PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections
Section 541
His career was opened by his Reden, addresses to cultivated unbelievers (1800). This work made an epoch in the German nation. It called the cultivated circles away from their pride in a high-sounding philos- ophy and from their contempt of what they called re- ligion. There is no incongruity, said the young proph- et, …
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The richest product of Schleiermacher's life is his dogmatics (Z>e>- christliche Glaube nach den Gi-undsatzen der evam/eliscken Kii-che), which was first published in 1821 (2 vols.), then, in a much enriched and revised edi- tion, in 1831. It is a monument of genius, and has been called the greatest theological product…
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_ In the field of ethics the influence of Schleiermacher was oidj'less than in that of dogmatics; but he was not privileged to bring his thoughts to satisfactory comple- tion and consistency. He began with a revolutionary and unhistorical criticism of previous systems in his Kritik idler biiherirjen Sittenlehren in 180…
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Schlurick, Friedrich Julius Hermann, doctor of theology and member of the Evangelical Lutheran Con- sistory in Dresden, was born at Dresden in 1815. From 1838 to 1841 he was professor at the Kreuzschule of his native place; from 1841 to 1851 he labored in Meissen; and from 1851 he was superintendent in Pirna, where he …
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Schmid, Konrad, a coadjutor of Zwingli in the reformation of Switzerland, born in 1476; died (with Zwingli, on the battle-field of Cappel) October, 1.531, After studying at Basle, he entered a monastery at Kussnacht, and in 1519 became its commander. This same year Zwingli came as preacher to Zurich, and with him Schmi…
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Schnappinger, Bonifacius M., a Roman Catho- lic divine, was born at Neuburg, in Bavaria, Oct. 5, 1762, was first lecturer of theology at Wiirzburg, then profess- or of exegesis at Heidelberg, and from 1807 professor of dogmatics at Freiburg. He died Dec. 6, 1832. He published the Neiv Test, with annotations (Mannheim, …
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mastered with ease all the foreign tongues he was called to use, and spoke with remarkable ease and fluency. His whole heart was in his work, because he loved it. Thus he lived and died. " His record is in heaven, and his testimonv on high." He died in Boston Sept. 4, 1877. (W. P. S.) Schneider, Johann Jacob, was born…
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The same antiihesi.s between faith and knowledge which occupied Anselm's attention rea]ipears after his time. But while with Anselm the traditional, philo- so|)liical, and ethical elements were held in comparative equipoise, with some of his successors the centre of grav- ity was seriously lost. This is particularly th…
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The contemplative or mystical element of Hugo is carried much further by his pupil Kichard St. Victor (died 1173). According to Kichard there are six kinds of contemplation. "We know, 1, by the imagination (the sensible impressions made by creation) ; 2, by rea- son (perception of law and order in creation) ; 3, in rea…
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Scholastic theology reached its highest development in the 13th century. Many circumstances contributed to this, especially the more fidl access to the writings of Aristotle, which was occasioned by the fall of Con- stantinople (r204). These writings, falling into the hands of a number of well-trained men, served to gi…
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SCHOLASTIC THEOLOGY 421 SCHOLASTIC THEOLOGY of the relation of reason to faith. Reason cannot prove the articles of faith, for the latter spring from revelation, which is above reason. But rational and theological truths cannot possibly be in conflict, for they both come from God — the one indirectly and the other dir…
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But the figure which stands as a worthy rival of Thomas Aquinas, and whose subtleties brought scholas- tic tlieology not only to its meridian of glory, but also to that stage of excessive development which broke the way for its decline, is the Franciscan mf)nk Duns Scotus (died 1308). Scotus was unquestionably an orig-…
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After the time of Occam the development of theology becomes fitful and sporadic. The iiiHiience of Scotus led to a constantly more pronounced I'elagianism. The iiiHiience of Acjuinas occasioned various attempts at a revival of Augustinian determinism. In a few cases, e. g. Wycliffe and Huss, it became a herald of t lie…
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dusty shelves of ancient libraries. Their system has been for nearly three centuries the constant butt of ignorant censure and stolid pretension. Yet a system which en(hiretl so Ion;;', which engrossed so many minds of wide cidture and of marvellous jjenetration, wliich at- tracted so much of contemporaneous regard, wh…
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II. Nature of Scholasticism. — The inquiry into the changing import of the name scholastic is equally nec- essary for the due apprehension of th(! ordinary employ- ment of the term and for understanding its appropria- tion by the scholastic philosojihers. There is a large SCHOLASTICISM 424 SCHOLASTICISM class of wo…
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SCHOLASTICISM 425 SCHOLASTICISM but that of Aristotle. There does not seem to be any sufficient evidence of the total oblivion of Arisl>otle anil of Aristotle's dialectics at any period of the Middle Ages. The testimony of Ingulph may be spurious, but there are other indications of a meagre acquaintance with Aristot…
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That a great change took place in the scholastic phi- losophy at the opening of the second period, through the rivalry and energy of the recently instituted orders of the Dominicans and Franciscans, is proved by the character and career of the great schoolmen, and by Roger Bacon's curious vitu])eration of the "youngste…
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Schonherr, Johanx Heinuich, a very remark- able mid iuHucutial (ierman theosophist, was born at Memcl .\o\cml)er 30, 1770. At the age of fifteen he was sent ti Kdnigsberg to engage in trade. After a year of trial he concluded that he had not found his calling. IJv great self-denial he succeeded in en- tering and passi…
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What are the outlines of Sciionherr's svstem V He never fully reduced them to writing. Only two small tractates are all he ever publislied : Der Sie;/ dcr f/otl- licheii OJhiburuntj, and Vom Sieg der i/dttlichen OJhi- baninfi (both Konigsberg, 1804). But these essays contain only the embryo of his system. In addition t…
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After the death of Schonherr, the pastor Ebel took up the work of his master. It was a principle of the SCPIOOL 428 SCHOOL BROTHERS AND SISTERS whole system that the essential thing is not knowledge, but faithfulness. Upon this maxim Ebel proceeded. In the pulpit and before the nndtitude he preached onlv the common …
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School, Sunday. See Sunday-school, Schoolmaster is the inexact rendering in Gal. iii, 24,25 of TTaidayujyoc ("instructor," 1 Cor. iv, 15), which does not signify a padagoffne in the modern sense, but a person, usually a slave or freedman, to whose care the boys of a family were anciently committed at the age of six or…
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SCHOOLS, HEBREW 430 SCHOOLS, HEBREW cilitate the education of those committed to their care (Exod. xii. 26, 27 ; xiii, 8, 14, 15 ; Deut. vi, 8, 9, 20, etc.). This work of education was not to be put off for certain occasions, but was to be prosecuted at all times; no op- portunity was to be lost. The father was enjo…
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But though there Were no national or elementary schools before the exile, there were cases in which pro- fessional teachers had to be resorted to, e. g. when the high position or official duties of the parents rendered parental teaching impossible, or when the parents were in any way incapacitated, when the child's abi…
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As the national education of this period is that which the apostles and the first disciples of Christ received, and as this must be of the utmost importance and in- terest to Ciiristians of the present day, we shall now brietiy state what the Talmud and the Midrashim con- sider to constitute the proper education of a …
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land; and thousli it seems exaggerated when the Tal- mud states that tliere were 40(1 elementary schools in Bechar, each having 400 teachers with 400 children each (Gifliti, 58 b), and that there were 1000 pupils in the house of the father of Rabban Simeon ben -Gamaliel who were instructed in the Thora, or law, and in …
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Besides the elementary schools, which were chiefly intended for popular education, there w^ere, as already in- timated, also superior colleges, at first confined to Jeru- salem, under the management of the presidents and vice- presidents of the Sanhedrim, the Sopherini, or " scribes" and " doctors," as they are called …
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Samuel Jarchini, rector of the college at Nahar- dea, is elected rector-general of all the schools iu Babylon 247-257 E. Hana became rector-general. He had only 800 students, as, during his rectorate, R. Jehudah ben-Jecheskel founded a school at Pumbaditha, and R. Chasda founded another school at Sora, which attracted…
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Allegories, riddles, stories, etc., formed another chan- nel whereby instruction was communicated in these schools. The oppressive heat of the Eastern climate, which Avas cspeciall}' felt in the crowded college, where, as we have seen, twelve hundred disciples were some- times present, tended to make the students drows…
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ed R. Jochanan as an authority upon this subject (Je- rus. Sahbdth, iii, 1 ; Sota, s. f.). V. Literature The best works upon this subject are the Talmud and Midrashim ; but as these are not gener- ally accessible, we mention the masterly works of Zunz, Die ffoltesdieiisllichen Vortrdge der Juden (Berlin, 1832) ; Fran…
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Schoonmaker, Martiiius, a minister of the (Dutch) Reformed Church, was born at Rochester, LTlster Co., N. Y., in 1737. He studied under Goetschius and Marinus, and was licensed to preach in 1765. His ministry was spent on Long Island, embracing the churches of Brooklyn, Flatbush, New Utrecht, Flat- lands, Bushwick, and…
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Schottin, JoHANN D. Fr., Dr., a German preacher, was born Jan. 4, 1789, at Heigendorf, in Weimar. He belonged to a Huguenot familv, ■whose name was orig- inally Chaudien, which the father of Johann D. Fr. changed into Schottin. Having completed his studies at Jena, he was in 1814 appointed pastor at Kiistritz, in Rcuss…
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Schrdckh, Johasn Matthias, a Protestant theo- logian of Germany of eminent culture and extended usefulness in the department of historical learning, was born at Vienna July 26, 1733, and was earlj' destined for the pulpit. His education was obtained chiefly at the Lutheran Gymnasium of Presburg, the Steinmetz School at…
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Schroder, Johaun Heinrich, a Lutheran min- ister of Germany, was born in 1066 at Ilallerspringe, in the principality of Calenberg, in Hanover. He was a pupil of the celebrated philanthropist A. II. Francke, and studied under him at Leipsic. In 1696 he became pastor at Merseburg, near Jlagdeburg. He wrote a few hymns wh…
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SCHULTENS 439 SCHULTHESS Schultens, Albert, an eminent Dutch Oriental- ist, the father of moilern Hebrew grammar, was born at Groningen, 1G8G, and early destined to a theological career, lie studied the original languages of the Bible — Chaldee, Syriac, and Rabbinic — and after a time Arabic. The earliest fruit of t…
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Schultens, Johann Jacob, a theologian and Orientalist, the son of Albert Schultens (q. v.), was born at Franeker, in the Netlierlands, in 1716, educated under the eye of his father, and appointed professor of theology and Oriental languages in the Academy of Herborn in 1742. He held that post during seven 3'ears, was t…
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clined after 1848, as did also his physical energies. The loss of sight compelled his withdrawal from aca- demical occupations during the last years of his life, and, after protracted sufferings, he died Feb. 17, 1854. Schulz's theological attitude was that of ordinary ra- tionalism. He considered his mission to be th…
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Schumann, Gustav Adolph, a German theo- logian, was born at Weickelsdorf, near Zeitz, in 1803. In 1826 he became academical private teacher; in 1829 he was made professor extraordinary at Leipsic; and died at INIeissen April 11, 1841. He wrote. Vita Mosis: Pars I, De Infantia Mosis (Lips. 1826): — De Libertate Interpre…
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SCHURMANN 442 SCHWARZ wliich made liiiii, like Daniel, " a man greatly beloved." His pietv was tender, devout, and universally acknowl- edged by all who knew him. His preaching partook of these characteristics, and was always popular, but not strong or brilliant. He was judicious, solid, calm, and full of unction. H…
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Schwartz, Peter (in Latin Niger), a German theologian, was born early in the 15th century. His early history is unknown, except that he received a good education and entered the Order of St. Dominic, He travelled widely, and in every way endeavored to add to his knowledge of the laws and customs of the Jews. His knowle…
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Schwarz, William, a minister of the Methodist Episcojjal Church, was born in Oberachern, grand-duchy of Baden, Germany, Feb. 14, 1826. He was brought up a Roman Catholic, and attended the high-schools of Ilastadt and Freiburg, intending to prepare for the priesthood. He came to America in 1845, and united with the Chur…
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While Schwarzenberg was thus laboring for the cause of religion in the political field, he was also busy in the domain of literature, and published a number of works designed for the elevation of morals among the people. The earliest of his popular writings was a poem entitled Kummertrosf, which was called forth by the…
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Schwebel, Johaun (1), an evangelical theolo- gian and Reformer in the palatinate Zweibriicken, Rhenish Bavaria, was born in 1490 at Pforzheim, in Baden, and received his early education in the famous Latin school of that town, from which men like Capito Hedio, Grynreus, Ilallcr, etc., came forth. It is not known that S…
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attending any of the larger conferences in which relig- ious and ecclesiastical matters were discussed, but he maintained a steady correspondence with most of the Reformers, particularly Jlelancthon, Bucer, and Capito. His advice was sought with reference to the desired settlement of the sacramental difficulty, which w…
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Schvyeinitz, Hans Chiistoph von, a German hymnist, was born in 1(115 at Budelsdorf, in the Silesian principality of Schweidnitz, and died in 1722. His hj'mn Wird das nicht Freude seiii, which he wrote at the death of his first wife, Theodora, has become one of the gems of the German hymns. It has also been trans- lated…
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Schyn became known as a writer on practical themes through his Mensch in Christus (1721-25) and Beletsden d. Gcestelyken Levens (1727), and also as an advocate of union among his coreligionists through the Ontwerp toe Vereeniging der Doopsgezinden (1723). His principal fame was obtained, however, in the publication of …
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1. Genesis. — The first chapters of this book have been the great bone of contention, theologians having been wont to assume that Moses asserts the formation of the entire universe, or at least of our own globe, with all its internal and superficial furniture, in .six literal days; while scientists at present in the ma…
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of fact. The conflict between science and revelation, when carefully scrutinized, is seen to be only a disagree- ment between particular theories of particular scientists and particular interpretations of particular passages of Scripture. And, furthermore, when the scientific princi- ple of thought is compared with the…
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Sclavina, a long gown worn by Romish pilgrims. Sclavonic Versions. See Slavonic Veksioss. Scofield, Alanson, a Presbyterian minister, was born in Albany County, N. Y., Sept. 3, 1800, and worked at his trade as a tanner until he was of age. He then commenced a -course of study, and graduated at Union College, N. Y., i…
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SCORPION" 450 SCOTCH PHILOSOPHY Icon, et Descripf. A nimal. Icon, i, Der A nimal Ecerteh: ; but without descriptions. Three kinds of scorpions are named in the Descript. de VEnypte, xxii, 409 sq.) The wilderness of Sinai is especially alluded to as being in- habited by scorpions at the time of the Exodus (Ueut. viii…
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Scotch Baptists. In Scotland a particular class of Baptists has long existed under this name. With the exception of baptism, they are nearly allied in sen- timent to the old Sci)tch Independents — followers of Robert Dale (q. v.). jMr. Carmichael, pastor of an Antiburgher congregation at Cupar, in Angus, having changed…
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History. — The original Scotland (or Scotial was Ire- land, and the Scots (or Scoti), at their tirst appearance in authentic history, were the people of Ireland. Scot- land was known to the Romans by the name of C<de- donia, and was inhabited by savage tribes of Celtic race. They were p<ilygamists and idolaters, their …
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terians; Hamilton was good-natured and weak, and both he and Fairfull had been zealous in past times to enforce the Covenant; Leighton was a man of primi- tive holiness and an accomplished scholar, but in other resjiects not qualified for his office. Tlie conduct of Sliarp, especially in forbidding the clergy to meet i…
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year the rebellion broke out in behalf of the Pretender. Tlie Episcopalians were supjwsed to be favorable to his cause, and were regarded with distrust, and met with very harsh usage. On taking the oath of allegiance, the Ei)iscopal clergy were again permitted, by an act passed in 1719, to officiate in public ami to us…
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Scotopites, one of the many names of the Cir- cumcellions (tj. v.). It is found in Isidore Hispalen- sis, and in Gratian's Decretals, II, xxiv, 3. Scott, Andrew J., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in Pliiladelphia, Pa., about 1846. His conversion occurred when he was sixteen, and he was received…
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Scott, David, a Presbyterian minister, was born in Philadelphia, Pa.. March 13, 1849. When a mere lad, his parents removed to New York city, and there he received his early lessons in the public schools. At the age of tifteen he entered the emploj^ of the JManhat- tan Gas Company as a book-keeper, and until he was grad…
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New York, and has had a large circulation. He also wrote much in verse, and left a posthumous manuscript poem, with directions for its publication. But his crowning distinction was his thoroughly devoted Chris- tian ministerial life. It was radiant with the results of faithful service. His death was sudden. He rose fro…
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Scott, Robert, a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, South, was born about 1805. He was re- ceived into the Virginia Conference on trial in 1829. and was graduated to deacon's and elder''s orders in 1831 and 1833. For twenty-eight years he labored in the itiner- ant ministry, and in 1857 took a supernumerary …
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Scott, ^A7■illiam D., a minister of the IMethodist Episcopal Cluirch, South, was born in jMecklenburg County, Va., Feb. 1808. He graduated at the Medical University, Pliiladelphia, March 2, 1830, moved to Tren- ton, and engaged in the practice of his profession. He was licensed to preach Aug. 15, 1840; admitted into th…
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Next to Reid in significance is Dugald Stewart for his undeviating and almost literal adherence to the doc- trines of his teacher. He was more learned than Reid, more elegant, and more imaginative; but he did little else than illustrate and enforce the doctrines of Reid by examples and confirmations from his copious re…
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Besides these four leaders of the Scottish school, Hutcheson deserves especial honor for anticipating in fact, though not with elTect upon the course of specula- tion, some of tlie most important positions that were taken by Reid in dissent from Locke. It would seem as if Hutcheson had himself been influenced by a sma…
1,124 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.