PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections
Section 421
II. Contents. — The statements of the books of Samuel belong to an interesting period of Jewish history. The preceding book of Judges refers to the affairs of the re- public as they were administered after the conquest, when the nation was a congeries of independent can- tons, sometimes partially united for a season un…
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Saul at Hachilah ; he goes with six hundred men to Achish, king of Gath, who gives him Ziklag to dwell in ; the Philistines encamp against Israel ; Saul in vain seeks counsel from (Jod, and then has recourse to the witch of Endor; the princes of the Philistines refuse David's aid in battle (ch. xxvi-xxix) ; David retur…
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1. There is considerable difference in the manner of the writers; some portions contrasting in their brief, fragmentary, chronological character with others which are more full and copious, and (in one part at least) mi- nutely biographical (comp. 1 Sam. v, 1-lG; viii; xx, 15-22; xxiii, 8-29, with 2 Sam. xi-xx). 2. In…
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(a.) A JHstory of Samuel, contained in 1 Sam. i-vii, which seems to conclude naturally as a separate and independent narrative, in which Samuel is altogether the principal person. (&.) A Ilisturi/ of Savl, comprised in the following portions: 1 Sam. viii ; x, 17-27; xi ; xii; xv ; xvi; xviii, 6-14; xxvi; xxviii, 3-25;…
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tween the incident and such a record of its duration. It was a common idiom. Joshua (xxii, 3) uses it of the short time that Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Ma- nasseh had fought in concert with the other tribes in the subjugation of Canaan. So, again, he (xxiii, 9) em- ploys it to specify the time that intervened b…
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Stiihclin {Einleit. § 25, etc.) conjectures that a large portion of Samuel was written In' the author of the Pentateuch and of the books of Joshua and Judges. But continuity of history in the same form does not prove identity of authorship, nor are the similar phrases found in these books sufficient in number or charac…
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SAMUEL, .BOOKS OF 327 SAMUEL, BOOKS OF was to be maintained between the kings of Israel and those of other nations, in the separation of the civil from tlie ecclesiastical, or the secular from the religious authority; and also to describe the origin and influence of the prophetical order in relation both to the mon-…
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XI. Commentaries. — The exegetical helps on the en- tire books of Samuel alone have not been numerous : Origen, Selecta (in 0pp. ii, 479; also in Gallandii Bihl. Putruni, xiv) ; Ephrem Syrus, Explanatio (in 0pp. iv, 331); Theodoret, Qucestiones (in 0pp. I, i); Gregory, Expositiones (in 0pp. Ill, ii, 1); Jerome, Qucesti…
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Samus, in Greek mythology, is an ancestral hero of the Samians, from whom both that people and the island Samos derived their names. He was the son of Ancffius, king of the Lelegos, and Samia, daughter of Mieander. His brothers were Pcrilaus, Enudus, and Ali- therses, and Parthenope was his sister. Sanabas'sar (Eavali…
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by all the lawless »nd disaifected Jews. Such is Jo- sephus's account. If there is any truth in it, of course the Sanballat of whom he speaks is a different person from the Sanballat of Nehemiah, who flourished fully one hundred years earlier; but when we put together Josephus's silence concerning a Sanballat in Nehemi…
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nrs^ xrrn ^pinjiai 12b Nion -("lan, i.e.in the Codex Ilillel. the nun has only the sJiva (:), but in the Codex Saubuki the sh'va with the pafach ; Lev. xiii, 20, i5"J(fol.l4b),nn2a a'sn ipi^STS bs"r,i.e.iu the Codex Sanbuki the S in bs'il) is written with the pa- tach; Lev. xxvi, 36, TlXan;! (fol. 15 b), tJ^irJXI d"o…
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Sancroft, William, D.D,, an English prelate, was born at Fresingfield, Suffolk, Jan. 13, 1616, and educated at the grammar-school of Bury St. Edmunds, and at Emanuel College, Cambridge. In 1612 Sancroft was elected a fellow of his college, but in the following year was deprived of his fellowship by the Puritans for re-…
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In a general sense, "sanctification" comprehends the whole Christian life (Gal. v, 22, 23 ; 1 Pet. i, 15, 10, 22; Heb. xii, 10 ; James iv, 8). In 1 Thess. v, 23, the apos- tle prays for the sanctification of the eiitire Church in all its various departments. In 1 Cor. vii, 14, it is said, the unbelieving husband, or wi…
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4. Still another point needs recognition. As long as we remain in this world, however deep, fervent, and thorough our religious life, there are sources of danger within. There inhere in our nature as essential elements of it, at least in this present life, appetites, passions, and affections, without wliich man w^onld …
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The Catechism of the Council of Trent teaches also that '"the commandments of God are not difficult of observance." "As God is ever ready by his divine as- sistance to sustain our weakness, especially since the death of Christ the Lord, by which the prince of this workl was cast out, there is no reason why we should be…
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4. That the process of cleansing is in some cases gradual, the reniaius of the evil nature wearing away by de- grees; iu others instantaneous, the believer receiving the blessing of "a clean heart" a few daj's, or even hours only, after his regeneration. 5. That this great gift is to be sought for speciflcallv, and is…
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In support of the Arminian doctrine of entire sancti- fication, the following arguments are brought forward: 1. To affirm that it is by the will of God that the Christian lives in sin, and sin lives in the Christian, and that God so orders it for his own glory and the good of men, is monstrous, being neither scriptura…
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SANCTUARY 335 SANDAL ancient, of these sanctuaries was that of the church of Wedale, a parish which is now called by the name of its village, ' the Stow.' There is a very ancient tradition that king Arthur brought with him from Jerusalem an image of the Virgin, ' fragments of which,' says a writer in the 11th centur…
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Ancieut E^p ptiau Sandals. SANDAL 836 SANDAL-TREE Aucieut Assj'rian Sandals. I. Embroidered Shoe of Queen of Sardnnnpalus III. 2. Shoe of a Priest.— Both from Kuvunjik siulptures, Britisli Museum. X. Shoe of Jewish Captive.— Bhuk Obelislt, from Nimrud. 4, 6, 6. Assyrian Sandals.— Sculptures, British Museum. loave…
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Sandals, as insignia of oflice. They con.sistod of a sole so attached to the foot as to leave the upper part bare. Without these no priest was permitted to cele- brate mass; but after the 7th and 8th centuries we find them exi)ressly mentioned as an episcopal badge, dis- tinct from that of the priests. They were suppos…
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Sander, Antony, a Flemish ecclesiastic, was born at Antwerp iii 1586, and died in 1664. He was the au- thor of several religious and historical works in Latin. Sander, Imnianuel Friedrich Emil, Ph.D., a (ierman divine, was born in 17117 at Schafstiidt. F'or a time he preached in the University Church at Leipsic; then …
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Sanderson, Roiiiiur, D.D.. an English prelate, was born at llotherham, Yorkshire, Sept. 19, 1587. .Studied at Lincoln College, Oxford, became a fellow in 1606, and reader in logic in 1608; ordained deacon and priest in 1611. He was subrector in Lincoln College in 1613, 1614, and 1616; proctor of Oxford in KilC; bachelo…
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The necessity of conciliating the o])posing parties was apparent. The machinations of Romanism threatened them with a common danger; and it became important, after 1551, to check the progress of the antitrinitarian movement headed by Lrelius Soeinus; and the efficient organization of the Bohemian congregations, togethe…
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The rigid Lutherans, whose leading representative was Benedict IMorgenstcrn, resisted the union move- ment at every step, and profited by the organization of the Polish Lutheran Church by the synod of Gostyn to give the opposition a more definite and vigorous form; but the matter having— apparently by an oversight on …
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Sand'wich Islands, or Hawaiian Islands, the most northerly cluster of the Polvnesian Archipelago, containing twelve islands. The chain extends about 360 miles from south-east to north-west, and lies in the Pacific Ocean between lat. 18° 55' and 22° 20' N., and long. 154° 55' and 160° 15' W. The largest island is Hawaii…
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Sandys, George, an Oriental traveller, was the seventh and youngest son of archbishop Sandys, and was born at Bishopsthorpe in 1577. He entered St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, and travelled in the East from 1610 till 1612. In 1621 he succeeded his brotlier as co- lonial treasurer of Virginia, and while in that colony comjilet…
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San-Giorgio, Gianantoxio pi, an Italian prelate, was born at Milan in 1439. Having completed his studies at the University of Pavia, he opened a school of canonical law in that city, but at the end of six years returned to ^lilan. He there became a member of the College of Jurists, afterwards provost of the basilica of…
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2. Qualification and, Recognition of j\fembers. — The qualifications for membership were both \exy minute and very numerous. The applicant had to be morally and phj'sically blameless. He had to be middle-aged, tall, good-looking, wealthy, learned (both in the divine law and diverse branches of profane science, such as …
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The Sanhedrim sat every day from the termination of the daily morning sacrifice till the daily evening sac- rifice, with the exception of the Sabbath and festivals, when they retired to the synagogue on the Temple mount and delivered lectures (Saiihedi-in, 88 b; Mai- monides, lad Ha-Chezaka, Uilchoth Sanhedrin, iii, 1)…
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5. ;]/o(/e of Conducting Trials, Pinmhments, etc. — The humane and benevolent feelings of the rulers towards the people whom they rejiresented were especially seen in their administration of tlie law. They always acted upon the |)rinciple that the accused was innocent till he could be proved guilty. Hence they always m…
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11. The Small Sanhedrim. — 1. Members, Consiitulion, efc. — This judicial court consisted of twenty- three members, who were appointed by the Great Sanhedrim (M'mhna, Sanhedrin, i, 6, 6), and a president (NJSI^, excellency ) as their head ( ibid, i, 6 ; Jlorajoth, 4 b). They had the power not only to judge civil cases,…
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heads of families, with the high-priest as president (2 Chron, xix, 8, 11), , , . Now the chronicler, as Zunz has shown {Gottesdienstliche Vortrdge, p, 32), lived as early as the beginning of the 2d centnrj' of the Seleuci- dean sera, so that at that time the Sanhedrim did al- ready exist, and its beginning is to be pl…
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San-Jasiis, one of the three classes of Jar/ins, which latter are Brahmanic anchorets. They affect great abstinence, and refrain from marriage, betel, and, indeed, pleasure in general. They are allowed to make but one meal a day, and to live on alms, carrying with them a cup of earthenware only. Their clothes are dyed …
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The SankhyH philosophy is supposed to date from a period anterior to the 8th century B.C., and its reac- tion against Brahmanism became a pojiular movement in tlie 6th centiny in the Buddhistic refdiuialion of Sankhyamuni, who taught the Yoga system with little change, and named its "deliverance of the soul from pain a…
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Sansan'nah (Heb. Sansamiah', tliCSD, palm- branch; Sept. Saj'crni'i'a v. r. SfSfj'i'a/c), a town in the southern part of the territory of .Judah (Josh, xv, 31). The corresponding lists of Simeon (Josh, xix, 5; I Chron. iv, 31) seem to call it Hazar-sitsah (q. v.). It is identified by Schvvarz with the village of Sinisu…
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(a.) Sanacrit-nengahe, i. e. reprints from the Sanscrit in Bengalee character — viz. Oenesis (Hn^t publisheil in 18.'>.'5; 2d ed. 1860), Psalms (1857), Proverbs (1855), St. Lnke (KS.5.5). (6.) SaiiKcrit-Deva Nagari. With regard to the Deva Na- gari character, the Jteport of the British and Foreign Bible Society for 18…
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Santarelli, Antonio, an Italian Jesuit, was born in l.")t!9, at Atri, kingdom of Naples. At the age of six- teen he entered the Societ}' of Jesus, and later taught belles-lettres and theology at Home. He died there Dec. 5, 1649. He was the author of a work which at the time attracted much attention — De Hceresi, Schis-…
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Saotes, in Greek mythology, was the preserver. 1. A surname of Jupiter, apjilied to him in Thespiae. A monstrous dragon devastated that territory, and the oracle had directed that a youth be given the monster each year. When the lot fell on Cleostratus, his friend Menestratus caused a brazen coat of mail to be studded …
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Sapphire (T'SD, sappir [according to Gesenius, from its capacity for engravimj ; hut according to Fiirst, from its hrilliancy']; Sept. and N. T. (juTTfjmput;; Vulg. sapphirus), a precious stone, apparently of a bright-blue color; see Exod. xxiv, 10, wiiere the God of Israel is represented as being seen in vision by Mo…
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Sarabi'as (2apa'3(«c), a Greek form (1 Esdr. ix, 48) of the name Siiereisiah (q. v.) in the Heb. text (Neh. viii, 7). Saracens, originally the name of an Arab tribe, then api)lied to the Bedouin, and later to all the Moor- ish or Mohammedan people who invaded Europe, and against whom the Crusaders fought. The true der…
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SARAH 353 SARASA bron at the age of one hundred and twenty-seTen years, twenty-eight years before her husband, and was buried by him in tlie cave of Machpelah, B.C. 2027. Her burial-place, purchased of Ephron the Hittite, was the only possession of Abraham in the Land of Promise. It has remained, hallowed in the ej'…
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Saran, in Hindu mythology, is a superlative bow belonging to Vishnu, whose arrows never fail to reach their mark and return of themselves to Vishnu. Sarantari, in the Greek Church, are masses for the dead during forty days. Saraph. See Sekapiiiji; Serpent. Sa'raph (Heb. Saraph', Cl^b, burniur) ; Sept. 'Sapcif V. r. …
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Sarcerius, Wilhelm, the only son of the pre- ceding, was pastor at Eisleben, but lost his position be- cause of liolding the opinions of Flacius (q. v.). He went, thereupon, to iMansfeld, where he died as court- preacher. He published, Leichen-, Lauf-, imd Wasser- Predhjten : — GeistUches Herbarium : — Fechtschiile Jes…
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In the time of the emperor Tiberius, Sardis was deso- lated by an earthquake (Strabo, xii, p. 579), together with eleven, or, as Eusebius says, twelve other impor- tant cities of Asia. The whole face of the country is said to have been changed by this convulsion. In the case of Sardis the calamity was increased by a pe…
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SARDIS 356 SARDIUS piilchral hillocks, beyond the Hermus, heighten the des- olateiiess of a s|)ut which the multitudes lying there once made busy by their living presence and pursuits. The acropolis seems well to detine the site of the city. It is a marked object, being a tall distorted rock of soft sandstone, rent …
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SARDO 357 SARGON good cause, such is its toughness, facility of working, beauty of color, and the high polish of which it is sus- ceptible, and which Pliny states that it retains longer than any other gem." Sards differ in color. There is a bright-red variety which, in Pliny's time, was the most esteemed; and perhap…
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Sargon was undoubtedly a great and successful war- rior. In his annals, which cover a space of fifteen years, he gives an account of his warlike expeditions against Babylonia and Susiana, on the south; Media, on the east; Armenia and Cappadocia, towards the north ; Sj'ria, Pal- estine, Arabia, and Egypt, towards the we…
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Sa'ron (6 2«pwv v, r. daaapCJva, i. e. "ITCn, the Sharon), the district in which Lj-dda stood (Acts ix, 35) ; the Greek form of the name Sharon (q. v.) of the Old Test. "The absence of the article from Lydda, and its presence before Saron, is noticeable, and shows that the name denotes a district — as in ' The Shefelah…
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Sartoritis, Erxst Wilhklm Christian, one of the ablest, most fruitful, and genial theologians of mod- ern orthodox Lutheranism, was born at Darmstadt, IMay 10, 1797, and died at Konigsberg June 13, 1859. "While studying at Gottingen (1815-18), he fell under the ear- nest religious influence of Planck. In 1819 he began …
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Sarvagna, in Hindu mythology, is the all-seeing one, a surname of Siva. Sarvastivadas, or Sarvastivadins (literally, those icho maintain the realit;/ of all existence), is the name of one of the four divisions of the Vaibhashika system of Buddhism. Its reputed father was Rahula, the son of the Buddha Sakyamuni. See Kf…
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When we pass from the Old to the New Test., this doctrine of an invisible evil agent becomes more clear. With the advent of Christ and the opening of the Christian dispensation, the great opposer of that king- dom, the particular adversary and antagonist of the Saviour, would naturally become more active and more known…
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But there are other difficulties than these general ones by which the theory of personification is encum- bered. This theory supposes the devil to be the^jrwi- ciple of evil. Let it be applied in the interpretation of two or three passages of Scripture. "Then was Jesus led up of the Spirit into the wilderness to be tem…
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The tendency of the mind in its inquiry is generally towards one or other of two extremes. The first is to consider evil as a negative imperfection arising, in some unknown and inexplicable way, from the nature of mat- ter, or from some disturbing influences which limit the action of goodness on earth; in fact, to igno…
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SATAN" 363 SATAN" presence of fable and idolatry gave cause to the mani- festation of the truth. See Angel. It would have been impossible to guard the Israelites more distinctly from the fascination of the great dualistic theory of their conquerors. It is perhaps not difficult to conjecture that the reason of this …
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We cannot, of course, conceive that anything essen- tially and originally evil was created by God. We find by experience that the will of a free and rational creat- ure can, by his permission, oppose his will; that the verj' conception of freedom implies capacity of tempta- tion; and that every sin, unless arrested by …
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4. In his plii/.iical nature, Satan is among those that are termed spiritual beings; not as excluding necessa- rily all idea of matter, but as opposed rather to the an- imal nature. The good angels are all ministering spir- its, TTi'tv^ui-a (lleb. i, 14). Satan is one of the angels that kept not their first principalit…
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IV. Satan's Po2ver and Action. — Both these points, being intimateh' connected with our own life and sal- vation, are treated with a distinctness and fulness re- markabl}^ contrasted with the obscurity of the previous subjects. The agency of Satan extends to all that he does or causes to be done. To this agency the fo…
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sion of the same idea is found in the Epistle to the He- brews, where the death of Ciirist is spoken of as intend- ed to baffle (KarapyHi') "him that hath the power (to /cparot) of death, that is, the devil;" for death is evi- dently regarded as the " wages of sin," and the power of death as inseparable from the power …
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But the evil one is not onlv the " prince of the daemons," but also he is called the "prince of this world" (6 apxwv Tov Ki'itTfiov TOVTov) in John xii, 31; xiv, 30; xvi, 11, and even the " god of this world" (o Btug tov alwvoQ ToijTov) in 2 Cor. iv, 4; the two expressions being united in the words tovi; KoafioKparopag…
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The slander of man to God is illustrated by the book of Job (Job i, 9-11 ; ii, 4, 5). In reference to it, Satan is called the "adversary" {dvri^iKoo) of man in 1 Pet. V, 8, and represented in that character in Zech. iii, 1, 2; and more plainly still designifted in Kev. xii, 10 as "the accuser of our brethren, who accus…
1,069 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.