PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections
Section 601
I. Life. — The origin, and the place and date of birth of .John Scotus Erigena are all involved in obscurity and are wholly uncertain. According to one account, he was born on the western borders of England and was of royal Saxon blood. According to another tradition, he came from the western highlands of Scotland, and…
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SCOTUS 460 SCOTUS him open to the charge of heresj' and provoked fresh Icomachy. His polemic was denounced by Prudentiiis of Troves and Florus of Lyons, who invited the censnres of tlie Church on nineteen propositions corresponding to the nineteen chapters of the essay De Pradestinatione. We shall not enter into the…
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SCOTUS 461 SCOTUS imaginable — the impalpable and inapprehensible which lies beyond the present sphere of the existent or of the conceivable. This fourth nature might be altogether rejected, but it would make a fatal breach in this rare- tied scheme of philosophy. Erigena justifies and pro- vides for it in his first…
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The absolute and transcendental perfection of the Di- vine Nature, which was regarded as indwelling in all derivative existence, led Erigena to deny the eternity of punishments. In the same manner maybe explained his anticipation of the doctrine of Leibnitz, that evil is not a positive entity, but only the privation of…
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back. Some maintain that they never gave more nor less than thirty-nine strokes, but that in greater faults they struck with proportionate violence. Others think that when the fault and circumstances required it, they might increase the number of blows. Paul informs us (2 Cor. xi, 24) that at five different times he re…
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Bubo maximus. is found in many parts of the world, and haunts old ru- ins and other places where it is not lial)le to interrup- tion. Like others of its tribe, it remains silent in its solitude during the day, but comes forth at night from its retreat, adding, by its strange appearance and dismal tones, to the gloom o…
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SCRIBES, JEWISH 465 SCRIBES, JEWISH the law, boasting of their wisdom (Jer, viii, 8). — Smith. See ScKiBics. As ill ancient times comparatively few could write, this was, in fact, a learned profession. Such ])ersons, evidently official characters, are frequently depicted on the Egj'ptian monuments, as that nation w…
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2. Date and Institution. — The period of the Sopherim begins with the return of the Jews from the Babylonian captivit}', and ends with the death of Simon the Just (B.C. cir. 458-300), embracing nearly a hundred and sixty years. Tliough there were popular teachers of the law in the Babylonian captivity, as is evident fr…
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(3.) They read the law before the people in the syna- gogues on stated occasions, for which reason Ezra, the chief scribe, is denominated {avajvu)(rTi]tS) the pra'lec- tor of the law (1 Esdras viii, 8). Hence the usage of the word scribe, or Sopher ("i£D), in post-Biblical He- ■ brew to denote a public reader of the la…
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4. The Manner in which the Sopherim Transmitted their Wo)-L — Their great reverence for the divine law, tlieir extraordinary modesty and humility, as well as their fear lest any of their writings should be raised to the dignity of Holy Writ, prevented the scribes, or Sophe- rim, from embodying their expositions and ena…
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II. The Tanatm, or Teachers nfthe Lmo ofKew-Test. Times. — 1. Name and Bate of the Tanaim. — The appella- tion Tanaim is Aramaic (a'^XDH, sing. "^XSr, frequen- tative of the Chaldee n:n=Hebrew ^V3, to rej^eui), and literally denotes i-epeaters of the lau\ or teachers of the law. The Hebrew equivalent for this title is …
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(2.) A saying is ascribed to Simon the Just (q. v.) (B.C. 300-290),"the last of the succession of the men of the Great Synagogue, which embodies the principle on which they had acted, and enables us to trace the next stage of the growth of their system. " Our fathers have taught us," he said, "three things: to be ca^it…
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in its self-chosen darkness amid a world of fantastic images (comp. Carpzov, A pp. Crit. 1, 7; Schbttgen, Hor. Ueb. de Mess, i, 4; Zunz, Gotlesdienstl. Vortrdye, p. 42- 61; Jost, Judenth. Hi, 65-81). 4. Some of the IJistinfjuished Doctors of the Law of this Period and their Tenets. — As the presidents and vice-preside…
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c. Jochanan, the high-priest and governor of Jerusa- lem, ben-Simon, ben-jNIattathias, commonly called John Hyrcanus (B.C. 135-106), was a distinguished Pharisaic scribe, or doctor of the law. The enactments which he passed, as recorded in the Mishna, show his endeavors to render the Temple service uniform, his humane …
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e. This deplorable condition, however, soon passed by, and the Scribes were again in the ascendency in the reign of Alexander Janna>us, son of John Hyrcanus, when Simon ben-Shetach (q. v.), brother of queen Salome {Berakoth, 48 a), was the president of the Sanhedrim, and Jehudah ben-Tabai vice-president (B.C. 110-65). …
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f. Shemaja ( = 2rt|itf«e, Josephus, Ani. xiv, 9, 4) and Abtalion ( = noX\iojj', ibid. xv. 1, 1, 10, 4) are the two great doctors of the law who now succeeded to the presidency and vice-presidency (B.C. 65-30) as the fourth pair (mSIT). They are generally considered as having been proselytes; but this is precluded by th…
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Hillel remained to the day of his death as poor as in his j'outh (Geiger. loc. cif.). The teaching of Hillel showed some capacity for wider thoughts. His personal char- acter was more lovable and attractive. While on the one side he taught from a mind well stored with the traditions of the elders, he was, on the other,…
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h. It adds to the interest of this inquiry to remember that Ilillel himself lived, according to the tradition of the rabbins, to the great age of 120, and may therefore have been present among the doctors of Luke ii, 46, and that Gamaliel, his grandson and substantially his suc- cessor, was at the head of this school d…
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required. He made his way to Jerusalem, and applied work of a transcriber, copying the law and the prophets for admission to the school of some famous rabbi. If he were poor, it was the duty of the synagogue of his town or village to provide for the payment of his fees, and in part also for his maintenance. His power …
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2. The Work of the Amoraim. — As the title implies, these Amoraim had to examine, decide, and expoimd the import of the Mishna for general practice. After the redaction of the Mishna by Jehudah the Holy (A.D. 1G3-193), this corpus juris became the canonical code, and constituted the source of study and the rule ofjjrac…
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2. As to the organization of these colleges, the presi- dent of each school sat in front ; next to hira in rank was the superior judge (Ileb. 'pi n^a 2X; Aramaic S3"i"'T K321), who discharged the judicial functions, and was presumptive successor to the Gaonate. Then came the ten who constituted the more limited synod, …
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SCRIPTORIA 4Y6 SCRIPTURE mon life and of proselytes coming on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem (Lightfuot, Hor. Uth. on Matt, x, 10). The l!iiovT], on the other haiiil, was the loose girdle, in the folds of which money was often kept for the sake of safetj' [see Gikdle] ; the/iaXXdi'-ioi' {saccvliis, \u\g.). was the smalle…
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Scripturalists, a term sometimes applied to Prot- estants on account of their fundamental doctrine that the Scriptures are the only sufficient rule of faith and obedience. The Jews also occasionally use the same word to denote those who reject the Mishna and adhere solely to the Old-Test. Scriptures. Scripture (-HS, l…
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(2.) The meaning of the genitive in Trann Trpo(f>rjTt'ia ypa(l>r\Q (2 Pet. i, 20) seetns at first sight, anarthrous though it be, distinctly collective. "Every prophecy of (i. e. contained in) the Old-Test. Scripture." A closer examination of the passage will perhaps lead to a dif- ferent conclusion. The apostle, after…
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I. Among the Rabbinic Jews. — Immediately after the close of the canon, the study of the Old Test, became an object of scientific treatment. A number of God- fearing men arose, who, by their instruction, encourage- ment, and solemn admonitions, rooted and builded up the people in tlieir most holy faith. The first among…
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(3. Analogy of another passage (Clp^Ta "S XjJT^D "inK), being an extension of 3 and 4. 7. The connection (ID^iyn ir^n "121). Thus the prohibition in Lev. xx, 11, "Ye shall not steal," only refers to stealing money, because the whole connection treats upon money matters. To these exegetical principles Nahum of Gimso (…
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Another mode of interpretation was according to the "^Ipn bx, i. e. read not so, but so — a very important rule, which exhibits the beginnings of the Masorah (q.v.). In the 3d and 4th centuries noihing new was added to the exegetical canons, and the rabbins of this period did not go beyond their predecessors. The main …
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III. Among the Cabalists. — An entirely different atti- tude towards the Old Test, was assumed by the Caba- lists, the .Jewish theosophists of the IMiddle Ages; for the}' endeavored to lay a foundation for their theosoph- ic doctrine and theories formed by fusing Greek and Oriental speculations, together with the Old-T…
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I. Contents of the Scriptures. — The Scriptures are di- vided into the books held sacred by the Jews, and those held sacred both by Jews and Christians. The former are familiarly known by the name of the Old Test., and the latter by that of the New. See Bible. The Old Test., accortling to the oldi'st catalogue extant i…
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In regard to the order of the books, the Talmudists and the JIasoretes, and even some MSS. of the latter, differ from each other. The Alexandrian translators differ from both, and Luther's arrangement, which is generally followed by Protestants, is made entirely ac- cording to his own judgment. The modern Hebrew Bibles…
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The authenticity of the Old Test, is abundantly proved — (1) by the unintentional testimonies of profane authors, who speak in a corroborative manner of the persons and facts mentioned in it; such profane au- thors being unquestionably proved to have lived at a later period than the sacred writers whom they corrob- ora…
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But though the ancient MSS. of the Scriptures which have descended to our times have not been wilfully al- tered, they have, nevertheless, been subject to the vicis- situdes incident to copying in the course of transmis- sion. Still, the uniformity of the MSS. which are dis- persed in so many countries and in so great …
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SCROBICULI 484 SCUDDER his GotthohVs ZufiiUvje Andacliten (1st ed. 1671, and often), a sort of Christian parables, 400 in number, which are based on objects in nature and ordinary oc- currences in life. The Siech- u. /Sief/exbette describes a sici<ness through which he passed, and the aids and comforts derived from …
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SCUDDER 485 SCULPTURE years abroad, his health having suffered from the cli- mate, Dr. Scudder returned to America in 1842, and re- mained until 181(). During tliese tour years his time was employed in constant missionary service among the churches of this country. His labors among children and youth were memorable …
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Scull, See Skui.i, Sculpture, Hebrew. By the well-known law (in Exod. XX, 4 sq. ; Dent, iv, 16 sq. ; xxvii, 15 ; comp. Diod. Sic. Eclog. XI, 1 ; Strabo, xvi, 761 ; Josephus, Cont. Apion. ii, 6; Ewald, Isr. Gesch. ii, 110 sq.; Tacit. Hist, v, 5, 4. But see Bertheau, Isr. Gesch. p. 248) the Israelites were not forbidden…
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Standing Figure of a King (Fig. 1), and, like the former, ])ainted to' represent granile. (Figs. 4,6 are polishing It; and tigs. 2 and 3 painting and sculpturing the hie- roglyphics at the back.) or ornaments were introduced, the squares were sub- divided into smaller squares, proportioned to the less figure. The outl…
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The different works in relief which liave been pre- served to us from the early Christian period all resem- ble each other in character in the fact that they ignore the peculiar demands of the plastic art as completely as do the representations in color in the art of painting. Both arts were treated in the same spirit …
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German sculptors were not favored with the advan- tages secured to their Italian compeers by the posses- sion of the models of antiquity ; but their works never- theless attained to a degree of perfection during this period which renders them not unworthy to be placed by the side of the products of Italian art. Various…
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Scum (nxbn, cheldh, strictly an overlayimj), rather, rust of a pot (K/.ek. xxiv, 6, 11, 12). Scuophylacium {aKivo<pv\aKioi'), a recess near the altar corresponding with the medieval "aumbrye," in which the chalice, paten, and every utensil employed in offering the eueharistic sacrifice were anciently placed immediatel…
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Aucient Representation of a Scythian Family. SCYTHIAN 490 SCYTHOPOLIS sagetae, they descended into Asia INIinor, where they took Sanlis (B.C. tJ'i'J), and maintained a lung war with the Lvdiaii monarchs; tlience they spread into ;Media (B.C. G2-i), where they defeated Cyaxares. They then di- rected their course to …
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Iceland, however (apparenth' incited thereto by his doubts of the truth of Herodotus's account), discarded this explanation, and suggested that Scythopolis was a corruption of Succothopolis — the chief town of the dis- trict of Succoth. In this he is supported by Gesenius (Xoli's to linrckhitrdl, p. 1058) and by Grimm …
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The above Heb. word, O"', yum, is sometimes connect- ed with □inrij tehom {ujivaaoi^, ahyssus, " the deep," Gen. i, 2 ; Jonah ii, 5). It also means tlie west (Gesen. Thesaur. p. 360, 598). When used for tlie sea, it very often, but not always, takes the article. Other words for the sea (in the A. V. "deep") are : tlbl^…
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Seager, Micah, a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal Cliurch, was born in Simsbury, Conn., in July, 1800, and was converted in 1816. In 1818 he was re- ceiveil on trial by the Genesee Conference, in which he ])erformed more than thirtj' years of active service. He was superannuated in 1854, and held that relation unt…
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SEAL, Abbatial, is the official formal seal of an ab- bot. SEAL, Consecration of an Episcopal. It was customary in many parts of the Church tluring the Mid- dle Ages to consecrate the seal of a newly made bishop with his vestments and other episcopal insignia. The form of consecration was simple, tlie seal being bless…
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Searle, Jeremiah, a (Dutch) Reformed minister, was born at Atkinson, N. II., in 179.5. He Avas educated in part at Bowdoin College, Me., and graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1820. He studied theology with Dr. Andrew Yates, and was licensed by the Congregational Association of Vermont in 1823. His ministerial life …
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2 Kings ii, 19; an assembly or session, as Psa. i, 1, and the dwelliny of men, Gen. xxv, 49, and often. (3.) The word nj^izn, tekunah (from '(ZT\, takdn, to weigh), is rendered "seat" in the A. V., Job xxiii, 3, but means rather dwelling, abode. (4.) Finallv, shebeth, TCi'd, is the intinitive of the verb yashdb, 2'r^ (…
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2. Biblical Notices. — Besides the mention of Seba as the first in the list of the sons of Cush ((Jen. x, 7; 1 Chron. i, 9), there are but three, or, as some hold, four, notices of the nation. In Psalm Ixxii, which has evi- dentl)^ a first reference to the reign of Solomon, Seba is thus spoken of among the distant nati…
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SEBAK 49G SEBAT Phut. It may be remarked that it seems certain that, from a remote time, Ethiopia below Meroe could never have formed a separate powerful kingdom, and was prob- ably always dependent upon either JNIeroe or Egypt. •i. Description. — Meroe was a large island in Ethiopia, formed by the Astaboras, on th…
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Se-Baptists, a small and obscure sect which struck off from the Brownists (Independents) early in the 17tli century. Tliey received their name from the act of their leader, John Smith, of Amsterdam, in baptizing himself. After entertaining several views, he at last declared for the principles of the Baptists. Upon this…
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by, upon, stands twice for CJ', "with," as Gen. xxx, 40 ; 1 Sam. xx, 8. Without enlarging upon this list, we will remark for those interested in that subject that these "pT^SD are given in alphabetical order by Frensdortf in his Masso- ra Magna ; the first part is entitled Miissoretisches Wo7-- terhuch, p. 369 sq. See…
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SECKENDORF 498 SECRET DISCIPLINE 1870 and completed in 1877, Up to March 30. 1878, 70G6 Bibles and 10,094 New Testaments with Psalms have been distributed. Comp. The Bible of Every Land, but more especially the Annual Rejwiis of ike British and Foreign Bible Society, which are the only sources for the more recent ve…
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Secret. See INIvstery, Secret Discipline (Lat, arcani disciplina), a term used to signify a practice of the early Cliristian Cliurch of performing the rites of religion with se- crecy. It was founded upon the words of Christ, " Give not that which is holy unto the dogs," etc, (Matt, vii, ()), and began to be common sh…
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SECT [in ecclesiastical usage] (L&X . secta , cu\ off), a collective term comprehending all such as follow the doctrines and opinions of some divine, philnsojiher, etc. By the Roman Catholic Church it is applied to all those religious bodies which separated from her communion. By Protestants, generally, it is employed …
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The relation of private conscience to the question of sectarianism regarded as a separation from an existing Church evidently demands consideration under every ecclesiastical system. Frequently the motive which leads to the separation of an individual from his Church is not a good one : he is devoted to some specialty…
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Secular Clergy. Parish priests and all who were charged with the cure of souls were named clerici secii- Idres, so called as living according to the manners of the time (secuhnn). Thej- were so called in contradis- tinction to regnlur clergy (q. v.), who belonged to the monastic orders or religious congregations. Secu…
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It is to be remarked that the relation between Secu- larism and the Positivism of Comte (((. v.) is such as to warrant the statement that Secularism is merely the French Positivism translated into English. See I'ositivismus v. Secularismns, etc., in Neiie Eran- f/el. Kirchenzeitung, 1863, Nos, 19 and 20; Buchanan, Fai…
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2. A son of the Lombard Kestitutus and Dareca, a sister of St. Patrick. He lived ii> Ireland from A.D. 439, and died at the age of seventy-live, in 459. Secun- dinus was bishop of Domnach, and composed an ode on St. Patrick during the life of the latter, which was long on the lips of the Irish. It is given in Migne (Pu…
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Sedes Vacans (a vacant see), strictly a vacancy of the papal or an episcopal chair, since the term sedes {BpovoQ) is a[iplied only to apostolica, i. e. Roman and other episcopal sees; but it is in use extended to abbeys, prelatures, and all dignities to which the right of collat- ing to benefices belongs. For the rides…
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Chesterton, Oxfordshire. ain, a few of which are of as earh' date as the latter part of the I'ith century; but the majority are later, extend- ing to the end of the Perpendicular style. The earliest form in the catacombs, and repeated at St. David's, was a bishop's throne flanked by collateral seats. In gen- eral they…
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SEDULIUS 605 SEED them the hexameter poem Carmen Paschale, etc., in which Old-Test, miracles, the miracles of Christ's life, ami liiially his tieatli, resurrection, and ascension, are treated — the whole in opposition to the heretical views of Arius and Sabellius. Various editions of this poem have been published — …
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.