PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections
Section 121
The provinces are said to have been better governed under the empire than under the commonwealth, and those of the emperor better than those of the senate (Tacitus, Ann. i, 76; iv, 6; Dion, liii. 14). Two impor- tant changes were introduced under the empire. The governors received a fixed pay, and the term of their com…
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The Romans could not remain masters of the country so long without leaving many traces of their occupa- tion : the Latin language became known, the imperial weights and measures as well as modes of reckoning time were adopted, many Latinisms passed into common use (occasionally met with in the New Test.), and judi- cia…
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The Roman empire terminated with the anarchy which followed the murder of Justinian II, the last sov- ereign of the family of Heraclius; and Leo III, or the Isaurian, must be ranked as the first Byzantine monarch (Finlay, Greece under the Romaics, p. 433). The chief prophetic notices of the Roman empire are found in t…
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and blundering Hallam. It is strange, however, that no elucidation of its origin and use is given by Bryce in his work specifically entitled 'J'/ie /Jul// Roman Empire. All these European writers had ready access to authen- tic sources of information which are usually beyond the reach of inquirers in America. The inte…
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II. Theory of the Holy Roman Empire. — There would be manifest impropriety in entering here into the con- sideration of the constitution or the history of the sec- ond Western empire. But the theory of the empire, its great contention with the papacy, and the grave conse- quences thence resulting to the ecclesiastical …
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When Otho I was crowned at Rome in 962, he w-as in a position which permitted, and almost necessitated, the revival of the imperial pretensions, which had long been dormant, while that supreme dignity was squabbled over by Burgimdian or other princes. There was occasion for the coercion of a strong hand, external to Ro…
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The war between the two supreme powers was inev- itable ; it was even necessary. The question could not be settled without war; it could not be settled by war; but the bitter and long-continued contention prevented either power from becoming absolute, and finally para- lyzed both. The confiict about investitures broke …
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V. Literaiure, — It would be absurd to present any apparatus hibliographicus for a subject such as The Holy Roman Empire, the literature of which embraces all the chronicles, all the secular and ecclesiastical his- torians, all the scholastic and diplomatic documents rel- ative to the constitution and relation of Churc…
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Romanesque Art. Some writers apply the term "Romanesque" to the period of Christian art in Italy and Western Europe which extended from the 3d to the 10th century ; but it is more usually applied to the period extending from the 9tli to the Pith or 13th cen- tury. Until the 9th century Christian art, especially archite…
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During the Romanesque period there was some activ- ity in sculpture. The chief works in tliis branch of art were in ivory. Many of them are extremely interest- ing from the fact that they show an earnest spirit, though witli much naiveness and almost crudeness of execution. In painting, the chief works were in minia- t…
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3. L'A2>ocalypse; AfS. 7013. An ancient French translation of single psalms is given by Kail Bartsch in his Chrestonuithie de V A ncien Fraih- 5a!S(lST'2), according to Fr. Michel's Libri Psalmorum Ver- sio Antiqiia Gallica. The catalogue of A. Paulin Paris, Manuscrits Fran^. de la Bibl. du Roi, contains also the fol…
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In conclusion, we will only mention, from the seven- t)f-third annual report of the British and Foreign Bible Society (1877), that " several new versions of the Script- ures in French have been urged on the committee, but they did not see their way to the adoption of anj' of them ; they hope, however, that the present …
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A reprint of this translation was published at Amster- dim in the year 1611, also in folio, then in 1630, with the only change that the stars of the first edition are omitted in many places. According to the Catalogue des Livres Imprimes de la. Bibliofheque du Roi de France, i, 14, No. 201, this edition was edited by M…
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ROMANISM 101 ROMANS (k) Bihlia en dos Colunas Ilehr. y Espan. Amster- dam, en casa y a costa de Joseph Jacob, y Abraham de Salmon Proops (Anno 17G2, fol. ). This is, according to Le Long, an " editio optima, s|)lendida et ajstiraata." It was not until the end of the 18th century that a Ko- man Catholic divine undert…
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Romano, Giovanni Battista, a convert from Judaism, was a native of Alexandria, and flourished in the 16th century. His grandfather was the famous Elias Levita (q. v.), who instructed him while in Ger- many. He then went to Italy, and in Venice he tried to bring his brother back into the fold of the syna- gogue, in whic…
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II. Integritij. — This has not been so unanimously admitted as the genuineness. With the exception of Marcion's authorities, indeed, who probably tampered with the manuscripts of the epistles as he did with those of the gospels, and who considered the last two chapters of this epistle spurious, all the manuscripts and …
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ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE 103 ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE design at this particular time appears from a casual no- tice in Acts xix, 21. The epistle, then, was written from Corinth during Paul's third missionary journe}', on the occasion of the second of the two visits recorded in the Acts. On this occasion he remained three…
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2. The immediate circumstances under which the epis- tle was written were these. Paul had long purposed visiting Rome, and still retained this purpose, wishing also to extend his journey to Spain (i,9-I3; xv, 22-29). For the time, however, he was prevented from carrying out his design, as he was bound for Jerusalem wit…
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There are certaiidy passages wliich impl}' the pres- ence of a large number of Jewish converts to Christian- ity. The use of the second person in addressing the Jews (ch. ii and iii) is clearly not assumed merely for argumentative purposes, but applies to a portion at least of those into whose hands the letter would fa…
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On the other hand, situated in the metropolis of the great empire of heathendom, the Roman Church must necessarily have been in great measure a Gentile Church ; and the language of the epistle bears out this supposi- tion. It is professedly as the apostle of the Gentiles that Paul writes to the Romans (i, 5). He hopes …
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5. The heterogeneous composition of this Church ex- plains the general character of the Epistle to the Romans. In an assemblage so various, we should exj)ect to find not the exclusive predominance of a single form of er- ror, but the coincidence of different and opposing forms. The Gospel had here to contend not specia…
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V. Scope, Contents, and Characteristics. — The elabo- rate argument and logical order observed in this epistle give it a very systematic character. Nevertheless, the bearing of many of its parts has often been greatly ob- scured or imperfectly understood, especially under the influence of polemical bias. On this accoun…
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2. The following is a more detailed analysis of the epis- tle: Salutation (i, 1-7). The apostle at the outset strikes the key-note of the epistle in the expressions "called as an apostle," "called as saiuls." Divine grace is everytliing, human merit nothing. I. Personal explanations. Purposed visit to Rome (i, 8-15).…
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2. Modem exegetical helps (from the Keformation to the present time) on the entire epistle separately are the following, of which we designate the most important by an asterisk prefixed : Titelmann, Collectiones ( Antw. 1520, 8vo); Mclvmcthon, A dnotationes (Vitemb. 1522, and often, 4to) ; Hwgenhagen, Interpi-etatio (H…
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1828, 1831, 1836, 1856, 8vo; in English, Edinb. 1842, 2 vols. 8vo; Phila. 1844, Svo); Horneman, Commentur (Copenh. 1824, 8vo); Cox, Xotes (Lond. 1824, 8vo); Flat, Vorlesungen (Tlib. 1825, 8vo); Bowles, Sermons ( Bath, 182C, 12mo ) ; Terrot, Notes ( Lond. 1828, Svo ) ; Stenerson, Commentarius (Lips. 1829, Svo) ; Klee [R…
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Romaiius, the name of a number of saints of the Roman Catholic Church. 1. RoMANUs Thaumaturgus, said to have lived at Antioch in the 5th century, to have led a very abstemi- ous life in a cave — partaking of only bread, salt, and water, and never kindling a tire — and to have wrought many wonders. His day is Feb. 9. …
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The city of Rome was founded (B.C. 753) bj' Romulus and Remus, grandsons of Numitor, and sons of Rhea Syl- via, to whom, as the originators of the city, mythology ascribed a divine parentage. At first the city had three gates, according to a sacred usage. Founded on the Palatine Hill, it was extended, by degrees, so as…
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ROME 111 ROME Rome from the Piuciau Hill ; the Plaza del Popolo iu the foiegrpuud, St. Aiigelo and St. Peter's in the distauce. Coliseum, from a colossal statue of Nero that stood near it. With an excess of luxury, perfumed liquids were conveyed in secret tubes around these immense struct- ures, and diffused over t…
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ROME 112 ROME grams in which the name appears may be found in Martial (vii, 55 ; ix, 28). In the same author (xi, 91) a diminutive from the word, namely, Chrestillus, may be found. The word assumed, also, a feminine form, Chres- ta, as found in an ancient inscription. Comp. also Mar- tial (vii, 55). There can theref…
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Such was the population which Paul would find at Rome at the time of his visit. We learn from the Acts of the Apostles that he was detained at Rome for " two whole 3'ears," "dwelling in his own liired house with a soldier that kept him" (Acts xxviii, 16, 30), to whom apjiarently, according to Roman custom (Seneca, Ep.v…
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The lately exhumed foundations of the Church of St. Clement are confidently claimed as relics of the same age (JIullooly, Clement's Basilica in Rome [Rome, 1873, 8vo]). See Clkment. Linus (who is mentioned in 2 Tim. iv, 21) and Clem- ent (Phil, iv, 3) are supposed to have succeeded Peter as bishops of Rome. See Linus.…
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"Idem JifdoBos qui Sabazii "JndsBos quoque qui Ro- Jovis cultu Romauosinticeieinanis tradeie sacra sua co- niores conati sunt, repetere nati suut,idem Hispalnsurbe domos suas coegit."' exterminavit arnsque piiva- Itas a pnblicis locis abjecit." If this reading be genuine, we find the Jews not merely settled in Rome, …
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"Nunc Siicri fontis neinns et delubra locantur Judseis, quorum cophiuus foeimmque supellex" (Sat. iii, 12). And Martial alludes to their filth, and, what is curious enough, describes them as peddlers, venders of matches, which they trafficked for broken glass (i, 42; xii, 46). Be it as it may, certain it is that the …
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with paralysis, of which he lingered, often in great suf- fering, until death brought him a happy release in 1859. He had previously been declared emei-itus at his own request by the classis to which he belonged — a provi- sion by which a minister is honorably discharged from active duties. None of the churches which h…
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2. James Van Campkn, son of Rev. Thomas and Susannah (Van Campen) Kotneyn, was born at Mini- sink, Sussex Co., N. J., Nov. 15, 17G5. A child of the covenant, he was converted at an earh' age, and was al- ways noted for conscientious piety and for the simplic- ity and frankness of his well-balanced character. He was edu…
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ROMEYN 117 ROMEYN eral Synod of the Reformed Church, and held this of- fice until his death. '' His personal appearance," says one of his pupils of 1812, " was uncommonly imposing — nearly six feet in height, of a full habit, grave, digni- fied, and graceful. His head was finely formed, his vis- age large, with a da…
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5. TuEonoRis (or Dirck), D.D., a younger half- brother of Thomas, Sr., was born at Hackensack, N. J., Jan. 12 ((). S.), 1744. His elementary education was received from his elder brother Thomas and the Rev. J. M. Goetschius, pastor of the united churches of Hack- ensack and Schralenburg. He entered the junior class in …
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Church at Minisink, on the Delaware River. After a pastorate of ten years he removed to Caughnawaga, N. Y., in 1770, where he contiimed as pastor of the Church until his decease at Mayfield, Montgomery Co., Oct. 22, 1794. He married his second wife, Susannah Van Campen, of Sussex County, N. J., Oct. 3, 1770. Six sons w…
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Romulus, a prime character in Roman mythology; but which of the legends concerning this alleged founder and earliest king of their city was regarded as genuine by the Romans is wholh* uncertain, since our informa- tion is based on very modern sources. The following tradition had, however, become quite generally estab- …
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_my "•• ^"^ Rood at Sherborne, Dorsetshii'e. Occasionally roods or crucifixes are found sculptured outside of churches, on churchyard crosses, on wayside crosses, and at the entrance of chantries and oratories. There is a much-defaced example at Sherborne Minster, in Dorsetshire. — Lee, Gloss, of Liturg. Terms, s. v.…
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Aucieut Egyptiiiu Roof. Orat. iii, 2fi ; Philo, ii, 43 ; Sneton. Chiml xvii). So the Temple in Jerusalem, we are told by Jewish writers, was arched or vaulted, so that no one should repair thither for the same purposes as to the roofs of the houses (comp. also Jerome, A d Suniam et Fretel. p. GGl). In the East the roo…
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ROOF 122 ROOF ROOF, in architecture, is the external covering on the top of a building; sometimes of stone, but usually of wood overlaid with slates, tiles, lead, etc. Tlie form and con- struction of the timber-work of roofs differ materially according to the nature of the building on which it is to be placed, and a…
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As the Decorated style advanced, the leading tim- bers of the principals were often formed into an arch by the addition of circular braces imder the tie-beams, the beams themselves be- ing also frequently curved. The spandrels formed by these braces were verj^ usu- ally filled with pierced tra- cery, and the timbers ge…
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koosp:yelt 124 ROQUE theology. In 1784 lie was aiipointed to the prelature of | Anhausen, which gave him a seat in the district gov- ernment, and in 1787 he was promoted to a place in the national diet, which diverted his attention largely to- wards political affairs. He preached his last sermon to liis people ou Ch…
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ROOT, a name sometimes found in the inventories of English church furniture, by which were designated richly embroidered coy^es that had the "stem of Jesse" and the genealogy of our Lord figured upon them. Root, Henry, a Presbyterian minister, was bom in Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y., July 17, 1818. He grad- uated at Wi…
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Rosa, St. See Rosa of Lima. Rosa OF Lima, the most noted of Peruvian saints, was a beautiful virgin, born in 1586 at Lima, who earh" displayed great fortitude in the enduring of ])hysical pain, and manifested a strong inclination towards an ascetic life. Her parents permitted her to become a Dominican nun ; but having…
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3. The intermediate rosary has sixty-three Mary- beads and seven Pater-noster beads, denoting the sixty- three j'ears of life which the legend assigns to the Vir- gin. The Franciscans repeat seventy-two Hail-Marys, because thej' believe that the Virgin lived seventj'-two years. 4. The smaller rosary has three decades …
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"V. Pray for us, O holy Mother of God. " K. That we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ." In saying the five Sorrowful Mysteries, the clauses sub- stituted in the H;iil Marys for the italicized clause are: (1) "Who sireateii blood for us;" (2) "Who was scourged for us;" (3) "U7/0 iras crowned with thorns for…
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1. Roscelin as a Tritheist. — His opinions grew ont of an emphasizing of the idea of personality in connection with the divine nature, and, as they appear in the writ- ings of his opponents, may be comprehended in the statement that the three Divine Persons cannot be con- ceived as ^ina res (ovaia), imless the necessar…
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1805, 4 vols. 4to), See Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and A mer. A uthors, s. v. ; Darling, Cyclop. Biblioy. s. v. Rose (rbS2n, chabatstseleth ; Sept. Kpivov, civB^oq; Aq. Kt'iXv^; \u\g./los, lilium') occurs twice only in the canonical Scriptures; namely, first in Cant, ii, 1, where the bride replies, " I am the rose of Sh…
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Though the rose is apparently not mentioned in the Hebrew Hil^le, it is referred to in Ecchis. xxiv, 14, where it is said of Wisdom that she is exalted " as a rose-pilant {uQ ipvTu poCov) in Jericho" (comp. Mishna, Maaser, ii, 5). So also in Ecclus. xxxix, 13, "And bud forth as a rose growing by the brook of the field;…
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The plant commonly called " rose of Jericho" is in no wa)' referred to iu the above-quoted passages. Dr. Lindley, in the Gardener's Chronicle, ii, 362, has thus described it : " The A nastalica Hierochuntina, or rose of Jericho of the old herbalists, is not a rose at all, nor has it the smallest resemblance to a rose; …
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Rose, Guillaume, a French jirelate, was born at Cliaumont. about 1542. He was professor of grammar and rhetoric in the College of Navarre, but subsequent- ROSE 131 ROSE Rose of Jericho {A7iastatica Hieroclmntina). 1, diy ; '2, expanded by moisture. ly went to Paris, where his eloquent and incisive preach- ing gain…
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Rose-vsrindow, or the Maryrjold, was derived from the round window called the eije in the basilica, pierced through the gable over the entrance, and imitated in the Norman period at Canterbury in the transept, and at Southwell in the clerestory, but is unknown in Rhen- ish architecture. About the loth century the rose …
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Rosen, Friedricii Augustus, a celebrated Ori- ental scholar, was born in Hanover, Sept. 2, 1805, and entered Leipsic University in 1822, where he devoted himself to the study of the Biblico-Oriental languages. He went to Berlin in 1824, and studied Sanscrit under Bopp. He was subsequently called to the London Uni- vers…
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Rosenfelders. See Rosenfet.d, Hans. Rosenfeldt, Fueiikrick John, a missionary of the Episcopal Church, was born of Jewish parents Feb. 10, 1804, at Mitau, in Courland, Russia. According to the custom of that country, Rosenfeldt was instructed in the religion of Rabbinisra, and when ten years old he was taken to Berdit…
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Rosenthal, David Augustl'S, Dr., a German writer of ecclesiastical history, was born of.lewish par- entage at Neisse, in Silesia, in the year 1812. Having finished his preparatory studies at the gymnasium, he entered the University of Hreslau for the study of medi- cine. After having been promoted as doctor of medi- ci…
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Rosh hash-Slianah. See Taljiud. Rosicrucians, a pretended fraternity in Germany which existed simply in a book entitled Fama Frater- nitas des lOblichen Ordens des Rosenkretizes, and publish- ed in 1G14. That book recited that Christian Rosen- kreuz, a German of noble family, born in 1388, and edu- cated in a convent,…
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ROSINI 136 ROSS pose of approaching the fluid, which rises and falls ac- cording to tlie dryness or moisture of the weather. The natives lave it out with ladles into bags made of skins, which are carried on the backs of asses to Kirkiik, or to any otiier mart for its sale. . . . The Kirkuk naphtha is principally con…
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Ross (also Rous, Rouse, or Rows), John (1), usu- ally called "the Antiquary of Warwick," was born in the town of that name in England, and educated there until prepared for the university. He then studied at Baliol College, Oxford, where he took the degree of A.M., and afterwards was installed canon of Osnej'. Eng- lis…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.