a trip to Italy, wliicli led him to Munster and cx- pt)sed him to the intiuences that determined him to go over to the Church of Home. lie found at MUnster a type of Catholici…
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In more recent times the stole is a narrow band of silk or stuff, fringed at the ends, adorned with embroid- ery, and even jewels, worn on the left shoulder of dea- cons, when it is called orariuni (q. v.), and round the neck of bishops and priests. It was, probably, like the maniple, at first a handkerchief or towel. …
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Stone (usually "|3X, ^6en ; but occasionally "pD, sela, or ~A'Z, ts{ir,hoi\\ of which are rather a rock; X(3oc, sometimes mrpoc or i^ij^oe). In such rocky countries as Mount Sinai and Syria, stones were naturally of very frequent reference in Ijiblical language. See Rock. The kinds of ordinary stone mentioned by ancie…
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xxxvii, 51 ; Theophr. Char. 17; Pausan. x, 24, 5; see 10. Stones for striking fire are mentioned in 2 Mace. Bellermann, Steine zu salbeii [Erf. 1793J), being prob- , x,3. ably aerolites. 11. Stones were prejudicial to the operations of hus- 6. That the worship of stones prevailed among the bandry; hence the custom of…
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Stone, John S., a Presbyterian minister, was born at Madrid, St. Lawrence Co., "n. Y., in November, 1823. He enjoyed the training and counsel of earnest, devoted Christian parents, spent the most of the early part of his life in teaching, studied theology privately, was dulj- licensed by the St. Lawrence Association in…
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Stonehenge (Sax. Stanhew/ist, haiif/int] stones), a very remarkable structure, composed of large artificial- ly raised monoliths, situated on Salisl)ury Plain, two miles from Amcslmry, in Wiltshire. Its neighborhood abounds in sepulchral tumuli, in many of which an- cient British remains have been found. The fabric of …
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The art of engraving on precious stones was known from the very earliest times. Sir G. Wilkinson says {Anc. Egypt. [Lond. 1854], ii, 67), "The Israelites learned the art of cutting and engraving stones from the Egj^p- tians." There can be no doubt that they did learn much of the art from this skilful nation, but it is …
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Druidical Rocking-stone. vine honors. These, in all probability, were aerolites, or meteoric stones, as indeed ap|)ears to be indicated in the fact that Sanchoniathon traces tlieir origin to Ura- nus, or the heavens. Eusebius goes so far as to allege that these stones were believed to have souls, and, ac- cordingly, t…
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Stool, in an ecclesiastical sense, is a seat for aco- Ivtes. servers, and attendant clerks in the services of the Church. STOOIi OK Rkpfntance, an elevated seat in a Scot- tish Church, on which persons were formerly compelled to sit as a punishment for having committed certain of the deadly sins. Stoole, an old form …
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Storch, NiciioLAS.founderof the religious doctrines of the Analjaptists (q. v.), was born at Stolberg, Saxony, about 1490, and was therefore a young man when Luther commenced preaching the doctrines of the Reformation. He went much further than Luther in proscribing an- cient authorities, for he denounced all external …
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Agysf, tlie Kussian (?) name of the stork according to Mer- _ .. ,., , r,.. r'„.,:„ rick, does not appear to be re- Aucieut Egyptian Store-house for Gram. , . , . ., u , i '"" lated to the Hebrew, unless it sembling ovens, built of brick, with an opening at the | oould be shown that the Esthonian aigr, or aigro, ap…
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to relish rats, though they break their bones by repeat- ed blows of their bills. 2. Disdnctiviiy. — The white stork {Ciconia alha, L.) is one of the largest and most conspicuous of land birds, standing nearly four feet high, the jet black of its wings and its bright-red beak and legs contrasting finely with the pure …
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Few migratory birds are more punctual to the time of their reappearance than the white stork, or, at least, from its famiharity and conspicuousness, its migrations have been more accurately noted. " Tlie stork in the heaven knoweth her appointed times" (see Virgil, Georr/. ii, 319, and Petron. Sat.). Pliny states that …
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III. Liternture. — The classical descriptions may be fouml in Aristot. Aiiiin. ix, 13 [14 ed. Schneid.] ; Solin. S3 ; /Elian. .1 nim. iii. 23 ; Pliny, //. A*, x, 16, 28. Modern authorities are, IJochart, I/ieroz. iii, 85 sq. ; Oedmann, tSiimml, v, .')8 s(|. ; Kitto, I'ict. Bible, note on Lev. xi, 19 yV/y.*. //int. of I…
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Storrs, John, a Congregational minister, was bom at Mansfield, Conn., in 1735. He graduated at Yale STORRS 1053 STOW College in 1756, and was tutor in 1761-62; was in- ♦ stalled at Southold, L. I., in 1763; was absent from his parish from 1776 to 1782 on account of the war, hcins^ chaplain to the Revolutionary arm…
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Stoup. See Holy-water Stock or Stoup. Stout, Edward, a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, was converted when ai)out twenty-one years of age. In 1813 he was employed to travel on New Mills Circuit, N. J.; and in 1814 he was received on trial into the Philadelphia Conference. After the New Jersey Conference w…
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entered the Bangor Seminary in 1854, and, after having completed the course, was ordained and installed pas- tor of the Walpole (N. H.) Congregational Church, Jan. 31, 1855. After serving this Church faithfully and suc- cessfully for nine years, his health failed, and he deemed it necessary to seek a new field. His rel…
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Strafmichgott-Bibel is the name of a German Bible translation prepared by Johann Piscator (Herborn, 1602^, 4 vols.). This translation, the first which was made by a member of the Reformed Church into tlie German language, though complete, is very deficient, and bears its name (Strafmichgott-Bibel) from its trans- latio…
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Strange, John R., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was born in Washington ( 'ounty, Ky., Jan. 14, 1838. He united with the Church in lf<53, was licensed to preach in 18.58, and in the fall of the same year was received into the Louisville Con- ference. He was made a supernumerary in 18G3, and was lo…
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STRANGER 1057 STRATFORD 10), to eat leavened bread at the time of the Passover (xii, 19), to commit anj' breach of the niarriajje laws (Lev. xviii, 20), to worsliip Molcch (xx, 2), or to eat blood or the tlesh of any animal that had died other- wise than by the hand of man (xvii, 10, 16). He was required to release …
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Strangers, Ordination of. The laws of the early Church forbade the ordination of strangers in any Church to which they did not belong, for the reason that it was the custom generally to oniain such only as were known to all the people, and of whose life and character they were satisfied. Strangle (pSn, Trv/yw, to chok…
948 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.