PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections
Section 1081
may be seen in DodJ or Wood. See Chalmers, Biog. Diet, s. V. Smith, Richard (2). an English Roman Catholic prelate, was born in Lincolnshire in 1566, and educated at Irinity College, Oxford, and afterwards at Rome. He then coinpleteil his studies in Spain, taking his doc- tor's degree at Valladolid, and in 1003 arrive…
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Smith, Robert A., a Methodist Episcopal minis- ter, was born in Robertson County, Tenn., in 1809; converted in 1828, licensed as a ktcal preacher in 1832, received on trial in the Tennessee Conference in the same year, transferred and stationed on Oakmulgee Cir- cuit in 1833, at Jones's Valley in 183-1-35, and admitted…
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SMITH 828 SMITH ]S02 the collcijo cilitice was burned, tofjethcr with the lilirarifs liiniitiire, ami lixtiires i)f every (lewri|(tioii. The trustees resolved to relmild it immediately. l>r. Smith made a betr^int; t<mr tlirniii,'!! tlie Simtherii States, ami returned in tlie l.illowin^ sprint: with alxmt one hinidrt…
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Smith, Stephen, a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, South, was born in Hampshire Coimty, Va., Nov. 1, 1802, and united with the Church in 181.5. He was received into the Baltimore Conference in 1830, In 1844 he lost his voice while preaching in a new, damp church, and took a superannuated, and afterwards a …
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Smith, Thomas (2), a Congregational minister, was born in Boston, Jlass., March Kt, 1702, graduated from Harvard in 1720, and was licensed to preach in April, 1722. On account of his youth he declined a call from the Church in Bollingham, IMass., but preach- ed in various places as a supply. On March 8, 1727, a Church …
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Smith, 'William (2), a learned English divine, was burn in Worcester in 1711, and educated at the grannnar-school of that city, and afterwards at New College, Oxford, from which he graduated in 1732. In 1735 he was presented by .lames, earl of Derby, to the rectory of Trinity Church, Chester, and by his son to the dean…
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Smith, "William (0), a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was admitted on trial in the Phila- delphia ( 'onference in 1802, w.as ordained deacon in 1N04, and elder in 1800, He located in 1810, but in 1825 his name appears on the Miimtes as supcrnmnerary, which relation he held until 1H32. when he became sufier…
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Smotherman, Jesse S., a minister of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, South, was admitted into the Memphis Conference in 1854. He labored in the reg- ular work of the ministry (with the exception of one year's service in the army during the rebellion) until his death, in 1863. See Minutes of Annual Conferences of the M…
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II. Cluiriuierulics. — Smyrna contained a temjile of the Olympian Zeus, with whose cult that of the Homan emperors was associated. Olympian games were cele- brated here, and excited great interest. On one of these occasions (in the year C8), a Rhodian youth of the name of Artemidorus obtained greater distinctions than…
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practice at Smyrna to present a crown to the priest who superintended the religious ceremonial, at the end of his year of office. Several persons of both sexes have the title of ort^aM/^dpoi in the inscriptions; and the context shows that they possessed great social con- sideration. These allusions derive additional fo…
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IV. Authorities. — 1. Ancient. — Strabo, xiv, 183 sq. ; Herodotus, i, IG; Tacitus, Annal. iii, 63; iv, 56; Pliny, //. X. V, 29 ; Bcickh, Inscript, Gmc. " Smyrniiean In- scriptions," especially Nos. 3163-3176 ; Pausanias, foe. cit., and iv, 21, 5; Macrobius, Saturnalia, i, 18. 2. J/orferw.- Rosenmliller, Alterthumsk. i…
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"G:iy lizards silitt'rhig on the walls Of rnin'd tVines, busy and britrlit, As they were all alive with liglit," is intensely true, and highly characteristic of the sun- scorched East. AH travellers are struck with this ele- ment of the scene. Major Skinner says of the Syrian desert, " The ground is teeming with lizar…
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Snare (usually the rendering in the A. Y. of trip, CJ]?^, or wjri, all kindred roots signifying to catch by the foot in a s[)ring- noose; occasionally of ns, etc.; ^p6\oi;, Trnyi'f,), a gin, net, or trap, especially of the fowler (Isa. viii, 14; Amos iii, 5); also such a one as seizes and holds beasts or men l)y the fo…
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Siiio (snow), in Norse mythology, was one of the Foriijot nature-gods, whose father was F'roste (coll, frost), grandfather Kare (air), and great-grandfather Fornjoter, the oldest of gods. He was also named Snaer. Snoddy, RoisKin' IL, a Presbyterian minister, was born iu .bd'erson (bounty, Tcini., in 1800. After the us…
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Y-v Crystals of Snow, niagnitied. sxow 838 SXYDER ▼ersitv of rpgiilar ami bcniitiful forms. Scoresby ile- scribeil niiu'ty-.six varitiies of conibiiiation ; and tlu-y probably amount to several humlrcds. Siiow-Hakes are understtMxl to beloni; to the liexajjonal system of crystals. Koratz remarks that flakes which …
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Snuff-dish (!nrin^, machtah, Exod. xxv, 38 ; xxvii, 23; Sept. vTTi)^tp.a\ Vulg. vasum; elsewhere " censer" or " fire-pan"), a ti-ay for catching the snuff of the lamps of the golden candelabrum ; resembling a tire-pan or shovel, as the same Hebrew word elsewhere means (Lev. xvi. 12; Exod. xxvii, 3; xxxviii, 3; Numb, xv…
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latter. Sevechus reigned twelve years, according to Manetho, fourteen according to Syncellus. This name, in Egyptian Sebech, is also that of the god Saturn (ChampoUion, Panth. Egypt. No. 21, 22; Winer, Real- Worterh. s. v. ; Gesenius, Comment, in Jes. i, 696). — Kit- to. See Egypt. The accession of Teharka, the Tirhak…
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Soap (r'^"3, fioiilh ; Sept. noa) occurs in Jcr. ii, 22, " For though thou wash thee with nitre, and take tliec much soap, yet thine iniijiiity is marked before me, »aith the lyoril (iod;" and again in ]Mal. ill, 2. '■ Hut who may aliide the day of his comingV and who shall Htaiiil when he appearelhV for he is like a r…
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SOBRIETY 841 SOCIALISM plants in Syria and Palestine which yield alkaline salts. HasseUiuist considered one of them to be a Meaembry- anthemnm. Forskal has enumerated several plants as being bnrned for the barilla which they attbrd, as Me- sembryunthemum (jenicvlatuni and nodijiorum, both of which are called (/Ikisu…
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Socialism, a general term applied to several schemes of social arrangement which advocate com- munity of property, and abandon or modify individual industry, the rights of marriage, and of the family. In discussing the subject of Socialism, two elements are to be considered : (1) the judgment of socialism on existing i…
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1. So< iiil Kronoiiiif. — The society was not communis- tic in (iermany, and even after removal to this country the community intentletl to live simply as a Christian congregation. Being obliged to look after the temporal interests of each other, they built workshops, etc., out of a common fund, and thus drifted into t…
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2. Rciii/ious Belief — The Perfectionists hold to the Bible as the '• text-book of the s|)irit of truth," to .Jesus Christ as " the eternal Son of (iod."and to "the apostles and Primitive (,'hnrch as the exponents of the everlasting Oospel." They believe that the second advent of Christ took place at the period of the …
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IV. Icuriuns. — This community was the offspring of the dreams of £tienne Cabet,who was born in Dijon, France, in 1788. Cabct was educated for the bar, but became a politician and writer. He was a leader of the Carbonari, a member of the French Legislature, wrote a history of the French Revolution of July, was condemne…
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Society People, a name given to the Covenant- ers in Sn,tl;in.l by Wodrow (iii, ;j,'>7) and others, be- cauHe they formed themselves into societies for mutual religious intercourse ami edilicatiim. Socinianism, a development of the Arian lieresv, Jias for its IcjKhng feature the denial of our laird's di- vine nature, …
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With respect to eschatology Socinianism denies the resurrection of the body, as a thing absurd and impossi- ble. It holds to what is called a resurrection, which is not a resurrection of the same body, but the forma- tion and the union to the soul of a different body. It repudiates the doctrine of eternal punishment ; …
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Socinus now undertook the work of unifying and or- ganizing the scattered Unitarian elements which exist- ed, especially among the upper classes of Polish society; but his success was not at first encouraging. Anabap- tist views prevailed to a degree which prevented his own admission into the Unitarian society at Craco…
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In the Netherlands, antitrinitarianism was at first coiniected with the Anaba|)tist movement. An Antl- trinitarian, Herman van Vleckwyck, was burned at the stake at Bruges in 15G9. Amsterdam and Leyden each contained a band of Sociuians at the close of the 16th century, whose expulsion was attempted by the States-Gener…
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So'coh (Heb. Sokoh', nbVo, Josh, xv, 35, 48 [marg. Soko', isi'J, which occurs in the text at 1 Chron. iv, 18, " Socho ;"' 2 Chron. xi, 7, " Shoco ;"xxviii, 18, " Shocho ;" " Shochoh," 1 Sam. xvii, 1 twice], or nbiU, 1 Kings iv, 10, " Sochoh ;" another form for Socho [q. v.]), the name of two towns, both in the tribe of…
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SOCRATES 848 SOCRATES men. was content with the humble station in which he was horn, nuil never soiifjht ottice or command. Snr- rounilftl with o]i|)ortunitic.s for acijnirini; wc.iltli and luxurious inilulfienoes, he was heedless ol" poverty, liun- fjer. exposure, and all hanlships. He was at all times palrioiie, a…
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SOCRATES 849 SOCRATES ographers introduce Aristotle to check or to confirm their statements. The indications of Aristotle are em- inentl)' valuable. They are rarely bioijraphical. They do not diminish the regret that all the works of the censors and even calumniators of Socrates, except the Clouds, and all the sourc…
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We may believe that Socrates displayed the highest civic virtue and the highest moral courage on the only two occasions when he is stated to have been clothed with an official character. He was at all times averse to political employment, and avoided it as unsuited to his temperament and habitudes; but he renounced no …
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Such, then, was the reformer who undertook to con- vert the Athenians from the error of their ways. He was more frugal than a Neapolitan laz/.arone or a (Jreek mendicant — (!?ypriiliis i-.iiiriin.t. He was abstemious, given neither to wine nor to pleasure. He was able and willing to drink more than any of his rompotuto…
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Socrates was brought to trial. His divine monitor forbade his making a defence in the customary spirit. If he spoke what is reported by Plato, his Apology was calculated only to irritate his judges. There was no fixed or systematic law at Athens, especially in crimi- nal matters. Every indictment was a bill of attainde…
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SOCIIATES 8 5; Plato, SophUt. xhii; Erasmus, CAt/.— "Non est bea- tu*. esse (iiii se nesciat;" "Nil passus es mali si dissi- niiilavcris"). It was in this coiuliiioii of the State and of (Jnck society that Socrates tVlt himself uri^ed. as by a divine vi>ice, to interpose for the reclamation and re- generation of his c…
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SOCRATES 853 SOCRATES liminary task. His whole life was engrossed with it. He only laid the foundations and discovered the ele- ments of dialectical science. Socrates thought^ — at first, perhaps, onlj- instinctively felt or ascertained by experience — that any hope of moral reform must be preceded or accompanied b…
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SOCRATES 8 entprtaiiied. and all reasonable deductions made, there can bo no reluctance to reverence Socrates as one of the most memorable, best, and wisest of men : " Bonum vi- rum facile crederes, magnum libenter." Erasmus de- clared tlint lie was often tempted to exclaim, "Sancte StK-rate, ora pro nobis!" ami bis i…
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Soder. See Soldek, So'di (Heb. Sodi', inio, intimate; Sept. "Eov^i), fa- ther of the Zebulunite spy Gaddiel at the Exode (Numb, xiii, 10). B.C. ante 1657. Sod'om (Heb. Sedom', Dip, meaning uncertain [see below]; Sept. and New Test, [ra] ^oCofia; Jose- phus, S(5^0jUrt, Ant. i, 9, 1 ; Vulg. Sodoma^, an ancient city in …
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The remaining passages of Scripture respecting Sod- om relate merely to the event of its destruction (Gen. xix), and to its perpetual desolation: "Brimstone, and salt, and burning . . , not sown, nor beareth, nor any grass groweth therein" (Deut. xxix, 22); " Never to be inhabited, nor dwelt in from generation to gener…
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SODOM 856 SODOM camp, "l<H>ketl townnls Stxiom and Gomorrali, and to- wards all the land ul'tlie plain, and beliild, and lo, the Dinuke of the country went up as the smoke of a fur- nace" (vcr. 27). These are the simple facts of the case. The followinj; are the naturalistic explanations that have U'cn attcinpied of …
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This view of the catastrophe of the cities of the plain has, however, not passed without the dissent of some writers. It was easy to explode the opinion long cur- rent that when the five cities were submerged in the lake their remains — walls, colinnns, and capitals — might still be discerned below the water, for explo…
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On the other hand, Mr. Tristram, who has explored the lake neighborhood more carefully than any previous investigator, strenuously contends for the northern loca- tion of Sodom with its neighboring cities, chiefly on account of the following considerations : (1.) When it is said that Lot encamped "at" (not "towards")…
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The translators of the Sept., with that anxiety to soften and conceal obnoxious expressions which has often been noticed as a characteristic of their version, have, in all cases but one, avoiiUnl rendering kadish by its ostensible meaning. In the tirst of the passages cited above they give a double translation, iropviv…
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Sodomy, an unnatural crime, consisting of the de- filement of man with man, and thus differing from best- iality, which is the defilement of man with brutes. The name is derived from Sodom, in which city the crime was frequent. Sodom}"^ was strictly forbidden in the Mosaic law, and was punishable with death (Lev. XX, 1…
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5. Forbids to receive strange clerks. 6. Directs bishops to take ail possible raeasnres for the extirpation of paganism. 7. Orders that the crosses which Adelbert had set up in his diocese should be burned. S. Forbids clerks to retain any women in their houses, except their mother, sister, or niece. 9. Forbids lay …
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been duly prepared in his native country for the .Jewish ministry, besides having studied several modem lan- guages, he caine to England, havitig been elected min- ister of the .Sepliardi Congregation of London. In 1831 he began to ]ireach iti the Portuguese synagogue, and his sermons were in all probability the first …
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Solemn League and Covenant. See Cove- nant (Solemn League and). Solemn Service, a modern Anglican terra used to signify a choral celebration of the holy eucharist with priest, deacon, and subdeacon, or with music. It is ecjuivalent to the "high mass" or "solemn mass" of tlie Roman Catholics, and if used of evening ser…
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SoVomon (Ueb.Shelomoh', ft^h^, peaceful ; Sept. SoXoiftwv; New Test, and Josephus, SoXojkw)/; Vulg. Saloriio), the son of David by Bathsheba, and his suc- cessor upon the throne. B.C. 1013-973. (The impor- tance of his character and reign justify a full treatment here, in which we make use of whatever materials we find…
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2. The inriuences to which the childhood of Solomon was thus exposed must have contributed largely to de- termine the character of his after-j'ears. The intjuiry what was the education which ended in such wonderful contrasts — a wisdom then, and perhaps since, unparal- leled, a sensuality like that of Louis XV — cannot…
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(3.) What was likely to be the influence of the prophet to whose care the education of Solomon was confided? (Heb. of 2 Sam. xii, 25). We know, beyond all doubt, that he could speak bold and faithful words when they were needed (2 Sam. vii, 1-17; xii, 1-14). But this power, belonging to moments or messages of special i…
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SOLOMON 864 SOLOMON" a massacre of the dcfeateil party. Atlonijah expected such ail issue, ami t«M.k reliitce at the horns of the aUar. Ill this instance, howevir. the yoiin^' coiHiueror used liis triumph i;eiier..usly. The lives l..iih ..f A.t..nijali an<l liis (lartisaiis were spareil, at least lor a time. Wliat h…
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IV. F<)7-eign Policy. — The want of sufficient data for a continuous history has already been noticed. All that we have are («) The <luration of the reign, forty years (1 Kings xi, 42). (Josephus, again inaccurate, length- ens the reign to eighty years, and makes the age at ac- cession fourteen [.4ra^ viii, 7, 8].) (6)…
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probably also copper from Cyprus, and tin from Spain or Cornwall (Niebuhr, Led. on Anc. Hist, i, 79), for the brass which was so higlily valued, purple from Tyre it- self, workmen from among the Zidonians — all these were wanted and were given. The opening of Joppa as a port created a new coasting -trade, and the mater…
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nations were content to pay annual tribute in the form | our experience, though there was there no personal cen of gifts (ix, iM ). The kings of the Hittites and of Syria " " ' ' ' ' ' i --i -- welcomed the opening of a new line of commerce which enabled them to find in Jerusalem an emporium where they might get the c…
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V. Internid llwtoi-y. — 1. Admiiiistratire Capacity. — We can now enter upon the reign of Solomon, in its bearing upon the history of Israel, without the necessity of a digression. The first prominent scene is one which presents his character in its noblest aspect. 'I'here were two holy places which divided the reveren…
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The profound peace which the nation enjoyed as a fruit of David's victories stimulated the industry of all Israel. The tribes be3-ond the Jordan had become rich by the plimder of the Hagarenes, and had a wide dis- trict where their cattle might multiply to an indefinite extent. The agricultural tribes enjoyed a soil an…
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raved in Tyrian purjile, their long black hair sprinkled freshly every day with gold-dust (ver. 7, 8; Josephus, Ant. viii, 7, iJ). Forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, made up the measure of his magnificence (1 Kings iv, 20). If some of the public works had the plea of utilitj…
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Besides the great work which has rendered the name of Solomon so famous — the Temple at Jerusalem — we are informed of the palaces which he built, viz. his own palace, the queen's palace, and the house of the forest of Lebanon, his porch (or piazza) for no specified object, and his porch of judgment, or law-court. He a…
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The solemn day was followed bj' a week of festival, sjnichronizing with the Feast of Tabernacles, the time SOLOMON 870 SOLOMOX of the completed vintage. Representatives of all the tribes, elders, fathers, captains, proselytes, it may be, from the newly acipiired territories in Northern Syria (2 Chn)n. vi. 32 ; vii.…
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5. Wrifings. — Of the inner changes of mind and heart which ran parallel with this history Scripture is comparatively silent. Something may be learned from the books that Ijear his name, which, whether written by him or not, stand in the canon of the Old Test, as rep- resenting, with profound, inspired insight, the suc…
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other extreme of social life, that so he might gain the excitement of a fresh sensation. The poet has become the philosopher, the mystic has passed into the moral- ist. But the man passed through both stages without being permanently the better for either. They were to him but phases of his life which he had known and …
1,121 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.