PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections
Section 61
ROBBER OF Churches (upoaiiKoQ, Acts xix, 37). Sacrilege took many forms in antiquity (1 Mace. vi). The jilundering of heathen temples was indirectly for- bidden to the Jews (Dent, vii, 25; Josephus, Ant. iv, 8, 10). The Roman law held it as a sacrilege to be pun- ished by forfeiture of goods, to steal the holy books of…
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at Harvard College in 1729, and settled in Branford, Conn., Feb. 7, 1732. About 1740 the Legislature of Connecticut, with a view to arrest the progress of New- Lightism, passed a law forljiddiiig any minister to preach within the limits of any other minister's parish. The people of Wallingford ap|ilicd to Mr. Robbins t…
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Robert of Bavaria ; of Deutz. See Rupert. Robert of Geneva, antipope against Urban VI and Boniface IX, was the son of count Amadeus of Geneva. He was chosen bj' the French cardinals, who asserted that the election in Rome at which Urban VI was successful had not been free, and he reigned at Avignon under the title of …
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ROBERT 47 ROBERTS newal of his health in one of the valleys of Switzerland, whose sanitary climate he had before enjoyed. He was returning much improved, but only lived to reach Paris, where he died Oct. 27 of the same year. The will of Mr. Kobert provides that at the death of his wife a large part of his property s…
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Roberts, John L., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born at Strafford, Yt., March 18, 1818. He was converted and united with the Church in 1845, joining the Yermont Conference in 1849. In this conference he continued to labor until October, 1802, when he became chaplain of the Fourth Regiment Yermont Yo…
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Roberts, Thomas W., a Presbyterian minister, was l)orn in Montgouieryshire, North Wales, Oct. 10, 1830. His early eilucation was good, and liis parents emigrating to tlie United States, he graduated at the Theological Seminary at Anl)nrn, N. Y., and was licensed and ordained at New York Mills Nov. 14, 1856. He ex- erc…
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Robertson, Joseph, a learned English divine, was burn at Knipe, Westmoreland Co., Aug. 28, 1726. He entered (Queen's College, Oxford, in 1746, where he took his degree of arts. Receiving orders, he was for some time curate to Dr. Sykes at Kayleigh, and in 1758 received the living of Herriard, Ham])shire. In 1770 he bec…
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ROBES 50 ROBINSON points, and no careless beauties. Of grandeur or dig- nity there is no deticieney ; and when tlie sul)ject awak- ens a train of lofty or |)hilosopliical ideas, the manner of the historian is in fine accordance with his matter. When he sums up the character of a sovereign, or traces the progress of …
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Robigus, in Roman mythology, was a deity who averted mildew from growing harvests, and was vene- rated by the rustic population. Robing-room, a room attached to a church for the keeping of the vestments and sacred vessels, called also Vestiiy (q. v.). Robins, Sanderson, an English clergyman, was rector of St. James's…
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In the year 1826, Robinson, then thirty-two years of age, undertook a voyage to Europe in order there to complete his theological education at the fountain- heads of German learning and research. He spent his time chiefly at the universities of (iiittingen, Halle, and Berlin, and became, in point of persevering industr…
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"The union of the acutest observation of topographic and local conditious, like tliat of Burckhardt, with nuicli preparatory study, particularly the erudite study of the Bible, and o( philological aud historical criticism as well as that of the language of the country by the author's trav- elling coini)anion, the Rev. …
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Dr. Robin.son was a man of athletic form and imposing figure, though somewhat bent in later years; ofstrotig, sound good sense; reserved and dry, though, when in the society of his learned brethren, often very entertaining and with a strong sense of humor. He was thorough and indefatigable in his investigations, somewh…
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Robinson, Hastings, D.D,, an English clergy- man, was born in 1793, graduated at Cambridge as six- teenth wrangler in 1815, and was felh)w of St. John's College from 1816 to 1827. He then took the college living of Great VVarley, Essex. In 1821 he was ap- pointed assistant tutor of his college, in 1823 Whitehall preach…
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"What here they f.innd — Freedom to worship God." The only book of Robinson's writing was entitled Jus- tijication of SepuntCwn fioin the Church of England, published in 1851. He died March II, 1625. See Alli- bone, Diet, of Brit, and A nier. A itthors, s. v. ; Chalmers, Biof/. Diet. s. v.; Sprague, Annuls of the Ame…
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Robinson, Richard, archbishop of Armagh and lord Rokel)y, was born in the North Riding of York- shire, England, in 1709. He was educated at West- minster School and Christ Church, Oxford, where he took his master's degree in 1733. Dr. Blackburn, arch- bishop of York, appointed him his chaplain, and collated him first t…
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ROBINSON 56 ROCHET Robinson, William (2), a Congregational min- ister, and lather of Or. E. Robinson, was born at Leb- anon, Conn., Ang. 1."), ITol. He was fitted for college in the school of Mr. Tisdale in Lebanon, entered the soph- omore class in Yale College in 1770, and graduated in 1773. In 1775 he returned to …
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Rochechouart (IMoitTESiART ), Marie Made- LAiNE Gahriki.le DE, abbess of Fontevrault. was born in 1645. The daughter of the duke of IMortemart. she was possessed of a great degree of the beauty which rendered her sister, Madame de Montespan. so famous. At the age of twenty she took the veil at Bois, and in 1670 became …
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Rock, Daniel, a learned Roman Catholic, was born at Liverpool, England, in 1799, and educated at Old Hall, Herts, and in the English College, Rome. After serving the mission in London for two years, he became domestic chajjlain to the earl of Shrewsbury, and in 1^40 took charge of the Church at Buckland, Berks, which h…
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li/iabdomanci/, or divining by rods, became a common superstition or idolatrous custom among the Jews, aris- ing, doubtlessly, from the ideas of supernatural agencj' attached to the rods of Moses and Aaron. It is alluded to in Hos. iv. 12- "My people ask counsel at their stocks, and their staff declareth unto them." It…
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RODGER S 59 ROE the Board of Regents of the University of New York, and in 1789 he was chosen moderator of the General Assembly at Philadel|)hia. In liSOi) his health became greatly impaired, and he died May 7, Iisil. Besides some miscellaneous articles in connection with the Epis- copal controversy, and several Sei…
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Rodon. See Derodon. Rodriguez, Girao, called Father Joao, a Portu- guese missionary, was born near Lisbon in 1559. He entered the Jesuit order in 1576, and in 1583 went to Japan, where he gave himself to the study of the lan- guage. He soon spoke the dialect of Nagasaki with fluency, received the protection of the gov…
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of Israel" (2 Sam. i, 10) ; and in the Song of Songs the comparison is frequently interchanged between the bride- groom and the bride. What can be more exquisite than the compound simile in ch. iv, 6V Ashael, the broth( r of Joab, was "as light of foot as one of the gazelles in the Held" (2 Sam. ii, 18 ) ; and the (Jad…
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Roe, Azel, D.D., a Presbyterian minister, was born at Setauket, Long Island, N. Y., Feb. 20, 1738. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1756, and studied theology under Rev. Caleb Smith, of Newark Mountains (now Orange), N. ,1. He was licensed to preach by the New York Presbytery in 1759 (or 1760), and was …
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Rogation Sunday, the Sunday immediately pre- ceding Rogation days (q. v.). Rogation Week, the next week but one before Whit-Sunday. See Rogation Days. Rogda, in Slavic mythology, was a Russian hero who slew the serpent's son Tugarin of Bulgaria, in- vincible to anj' person born of a woman. Tugarin in- tended to chall…
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Rogers, Ezekiel, a Congregational minister, was born at Weathersfield, Essex, England, in 1590. He took the degree of B.A. at Benet College in 1604, and that of M.A. at Christ's College in 1608, becoming the chaplain of Sir Francis Barringron at Hatfield, Essex. After five or six years, Sir Francis bestowed ujmn him th…
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Rogers, John (2), an English divine, was born probably in 1565, and is supposed to have been a grand- son of the preceding. He was minister of Chacomb, Northamptonshire, from 1587 to 1620, the j'ear of his death. His published work is a Discourse on Christian Watchfulness, etc. (Lond. 1620, 8vo). See Allibone, Diet, of…
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Rogers, Nehemiah, an English divine (said by some to have been a great-grandson of John Rogers the martyr), was born iu 15'J4. He was minister of Dod- cUnghurst, Essex, and died in 1660. He published, Ex- positions of the Parables (1020-62) : — Exposition of St. Luke X, 5-1 1 (1658, 4to), and other works. Rogers, Thom…
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ROHAN 65 ROHR returned to Friboiirg, where he lectured on dogmatics; aiut in 1847 he was appointed to a prol'essorsliip at Lu- cerne, which he hekl only for a short time, being obliged to leave the country. He now went from place to place as a inissionarj' preacher, rinding everywhere a large congregation eager to l…
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Roh'gah (Heb. Rohgah', nSfl'l, also written t^aSl"", clamor; Sept. "Pooyn v. r. Ovpaoyc'i), the second nameil of the four sons of Shamer, of the tribe of Asher (1 Cliron. vii, 34), and fifth in descent from that patriarch. B.C. perhaps cir. 1658. Rohini, in Hindil mythology, is the name of one of the daughters of Daks…
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In addition to the works already mentioned, we no- tice the Kritische Prediyer-Bibliothek, which under va- rious names he edited from 1810 to 1848: — Paldstina zur Zeit Jesu (Zeitz, 1816; 8th ed. l^\b): — Luther's Leben u. Wirken (ibid. 1817; 2d ed. 1828): — Die guie Sacke d. Protestantismus (Leips. 1842), and others. …
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Rolin, Jean, Cardinal, was born in 1408, At twen- ty-two he was canon and archdeacon. In 1431 he be- came bishop of Chalons, which see he exchanged in 1436 for that of Autun. He obtained the purple in 1449, and continued to add to the number of his bene- fices and lived in luxury. He gained possession by fraudulent mea…
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ROLLIN 68 ROMAIC VERSION its ready application, but is the verj- word which scien- titic works of the i)resent day employ to express the same thing. The object of this revelation, as it would seem, was not to impart information respecting the special con- trivances of the liealing art, but to present to the mind of …
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Roma, the personification of the city of Rome, and as such calletl Dea Roma. She was represented clad in a long robe, and with a helmet, in a sitting posture, strongly re- sembling the figures of the Greek Athena. She was in reality the genius of the city of Rome, and was wor- shipped as such from early times, though n…
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Calliopolitan. 1. Elt Ttjv apxi]ii inov o \nyor, Kai 6 Aii7_o9 riToi" ^eT<< 3'euu, Kai S'CO? nTOV 6 \('>709. 2. 'EtoDtoc rtTOf CIS tJjk upX'/" fJ'-i'ru ^eou. Hilarion. 1. 'Ajr' iipxrii I'lTOK 6 Ao7os', Kai 6 A670? tjTov oi^ov /ie rov ^eov, Kai 6 A070V i]Tuv ^eo9. 2. AuTof riTov iiv' upx"^^* o/ioC /it TOV ^eov. …
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The Romans used both stone and brick with extraor- dinary skill in their buildings. These materials were employed with great ingenuity and varietj^ both with and without mortar. The Romans adopted from the Etruscans the round arch and its consequence, the round vault. Arching and vaulting are the chief character- istic…
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Originally, the Roman theatres, like those of Greece, were semicircular in form. But, while the Greek the- atres were cut in the solid rock on the side of some lofty hill with a beautiful landscape for the scene, the Roman theatre was built up, like other edifices, in the midst of the most populous cities, and the wall…
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Tiie catacombs of the Etruscans were imitated by the Jews and Christians in Rome, as these classes, like the Etruscans, did not burn tlieir dead. But the Ro- mans themselves, so far as is known, did not imitate fully the Etruscan catacombs for their own dead. See Catacomb. The Romans invented almost no original sculpt…
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general recognition of the important right of confirming the election of all the bishops. One of the leading feat- ures of the Roman Catholic system — the absolute su- premacy of the pope as vicar of Jesus Christ and head of the Church in all ecclesiastical aftairs — is largely due to the influences proceeding from Gre…
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In Western Europe, the Roman Catholic Church re- tained her unity until the KJth centurj'. The leaders of that reformatory party which controlled the councils of Pisa, Constance, and Hasle were anxious not to dis- turb the unity of the Church, and co-operated in the condemnation of men like Wycliffe and lluss, who want…
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ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH V4 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH States. The successor of Pius (Leo XIII), though be- lieved to be more mihlly disposed, has not yet receded from tlie standpoint of his predecessor. Tlie poiuiticate of Pius IX became of exceeding importance in the inner history of the CathoUc Church. The promulgation of …
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In the Protestant countries of Europe the Roman Catholic Church has been greatly benefited since the beginning of the 19th century by the progress of relig- ious toleration. The laws impeding the free exercise of the Roman Catholic form of worship, or its self-gov- ernment, were quite generally repealed, or fell, at le…
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On the other haiul, the territorial rearrangement of OVr- many by the Congress of Vienna placed nearly all the ( Jer- man Catholics, except those of Austria and Bavaria, under Protestant governments. The great wars of ISGGand 1870 severed the coiniection between Catholic Austria and the German Catholics, and ))laced Pr…
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II. Doctrines. — As the Ifoman Catholic Church agrees with the (ireck and the Protestant cliurches in regard- ing the Holy Scriptures as divinely inspired, and as an authority in matters of faith and morals, she holds many points of Christian belief in common with these large divisions of the Christian Church. Conjoint…
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As the Church is the plenipotentiary and infallible representative of Christ, her commandments are no less binding upon the faithful than the divine command- ments recorded in the Scriptures. Among the com- mandments given by the Church are the duty of the faithful to go once a year to confession, to receive once a yea…
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The pope is assisted in the government of the uni- versal Church by the college of cardinals, which is di- vided into cardinal bishops, cardinal priests, and car- dinal deacons. The bishops of every grade are, in a similar manner, aided in the government of their dio- ceses by a chapter, and frequently by an assistant …
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Total Population. 59,000,(100 27,000,000 312,f)00,000 831,000.000 205,000,00(1 4,500,000 1,4H9,000,0(»0 2H, 000,(10(1 25,000,000 149,000,000 9,400,000 2,200,000 (i00,000 35,000,000 400,000 74,600,000 600,000 1,100,000 2.000,000 209,200,000 113,700,000 75,000,000 9,500,000 3,500,000 88,000,000 hierarchy of…
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the five states of Central America, in Brazil, and the nine republics of South America, constituting in each of these sixteen states more tiian 99 ])er cent. V, Literal II re. — As the l\onian Catholic Church is indissolubly connected with the history of the Chris- tian religion, the manuals of Church history are the …
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The first Catholic mission of California was begun in 1601 by a band of Franciscan monks; but the real found- er of tiie Church in that state was father Juniper Serra. an Italian Franciscan, who in 1769 established the first mission in San Diego, and in 1776, a few days before the declaration of the independence of the…
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ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 81 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH Maryland, and in 1704 a law was passed to prevent " the increase of popery." The stringent provisions of this act remained in force until the Revolution ; only the first provision, which forbade bishops and priests to say mass or exercise their ministry, was so far modifi…
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With the external expansion, the progress of internal organization keptpace. InNov.,1791,bishopCarrollcon- vened the first diocesan synod in Baltimore, which was attended by 22 clergymen. In 1800 father Leonard Neale was appointed his coadjutor, with the title of bishop of Gortyna inpartihus. In 1808 Baltimore was rais…
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In May, 1852, archbishop Kenrick of Baltimore, who had succeeded in 1851 archbishop Eccleston, pre- siiled over the first plenary or national council of the United States. It was composed of six archbishops and twenty-six bishops, and, besides proposing to the pope the creation of several new dioceses, it strongly urge…
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The number of Catholic female academies has grown with great rapidity. Towards the close of the last cen- tury, the Clarist Nuns, during a brief stay in America, opened a school at Georgetown,D.C., which subsequent- ly passed into the hands of the Visitation Nuns, and grew into a flourishing academy which dates its fou…
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The following tables give the lists of the archbishop- rics, bishoprics, and vicariates apostolic, with the num- ber of priests, churches, and members in each, the year of their foundation and their territorial extent. Thus it not only presents a summary of the Church at the be- ginning of 1879, but it exhibits its gra…
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VI. Literature.— The principal works on the history of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States are the following: De Courcy, Catholic Church in the United States (transl. by Shea) ; M'Gee, Catholic Hist, of North A niericu ; Shea, Hist, of the Catholic Missions in the United Stales ; Murray, Popular Hist, of the…
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I. History. — The foundations of Rome lie in an ob- scuritj' from which the criticism of Niebuhr has done little more than remove the legendary charm. Three tribes, however, according to the oldest account, formed the earliest population — namely, the Ramnenses (prob- ably Romanenses, still further abbreviated into Ram…
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The restoration of Hyrcanus was, however, merely nominal, as the Idum^an Antipater, an active friend of the Romans, was placed over him as governor of Judtea. "Now began the struggle which was destined to continue with little intermission for nearl}' two hun- dred years. It was nourished by feelings of the dead- liest …
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dent of Syria, with orders from Caius to set up his statue in the Temple. This insult caused the whole nation to rise. The intercession of Agripjia, and ultimately the death of the tyrant, j)revented this order from ever be- ing executed (i'Wc/. xviii ; ir«/-, ii, 10; V\\\\n, Leg. ad Caium, 26). In the Acts it is recor…
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In A.D. 136 the emperor Hadrian founded a new city, nnder the name of ^Elia Capitolina, to which he gave the privileges of a colony. None but Christians and pagans were allowed to enter (Dion Cass. Ixix, 12; comp. Gibbon). The New Test, history falls within the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Ner…
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The empire was nominally elective (Tacit. Ann. xiii, 4), but practically it passed by adoption (see Galba's speech in Tacit. Hist, i, 15) ; and till Nero's time a sort of hereditary right seemed to be recognised. The dan- gers inherent in a militarj' government were, on the whole, successfully averted till the death of…
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The government of the senatorial provinces lay be- tween the consuls, for whom, after they had completed their consular office, two provinces were appointed ; the other provinces were allotted to the prtetors. Sueto- nius adds {Ocfav. 47) that Augustus sometimes made changes in this arrangement. (Juiestors, chosen by l…
1,034 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.