PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections
Section 181
Ross, William Charles, Sir, an English minia- ture-painter, was born in London, June, 1794. In 1837 he was appointed miniature-painter to the queen. In 1843 he gained a prize of one hundred pounds for a picture of The An;jel Haphael Discoursing ivith Adam. His death occurred in 1860. Ross, William Z., a minister of th…
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ROSSI 138 ROSSIGNOL Christian and Jewish writers ; the old Persian list of kings ; on the diflereut a?ras of the Jewish chronology ; Josephus; 8eder Ohim ; on the series of high-priests dur- ing the second Temple, etc., published with the second part (Vienna, 1829-30). The third section treats, in ch. xxix-xliv, of …
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Rossi, Giovanni Bernardo de, an eminent Italian Orientalist, was born at Castel-Nuovo, in Pied- mont, Oct. 25, 1742. In 1766 he was ordained priest at Turin, and in the same year received the degree of doctor of theology. For several years he devoted him- self to the study of the Oriental languages, and he was also acq…
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Rostagno, Francisco Gurico, a minister of the Waldensian Church, was born in the year 1838 in the village of Prali, in the mountains of The Valleys. Deli- cate health prevented his going to school till he was about fifteen years of age ; but, being a diligent student, he soon acquired the necessary, requirements to mak…
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Rota, in Norse mythology, was one of the Walkures, or Odin's messengers, to select the victims who were to fall in death. KOTA, in Lapp mythology, was an evil god of hell, the ruler of the place of punishment for the souls of transgressors. Rota Romana (or Sacra Rota), the supreme pa- pal tribunal at Kome, was instit…
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ROTHAAN 141 ROUMANIAN systematically oppressed and the Roman Catholics fa- vored. All order by which all soldiers, including those of the Ldiulwehr, which consists of citizens, were obliged to kneel whenever the Romish Sanctissimum should be carried about excited great dissatisfaction ; and Roth was censured in this…
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Rouel (or Rowel) Light is a device for moving the star in the Epiphany play of The Three Kings with a pulley-wheel {roue^, as the spiked wheel in a spur is called rowel. Rougemont, Fran(,'OIS de, a French Jesuit mis- sionary, was born at Maestricht in 1624. In 1641 he joined the Jesuits, and, as was customary, was for…
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The East Anglian form, and those of Piddinghoe and Lewes, have been attributed to the peculiar character of the material employed, and a desire to evade the use of coigns. At Brixworth a round is attached in frout of a square tower. — Walcott, »S'</c. A rchieol. s. v. Rounds, Nelson, a minister of the Methodist Epis- …
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2. The Period of hu Triumphs (1749-62). — The Academy of Dijon in 1749 offered a prize for the best essay on the question, "Whether the re-establishment of the sciences and arts has helped to purify manners V" for which Rousseau competed with success. He as- sumed that nature must ennoble mind, instead of mind being ne…
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ROUSSEAU 144 ROUSSEAU in entire subordination to the eomniiinity. The citizen is accordingly altogether dependent on tlie community. He ought therefore to accept the religion appointed by the state or sutfer banishment, or, in case of resistance, death. As Rousseau recognises no representation of the people, nor yet…
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Rousseau's works were very numerous, the botanical and musical writings, among others, being especially worthy of recognition. Editions of his writings are likewise numerous ((Jeneva, 1782-90, 17 vols. 4to, or 35 vols. 8vo ; Paris, 1793 - 1800, 18 vols. 4to, etc. German editions bj' Cramer, (ileich, and others). Additi…
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Roux - Lavergne, Pierre Celestin, a French writer, who ilied Feb. 16, 1874, was for some time etlitor of the Univers. When quite advanced in age, he be- came a priest, and for many years labored as professor of theology at the seminary in Nismes. He died at Rennes as member of the cathedral. He wrote, De la Philosophie…
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Rcwe, John, a Nonconformist minister, was born at Tiverton, f^ngland, in 1627. He was educated at New Inn Hall. Oxford, and obtained a fellowship in Corpus Christi College. He became preacher at Witney and Tiverton, and, in 1654, at Westminster Abbey. In 1662 he was ejected for nonconformity, and afterwards had a congr…
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Royce, Lorenzo D., a Baptist minister, was born at Sharon, Vt., Oct. 5, 1820. He graduated from Water- ville College, Maine, in the class of 1844, and from the Newton Theological Institution in the class of 1847. He was ordained as pastor of the Second Baptist Church in Thomaston, IMe. His ministry was a brief one, his…
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Riibezahl, in Silesian legend, was a good-natured spirit of the Riesengebirge who assisted the good, the needy, and the wandering traveller, but who also teased and punished the wicked. He was able to assume any form whatever, and appeared sometimes as a rabbit run- ning between the feet of pedestrians, sometimes as a …
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The rub}' of mineralogists is a red sapphire (q. v.) or spinel. It is a gem highly prized, and only inferior in value to the diamond. The finest are the Oriental, which are chietiy brought from Ceylon and Burmah. They are foimd in alluvial deposits. The ruby, like other gems, had a host of occult virtues attributed to …
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Rudelbach, Andreas, a Danish theologian, was born at Copenhagen in 1792. He became superintend- ent at Glauchau, Saxony, in 1829, and died in 1862. He published a number of dogmatic works, in which he advocates the orthodox Lutheran creed. Rudenture, the moulding, in form like a rope or staff, filling the flutings of …
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Rudy, John, a (Dutch) Reformed minister, was born in Switzerland in 1791, and studied under the Rev. Dr. Helffenstein in I'hiladelphia. He entered the ministry of the German Reformed Church in 1821, and after serving Christ in North Carolina for three years, at (Juiltbrd (1821-24), he transferred his relations to the R…
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Rue, Charles de la, a Benedictine monk, was born at Corbie, Picardy, in 1684 (5). He became very learn- ed in the (jlreek and Hebrew languages, and died in 1739. He published three vohunes of the Works of Origen (1733-39), and his nephew Vincent de la Rue, born in 1707, published the fourth volume in 1759. Ruechat, Ab…
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Ruffo, Dionigi Fabrizio, an Italian cardinal and general, was born at Naples (or Calabria) about 1744. He raised in Calabria the Army of the Holy Faith, a large body of royalists which, under his com- mand, expelled the French and the republicans from the country in 1799 and restored king Ferdinand IV to the throne. A …
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Rugen, in Hindu mythology, was a prince belong- ing to the race of children of the moon, father of the Birmaseenes, and grandfather of the Pradibes. Rugger, Pkospek (originally Salomo Me'ir ben-Mo- ses), a Jewish scholar, was born at Novara in 1006. At the age of thirteen he was already known as a good Hebraist, and w…
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Ruhmani, in Hindfl mythology, was the first con- sort of the god Vishnu in the incarnation of Krishna. Ruin. The words used in the Hebrew thus ren- dered in the A. V. are very expressive. The ruin of a city by dilapidation, separating all its stones: Isa. xxv, 2, "Thou hast made of a fenced city a ruin" (or separa- ti…
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Ruland, Anton, a German doctor of theology and Roman Catholic divine, was born at Wtirzburg in 1809, where he also received holy orders in 1832. Having labored for some time at Kitzingen, he was called in 1836 as librarian of the Wtirzburg LTniversity, but in 1837 he was appointed pastor of Arnstein. For thirteen yea…
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Runcarii, the name of an Antinomian sect of the Waldenses, which is mentioned by Reiner as agree- ing for the most part with the Paterins, but as holding that no part of the body below the waist can commit mortal sin, because such sin proceeds "out of the heart." They probably took their name from the town of Run- cali…
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Rupert, abbot OF Dkutz (RupertisTuitiessis), a contemporarj' of St, Bernard, and in his theological re- lation a mystic, was one of the most prolific among the exegetical writers of his time. Neither his country nor the exact time of his birth is known; but it is certain that he spent his early years in the Benedictine…
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RUPERTI 157 RUSH signed to promote the conversion of the Jews by proving that the Messiah had appeared. This composition does not appear, however, in editions of Rupert's worlds, and was not discovered until after 1069, by Gerberon, who inchided it in his edition of Anselm's works. The book De Ulorijicutione Trinita…
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There is some doubt as to the specific identity of the agvum, some believing that the word denotes " a rush" as well as a " reed" (see Rosenmiiller [Bibl. Bot. p. 184] and Winer [Realwortei-b. ii, 484]). Celsius (Hierob. i, 465 sq. ) has argued in favor of the Arundo phrag- mites (now Phragmites communis). That the agm…
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they support. The secondary umbels are composed of only three or four short rays, with an involucel of three awl-shaped leaflets. The flowers are in a short spike at the extremity of each ray. Cassiodorus, as quoted by Carpenter, graphically described it as it appears on the banks of the Nile: "There rises to the view …
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r. From the soft cellular portion of the stem the an- cient material called papyrus was made. " Papyri," says Sir G. Wilkinson, "are of the most remote Phara- onic periods. The mode of making them was as fol- lows: the interior of the stalks of the plant, after the rind had been removed, was cut into thin slices in the…
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RUSSEL 160 RUSSIA Russel, James, a distinguished minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in Mecklenburg County, N. C, about 178G. He was admitted on trial in the South Carolina Conference in 1805, but located, on account of ill-health, in 1815, and died Jan. 16, 1825. Mr. Russel had great power in the p…
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Russia, one of the largest empires of the world, containing in 1878 an area of 8,500,000 square miles, and a population of 87,800,000 souls, has under its rule about one sixth of the entire surface of the earth, and still continues to expand in Asia. It is in point of ter- ritory about equalled bj' the British empire, …
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dence, and with it the primacy of the Russian Church, from Kief to Moscow. Graduallj' the metropolitans of the Russian Church became independent of Constanti- nople. In tlie middle of the 17th century, Jonah was appointed by the grand- prince metropolitan of Moscow, and recognised by a synod of all the Russian bishops …
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episcopal synod, and sanctioned by the whole body of Eastern patriarchs. In the next year (1721), the Holy Governing Synod of Russia was instituted, and solemn- ly opened by an address of its vice-president, archbish- op Theophanes. Even those who blame Peter for sub- jecting a Church formerly enjoying the fullest amou…
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The missions among the pagan tribes of the empire made considerable progress, and especially Innocent, archbishop of Kamtchatka, became a much-praised ex- ample of the revived missionarj- spirit in the Russian empire, traversing to and fro the long chain of pagan islands between North-eastern Asia and North-western Ame…
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A more serious attempt to effect intercommunion be- tween the Anglican and Russo-Greek churches was be- gun in 1862, with the authority of the Convocation of Canterbury and the General Convention of the Prot- estant Episcopal Church in the United States. In the session of the latter held in New York in 18G2, a joint co…
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In 1839 the commission of ecclesiastical schools, which had been established in 1808, was dissolved by the czar, and the Holy Synod was charged with the direction of these schools. Subordinate to the Holy Synod are — 1, the synodal RUSSIA 165 RUSSIA office of Moscow, which is presided over by the met- ropolitan of…
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Besides bishops, archbishops, and metropolitans, Rus- sia has also vicars of episcopal rank. They were at first appointed in very extensive eparchies, where the prelate found it impossible to perform all the episcopal functions. The first eparchy which had a vicar was Novgorod ; in 1764 the empress Catharine II establi…
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(4.) Marriage and Privileges of the Priestn. — As the secular clergy must be married, they cannot as- cend to a higher position than that of a protopresbyter. Widower presbyters were required by a canon of Theo- dosius, metropolitan of Moscow, to resign and withdraw to a convent. The Coinicil of Moscow in Kid? author- …
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The first Russian convents were established during the reign of Vladimir the Great, but the cradle of all the Russian convents was the Petchersky Laura at Kief, which had been founded by Anthony, a monk of Mount Athos, during the reign of Yaroslav (1036- 5i). From that time the convents increased rapidly. In 1542 Ivan …
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1. Roman Catholics. — Ihitil 1G42 no provision had been made for the few Roman Catholics living in the Russian dominions. In 1642 the Italian embassy to Moscow was attended bj' a Jesuit, who was followed bj' twenty Capuchin monks and a prefect. From 1705 to 1715 several other Jesuits were sent to Russia, and a college …
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RUSSIA 169 RUSSIA bers, and presided over by a layman. All the members must belong to the Lutheran Church. The superin- tendent is the vice-president. The consistories have jurisdiction in all matrimonial affairs. As the members do not reside in the same place, plenary meetings are only called at intervals for dispo…
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III. Non-Christian Relif/ions. — 1. Jews. — For the edu- cation of Jewish rabbins. Rabbinical schools have been established by the government at Wilna and Shitomir. The government also supports Jewish schools at Odessa, Kishinef, Vinnica, Stara-Coustantinof, and Herditchef. The number of Jews of Russia proper in Europe…
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The popular school system among the Mohammedans was entirely reorganized by an imperial decree of Xov. 20, 1874. This decree placed tlie schools of the Tartars, the Bashkirs, and Kirghis under the imperial ministry of education, which informed its subordinates of this act as follows: "The subtmlination of the Tartar no…
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I. East Siberian, or Eastern Groiip : a, Jnkagir; 6, Tchuksht aud Coreak; c, Kamtchatkan ; d, Giliak. II. (A.) A Itaic Group : «, Tuugusiau; 6, Mautchu ; c, Aino, or Kurile; f7, Aleu- tian. (B.) Mongolian Lanr/uarie-i : a, Mongol ; b, Buriat ; c, Kalmuck. (C.) Tartar: rt,.Iakut; 6, Siberian Tartar; c, Kirtrhise Tart…
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10. Finnish. As early as 1!548 the New Test, was pub- lished at Stockholm. This version was made by Michael Agricola, rector, and afterwards bisbop of Abo, a fiieiid of Luther. In 1(J44 the entire Bible was published under the patronage of queen Christina, to whom the work was also dedicated. Editions of the New Test, …
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35. Permian. The Permians, occupying the seat of the ancient Bjarmaland, are divided into three divisions — the Permians proper, composed of about .50,000 souls, partial- ly Christianized, but without the Scriptures in their lan- guage except the Gospel of St. Matthew, which had been executed for nrince Louis Lucien Bo…
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5. Tchernoltzi, or Wjetkaern, an insignificant body who, during the time of the persecution (A.D. 1730), Eight-ended Cross of the Kaskoluiks. This cross is bv all the different Russian Raskolnilis considered the only ue Christian cross; while by them the luur-en.led one is considered an,l innovation made by the patri…
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A Poraoryau Teacher. not to be considered unclean, h. To be ready for sui- cide by tire for the true faith. i. The Fedvsijoftchins. — This is the second of the principal sects of the Bez]K)poftchins, which spread with the same rapidity in another part of the country. The principal promoter of it was a deacon i)y the …
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(3.) The Detouheitchins (^Infanticides). — This sect con- sider it a great misfortune for children to come nndcr the inrtuence of Antichrist (the established Cimrch), and believe it to be the best offering they can make to God to deliver them from this calamity — by death, if neces- sary-. They do not hesitate, theref…
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(20.) The Wjetkners. (21.) The Yedinovertzi (Coreligionists). This name was given to some members of the Starovertzi in the reign of Alexander (1801-25), when strong hopes were entertained of regaining them to the orthodox commun- ion. They assume for themselves the name of Blagos- lovenni, or " The Blessed." For lit…
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et,J. (B. P.) Russuiaks (also Russixe and Ruthkni), the name of a variety of peoples who form a branch of the great Slavic race, and are sharply distinguished from the Muscovites, or Russians proper, by their language and the entire character of their life. They are divided into the Russniaks of Galicia, North Hungary…
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4. Doctrine. — ^^As regards doctrine, the Russian Church may be considered as identical with the common body of the Greek Church (q. v.). With that Church it re- jects the supremacy of the pope and the doidile proces- sion of the Holy Ghost. All the great leading charac- teristics of its discipline, too, are the same ;…
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The word translated "scum" (jniihTljchelah) in Ezek. xxiv, 6, ll, 12 means the rust or corrosion of the pot of brass (or rather copper) which typified Jerusalem. Copper is more liable to corrosion than the other met- als, each of which has its own dissolvent ; but copper is acted upon by all those dissolvents, and the …
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Ruth (Heb. Ruth, r^l, probably for r^i:.'"!, and this for Tl'^V'^, a female friend; Sept. and New Test., 'Poi'S; Josephus, 'Po/'^i;, Ant. v, 9, 1), a Moabitess, the wife, first, of Mahlon, secondly of Boaz, and by him mother of Obed, the ancestress of David and of Christ, and one of the four women (Tamar, Rahah, and Ur…
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KUTH, Book of. This book is inserted in the can- on, according to the English arrangement and that of the Sept., between the book of Judges and the books of Samuel, as a sequel to the former and an introduction to the latter. Among the ancient Jews it was added to the book of Judges, because they supposed that the tran…
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4. The separate commentaries on the entire book are not very numerous. Of the Church fathers we men- tion the following : Origen, Fraf/mentum (in 0pp. ii, 478 sq.) ; Theodoret, Qucestion^s (in 0pp. I, i) ; Isidore, Commentaria ( in 0pp. ) ; Bede, Quastiones ( in 0pp. viii); Kaban, Commentaria (in Opp.^\ also Irimpertus…
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Rutherforth, Thomas, an English philosopher and divine, was born in Cambridgeshire, Oct. 13, 1712. He was educated at St. John's, Cambridge, taking his de- gree of A.B. in 1729 and A.M. in 1733. He was chosen f How and made B.D. in 1740. Two years after, he was chosen fallow of the Royal Society, and in 1745 was ap- p…
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Ruttenstock, Jacob, Dr., provost and Lateran ab- bot at Klosterneuburg, in Austria, was born at Vienna, Feb. 10, 1776, and entered the Augustinian convent at Klosterneuburg, Oct. 6, 1795, completing his theological studies partly in the convent and partly at the Univer- sity of Vienna. He took vows March 30, 1800, and …
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Ruysbroeck was constantly desirous of preserving the distinction between the uncreated and created spirits. In the unifying of the soul with God he does not assert an identification of personality, but merely a cessation of the difference in thought and desire, and a giving-up of the independence of the creature. His l…
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Rye (rpBS, kussemeth), occurs in three places of Scripture (Exod. ix, 32 ; Isa. xxviii, 25 ; and " fitches" in Ezek. iv, 9) ; but its true meaning still remains un- certain. It was one of the cultivated grains both of Egypt and of Syria, and one of those employed as an article of diet. It was also sown along with wheat…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.