PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK

McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9

John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections

Section 901

Kojiki. "At the time of the begin- ning of heiiven and earth, there existed three pillar (chief) kami (guds). The name of one k:nni w:)s ' Lord of tlie Aliddle of Heaven ;' next, 'High IneflMble Pro- creator ;' next, 'Ineflable Procreator.' These three existing single, hid their bt)dies (died, passed away, in- became p…

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Section 902

discord reigned, wTiich the sun-goddess seeing resolved to correct by sending her grandson, Ninigi, to earth to rule over it. She gave him a mirror — the emblem of her own soul — a sword of divine temper taken by Su- sanoii from the tail of an eight-headed dragon which he had slain, and a seal or ball. Accompanied by a…

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Section 903

Shinto Priest, with qnhei, in prayer to the kami. IX.— X X tion, and an iron mannikin was made of the size of the mikado and thrown into the river. The ancient elabo- rate systems of purification bj' salt or water in the cases of birth, death, etc., binding the mouth of the officiating priest with paper, lest breath p…

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Section 904

III. Hiririil itml Ilifiirrndtioii af Skint oism (from A.D. 1700 to the present time). — Within tlic last hundred years a school of native writers have attempted to purge Shinto of its foreign elements and present it in its orig- inal purity. The activity of tliese scholars bore fruit in the creation of a large body of…

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Section 905

Ship (for the original term, see below). Under this head we propose to bring together all the important information extant relating to ancient and especially Biblical naval operations. In doing so we largely make use of the materials found in the dictionaries of Kitto, Smith, and Fairbairn. I. Extent of Navigation. — …

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Section 906

II. Sources of Information. — Ancient literature is singidarly deficient in ever\'thing which relates to ships or navigation. No work written expressly on the sub- ject has come down to us; and we are dependent for our knowledge on the subject upon the incidental notices in poets and historians, or upon (he figures on …

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Section 907

sages where seafaring is alluded to in the Old Test, are the following in order: Gen. xlix, 13, in the prophecy of Jacob concerning Zebulun (Sept. Ka-uiKijcn nap' opfiov TrXoi'o))'); Numb, xxiv, 24, in Balaam's prophecy (where, however, ships are not mentioned in the Sept.) ; Deut. xxviii, 68, in one of the warnings of…

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Section 908

The monoxyle, or hollow tree, with both ends rounded, must be held to be the primitive form and model for the ship, and continued to be so with little alteration till the jMiddle Ages, when a change in the mode of steering ren- dered a change in the form of the stern necessary, but which it is foreign to our purpose to…

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Section 909

a curve, most frequently ter- minated by an ornament rep- resenting the head of a water- fowl bent backwards. This w<is termed the apclustrc or ehe- niscus {■)({]7'ir7KOi\ from xijv, a goose); or by a head in pro- file, probably suggestive of the •sign {Trapdcrij^iov, Acts xxviii, 11) or name of the ship. Out- side of …

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Section 910

Ship under Sail. (From a sculptured marble.) SHIP 696 SHIP small sails to be substituted for the larger in stormy- weather, and that the mast at the bow with its sail was the artemon. In addition to the three lower sails, they had snppnra, or topsails, to be set in light winds ; and it would appear from a coin of N…

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Section 911

3. Steerinr/ Apptiratus. — Some commenta- tors have fallen into strange perplexities from observing that in Acts xxvii, 40 (rdc ^h'kti]- piac ri'iv nrfCaXiiov, "the fastenings of (lie rudders") Luke uses m]C(i\iov in the plural. One even suggests that the ship has one rud- der fastened at the bow and another fastened a…

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Section 912

VI. Command and Management. — 1. Officers and Crew. — In Acts xxvii, 11 we have both KvfiEpvl]Ti]g and vali- K\i]pog. The latter is the owner (in part or in whole) of the ship or the cargo, receiving also (possibly) the fares of the passengers. The former has the charge of the steering. The same word occurs also in Rev…

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Section 913

4. Lt/inf/-to. — This topic arises naturally out of what has [(receded, and it is so important in reference to the main (juestions connected with the shipwreck at JLalta that it is here made the subject of a separate section. A shi|) that could make ()n)gress on her ])r()per course, in moderate weather, when sailing wi…

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Section 914

SHIP 699 SHIPWRECK are some which have not been mentioned in this article : avdyt(TBai and Kurdyta^at (e.g. Acts xxviii, U, 12), aa- viSe^ (Ezek. xxvii, 5). rpon-tf (Wisd. v, 10), cii'afiah'UJ (Jonah i, 3 ; Mark vi, 51), ya\»';a'/; (Matt, viii, 26), dj^Kpi- jSXrjarpov (iv, 18; IVIark i, Ui), aTTo^oprt'craffS'ai (Act…

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Section 915

Shipwreck, a term that occurs but twice in the New Test, in the verbal form vavayiw, once literally (2 Cor. xi, 25) and once metaphorically (1 Tim. i, 19). We learn from the former of these passages that Paul had already three times experienced this mishap prior to his more notable instance on the way to Rome. The inte…

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Section 916

Sailing from Fair Havens close to the land, they might hope, with a south wind, to reach Phcenice in a few hours. Hut soon the weather changed; the ship was caught in a typhoon which blew with such violence that they could not face it, but were forced, in the first instance, to scud before it. It follows from this that…

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Section 917

SHIPWRECK 701 SHIPWRECK the fifteen -fathom depth, and at such a distance as would allow of preparation for anchoring with four anchors from the stern, which must have recjuired some time. Now, about half an hour farther the depth was fifteen fathoms. Fearing lest they should fall upon rocks, they cast four anchors …

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Section 918

Situation of St. Panl's Ship on the Fifteenth Moruiuf SHIRE-MOTE 702 SHISHAK In the voyap;e in question we know within very nar- row limits the time consumed: it was "about midni{;lit on the fourteenth night" (Acts xxvii, 27), and therefore thirteen days complete and a fraction. With regard to the rate at which a s…

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Section 919

Shi'sha (Heb. Shisha', X^"'!!', an orthographical variation of Shavsha [q. v.] ; Sept. Sticrd v. r. ^i]l3d), father of Elihoreph and Ahiah, Solomon's secretaries ( 1 Kings iv, 3) ; elsewhere called Shavsha (1 Chrou. xviii, 16), etc. Shi'shak (Heb. Shishak', p^""^^ [so the margin, but the text has Skushak' or Shoshak',…

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Section 920

Har-p-sen from the Serapeum, which, if correct, decides the question {XKII dyypt. Koniijsdyn. p. 267-2C9). In this, Sheshenk I is the son of a chief Namuret, whose an- cestors, excepting his mother, who is called "royal tnoth- er," not, as Lepsius gives it, "royal daughter" {Etude, etc., p. 203, note 2), are all untitl…

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Section 921

the outskirts of the Israelitish territory. It is impor- tant, in reference to this list, to state that Thothmes III, in his twenty-third year, had fought a battle with confederate nations near Megiddo, whose territories the list enumerates. The narrative of the expedition fully establishes the identity of this and oth…

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Section 922

Shit'rai (^Yieh. Shitray' , ^"^'^"ii [marg. Shirtay', *^;!3"l w], my decisions, or decisive; vSept. "S-arpai v. r. ' Aaap- riag), a Sharonite who had charge of David's herds feed- ing in Sharon (1 Chron. xxvii, 29). B.C. 1043. Shittah (n^ir, Shittah, for nnild, shintuh, proper- ly the thorny, if Heb. [see below] ; i. …

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Section 923

SHITTAII TOG SHOA Smith. But there is no evidence that this tree grows in Arabia. The .-1. :Sei/ul is the only timber tree of any size in the Arabian desert. It is a gnarled and very thorn V tree, somewhat like the solitary hawthorn in its habit of growth, but much larger. It flourishes in the driest situations, and…

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Section 924

Shiva. Sec Siva. Shiva-Narayanais. See Siva-Narayanais. Shivararti, in Hindu mythology, is a festival cele- brated in the month of March in honor of Siva, in which the grossest indecencies, accomjianied with las- civious songs, are publicly perpetrated witliout shock- ing or oft'cnding observers, since everything nf …

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Section 925

2. First named of the five sons of Hur the son of Caleb of the tribe of Judah. He became the founder ("father") of Kirjath-jearim (1 Chron. ii, 50). B.C. cir. 1612. He is evidently the same mentioned as father of Reaiah (q. v.) among the descendants ("sous") of Ju- dah in 1 Chron. iv, 1, 2. Sho'bek (Heb. Shobek', "aid…

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Section 926

by thongs, which passed through small loops on ei- therside, and were principally used, as in Greece and Etruria, by wom- en (Wilkinson, iii, 374-367). The Assyrian monuments represent shoes of a similar character, but worn by natives, especially princes. The use of shoes was by no means universal among the Greeks and…

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Section 927

Shoe-latchet. See Latchet ; Shoe. Shoes, PuTTiNG-OFF OF. In the ancient Christian Church a few (for it was not a general custom) took off their shoes as they entered the church. Cassian (Institut. i, 10) observes of the Egyptian monks that tliey always wore sandals instead of shoes, and took these off when they went t…

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Section 928

Shoshan'nim-e'duth (Heb, Shoshannim' Eduth', riTi) C'i'l't;, lilies, a testimony; Sept. ol aWoiw^r]- SHOSHISKESHA no SHOWBREAD ffOjUEvoi, f-iapTvpiov ; Vulg. it qiii commuhxhuntur iesti- I vioniuvi), a phrase found in tlie title of Psa. Ixxx as a direction to the chief musician, which appears, accord- | ing to the …

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Section 929

1. The Table and its Accessories. — "Within the ark it was directed that there should be a table of shittim wood, i.e. (/(■((«'(/, two cutiits in length, a cubit in breadth, and a cubit and a half in height, overlaid with pure gold, and having "a golden crown to the border there- of round about," i.e. a border or list,…

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Section 930

merely named among the other appurtenances of the first sanctuary. But although unexplained, it is re- ferred to as one of the leading and most solemn ap- pointments of the sanctuary. For exam|)le, the appeal of Abijam to the revolted tribes (2 Chron. xiii, 10, 11) runs thus, " But as for us, the Lord is our God, and w…

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Section 931

Shower is the rendering in the A.A^ of ClIJS, ge- shem (Ezek. xiii, 11, 13; xxxiv, 26), a heavy rain (as elsewhere rendered) ; bfijipoQ (Luke xii, 64); D"^T, ze- re.m (Job xxiv, 8), a pouring rain (elsewhere " storm," "tempest," etc.); and 0^2^3*1, rehibim (from their mul- titude), di-ops (Deut. xxxii, 2 ; Psa. Ixv, 10…

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Section 932

Shrouds, The, a term for a covered walk or cloister in the old Cathedral of St. Paul, London. Shrove, to, means to join in the festivities of Shrvrdide. Shrove-box. See Shriving-pkw, Shrove-hand. See Shkift-hanu. Shrove-sign. See Shrift-sign. Shrovetide literally means "confession time," and is the name given to t…

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Section 933

Shuck, John Lewis, a minister of the Baptist de- nomination, was born in Alexandria, D. C, Sept. 4, 1812. Havinif received an apijoiniment as a missionary of the Baptist (Jeneral Convention to labor among tlie Chi- nese, he reached the field of his labors — ^lacao — Sept. 17, 18.30, where he ren^ained nntil March Ki, 1…

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Section 934

Shum. See (Jaklick. Shumah. See Siiisiatiiite. Shu'mathite (Heb. collective with the art. hash- Shumdthi', ■^r'C'C'ri, a gentile or patronymic; Sept. 'H(Tafia^fifi ; Vulg, Semiithei), one of the four families who sprang from Kirjalh-jearim (1 Chron. ii, 53); so called either as being colonists of a village named Shnn…

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Section 935

Shup'pim (Heb, 67«»/)/wh', CS'wS or [1 Chron, vii, 15] D^QIT, prob. serpents [Gesen,], or a contraction for Shephupham; Sept, ^air(pii>, v, r, ^aptip, Maficptiv, etc), the name of two persons, 1. In 1 Chron, vii, 12, "Shiippim and Iluppim, the children of Ir," are reckoned among the posterity of Benjamin, B,C, 1850, I…

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Section 936

Shuriasa^warnen, in Hindu mythology, is a dev- otee now living, who is destined to become the ruler of the great age which shall follow upon the present, over which Vaivassada presides. In that age Vishmi will ap|K'ar in his tenth Avatar. — Vollmer, Worterb. d. My- thul. S. V. Shurtleff, William, a Congregational min…

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Section 937

SIIUSHAN 717. SHUSHAN there to the amount of three millions and a half ster- ling (Diod. Sic. xix, 48, 7). Nearly a century later (B.C. 221) Susa was attacked by Molo in his rebellion against Antiochus the Great. He took the town, but failed in his attempt upon the citadel (Polyb. v, 48, 14). We hear of it again at …

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Section 938

7. Ttuins of Susa. 2. The higU mound or citadel (?) 3> The palace. 4.' The ^TOftt platform. 5. Rains of the dtjr. SHUSIIAN^ 718 SIIUSHAN as indubitably the remains of the famous citadel (aKpa or aKfjoTToXic) of Susa so freiiuently nieiitioned by the ancient writers (Herod, iii, 0?^; Polyb. v, 4!S, 14; Strabo, X…

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Section 939

cos at Persepolis. In other Uestored Elevation of respects the height of the Capital al Susa. SHUSPIAN 719 SHUSHAN capital, which measures 28 feet, is very nearly the same, but it is fuller, and looks somewhat too heavy for the shaft that supports it. This defect was to a great extent corrected at Persepolis, and m…

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Section 940

certainty that the " Rpval i^^f ,!' "' ^V^ <■ -n -- ,,^,. „. , -, Gate ' at PiilMce of Persepolis. House (i, 9) and the (Scale 100 feet to au inch.) " House of the Women" (ii, 9, 11) were situated behind this great hall to the southward, or between it and the citadel, and had a di- rect communication with it either by…

1,029 words SECTION 941

Section 941

Shuts, Josias, rector of St. Marj- Woolnot h, l>ondon. lie suflereil during the civil wars for liis attachment to Charles I, and was made archdeacon of Colchester in 1642, but died the same year. After his death appeared Ten ISermous ( Lond. 1044, 4to): — Judgment, or The Pldfjue of Frof/s Injiicted, Sermons, etc. (16…

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Section 942

The government is theoretically a duarchy, practi- cally a monarchy, for although there is a second or vice king, the first or senior king is actual sovereign. The crown is hereditary, and is bequeathed, with the sanction of the nobles, to any son of the queen. The second king seems to occupy the place of first counsel…

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Section 943

SIBBOLETPI 722 SIBMAH tine giant, in the battle at Gezer, or Gob (2 Sam. xxi, 18; 1 Cliron. xx, 4). In 2 Sam. xxiii, 27 his name is written JIi;iu'nnai by a mistake of the copyist. Jose- lihus says that he slew "many" who boasted that they were of the descent of tlie giants, ajjparently reading D^2"l for ""SO in 1 C…

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Section 944

The productions of Sibel's pen are very numerous, and have often been published in monograph form. They contain nothing, however, of considerable importance to modern readers, and may be classed as follows : Ser- mons and homilies on parts of the Old-Test. Scriptures : — Sermons and homilies on sections of the New Test…

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Section 945

Sib'raim [ many Sibra'mi ] ( Heb. Sihra'yim, D"^"i-D, tiuofold hope [ Gesenius ] , or double hill [Fiirst] ; Sept. "Eafiapiix v. r. [c]'E/SpajU»7 or 'EcppdjJ, [r/X£ia/i]; Vulg. Sabai-im), one of the landmarks on the northern boundary of the Holy Land, between Be- rothah and Hazar-hatticon, and between the boundary of D…

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Section 946

glory of lijjht, he behold a beautiful virgin holding an infant in her arms, and at the same time a voice was heard saying, "This is the akar of the son of the liv- ing God;" whereupon Augustus caused an altar to be erected upon Capitoline Hill, with this inscription, Aid J'iiiii<);/(-iiili Dfi: and on the same si)ot, …

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Section 947

2. Contents. — The results of criticism show that the Sibylline Books are the work of different authors, and that they originated in different countries and periods. The collection as we now have it includes: a. .Jewish Elements. — Scholars are generally agreed that book iii is, upon the whole, the work of an Egyp- ti…

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Section 948

Books i and ii are probably of later date than those already discussed. No Christian writer earlier than the 5th century quotes from them, and they are remarkable ] because of the absence of all reference to Roman history. No definite fixing of their date is accordingly possible. ! They are distingidshed by greater co…

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Section 949

3. Literature. — In addition to works mentioned in the body of this article, see Blondel, l)es Sibylles Cele- brex tant pur I'A ntiqiiile Pa'ienne que par les S. Ph-es (lti49); the elder Vossius, l)e Poctis Grcec. (1654); ^c\\mi<\, De Sib.Oracc. (1018); Boyle, De Sihi/llis (1661); Nehring, Deutsche Uebersetz. d. sibyll…

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Section 950

Sichseus, in Phoenician mythology, was the hus- band of Dido, queen of Carthage, whose brother Pyg- malion caused him to be murdered for his treasure. The disembodied spirit revealed the place in which the treasure was concealed to the widow and bade her fiee. She accordingly landed in .Africa, and founded Carthage (Vi…

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Section 951

was known as a good man, a sound theologian, and a genial friend. See Wilson, Presb. Jlist. Almanac, 1866, p. 169. (J. L. S.) Sickingen, Franz von, a noble and heroic charac- ter, living in the early period of the German Reforma- tion, and eminent because of the relation he sustained to that movement, was born May 1, …

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Section 952

See Leodius [Hubert], Acta et Gesta Fr. de Sick:, in Freher, Scriptt. Rer. Germ, iii, 295 sq. ; Spangenberg, ,-1 delsspieyel, ii, 44 ; Sturm, A ugenzeuge u. Uerold bei Kroheruny von iSickinr/en's Burf/en ; Seckendorf, Com- ment. Hist, et A polo;/, de Lutheranismo (Francof. et Lips. 1(592, 4to), i ; Planck, Gesc/i. d. p…

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Section 953

SICKSA 720 SICYONIA as a remedy (see Cohn, De Medkina Talrmid. [Vratis- lav. 1846]; of no account is Goldmanii, Diss, de Rel. Med. V. T. [ibid. 1845]). In general, see Wedel, Exerci- Uitt. Med.-philoloc/. Sacra et Piofanm (Jen. 1G86, 1704) ; Schmidt, Bibl. Medicus (Zlillicliau, 1743); Keinhard, Bibelkrankheiten (Fra…

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Section 954

The Sicyonian territory is described as one of singu- lar fertility, which was probabh' increased by artificial irrigation. In the changeful times which preceded the final absorption of European Hellas by the Romans it was subject to plunder by any party who had the com- mand of the sea; and in B.C. 208 the Roman gener…

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Section 955

Ihit the most remarkal)lc fart regarding the vale of Siddim is that stated in (jen. xiv, 3, "(V ii the Suit Se<i" (nS'sn C N'ln). The meaning of tliose words cannot be mistaken ; and we have no more grouml for (pies- tioning their genuineness than for (piestioning the gen- uineness of any other passage in (ienesis. The…

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Section 956

The two principal harbors, which at first seem to have been united in one, were at the extremity of the penin- sula: they were closed, and together contained a sur- face of nearly 500 yards by 200. Besides these, the principal water-gate on the north-west side was con- nected with two small ()iers 150 feet long, so tha…

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Section 957

SIDONIUS (32 SIEVEKING Sidonius, Michael, a prelate of the Church of Runic who lii'tanu' iiotowurthy through his participation in many of tlic most important transactions connect- ed with tlie Keformatiou, hut wlioso family name was //<.7(/i//;/, was born in Baden in IJUtJ, studied at Tubin- gen, and entered the pri…

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Section 958

Sieveking, Amalia, the founder and long the head of the woman's union for the care of the poor and the sick of the city of Hamburg, belonged to one of the most respected senatorial families of that city, and was born in 1794. She lost her parents at an early age, and was received into the home of an elderly relative of…

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Section 959

Sif, in Norse mythology, was the beautiful second wife of Thor, celebrated on account of her wonderful blonde hair, which the evil Loki cut off on one occasion while she slept. Thor compelled him, on peril of his life, to procure golden hair for Sif instead of that which he had stolen, and Loki obtained it from the dwa…

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Section 960

Sigfaudur, in Norse mythology, was a surname of I Odin, signifying the jUllitr of nctviy (^German, Sityes- \ vater). j Siggautr, in Norse mythology, was a surname of Odin, the god of victory ((ierman, Siegesyott). I Siggones, the second class of priests among the ' ancient Prussians. They were probably more widely sc…

979 words

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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.

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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.