PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections
Section 301
2. The place where alone sacrifices might be presented was the court of the national sanctuary — the tabernacle first and afterwards the Temple (Deut. xii, 5 sq., 11), and every offering elsewhere was to be punished with death (Lev. xvii, 4 sq. ; Ueut. xii, 13; comp. 1 Kings xii, 27). The place is more exactly called "…
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SACRIFICIAL OFFERING 230 SACRIFICIAL OFFERING ritual mentions this imposition of the band but in one case (xvi, 21; comp. the Mishna, Menach. ix, 7; yet see i Cliroii. xxix, i?>), this ceremony being tlie formal consecration of tlic beast to Jeliovah; not the laving of tlie penalty due to sin upon the sacrifice, as B…
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In the period after the exile arose the Essenes, who went further than the prophets, and retained of the out- ward ritual only the lustrations, not oftering sacrifices at all (Josephus, A nt. xviii, 1, 5). It is well known that all the ceremonial of sacrifice has been given up h\ the Jews, since they no longer possess …
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committed by the affected zealots with impunity. At length, in the closing scenes of Jerusalem, such were the multitude and the magnitude of the sacrileges that Josephus says if the Romans had not taken the city of Jerusalem he would have expected it to have been swallowed up like Sodom, or have had some other dreailfu…
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The punishments denounced against this crime have been severe under every code. According to the canon law, sacrilege committed against the veuerahilt itself was visited with the anathema; against other sacred things, with the ban ; and in case of obstinate contumacy, with the denial of Christian burial (c. 2, x, " De …
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SACRISTY 233 SADDLE south side of the altar, and arranges on it the chalice, covered with the linen clotli called the purifier ; and also the paten, wliicli is covered with a stiff cloth and a rich veil of silk ; the cruets for wine and water; the (iospel and Epistle books: the ewer, basin, and water for washing the…
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Sadami'as (Vulg. Sadamias, the Greek original being lost), given in the Apocrypha (2 Esdr. i, 1) in- stead of SnALLUJi (q. v.) in the ancestry of Ezra (Ezra vii, 2). Sadanaua (the f/od with six faces), in Hindfl my- thology, is a surname of the twelve-handed Skanda, who was born to Shiva the Destroyer by the two siste…
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IL Scripture Notices. — Although frequently mention- ed in the New Test, in conjunction with the Pharisees, they do not throw such vivid light as their great an- tagonists on the real significance of Christianity. Ex- cept on one occasion, when they united with the Phari- sees in insidiou.sl3' asking for a sign from he…
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have an oral law in addition to the written law. This oral law consists of sundry religious, ceremonial, and so- cial practices which obtained in the course of time, and which were called forth either through the obscurity, conciseness, and apparent contradiction of some of the written enactments, or through the inappl…
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them' (Deut. xi, 21). He promised it to them (pfib)— i. e. to the living, and not to the dead ; but as they were now dead, it is evident that there will be a resurrection if the promise is to be fulfilled" (Sanhedrin, 90 b). We are also fold in the New Test, that the Sadducees say that there is " neither angel nor spi…
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2. The ceremonj- of faking off the shoe (Ti'^'OTI), in case the surviving brother refuses to perform the duty of Levir towards the widow of his deceased brother, is explained most rigidly by the Sadducees insisting upon the letter of the law, that the rejected widow is to spit into tlie man's face (T'lSD, Dent, xxv, 9)…
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4. As a necessary and vital consequence of the fore- going view, the Sadducees maintained that the skin and the other parts of an animal not legall}' slaugh- t-ered — i.e. both of all those animals which the law per- mits to be eaten when legally slaughtered, but which have died a natural death, and of those which the …
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5. The Sadducees, who stood upon their priestly dig- nity and ancient prerogatives, rejected the artificial mode of amalgamating the distances (■pTS'injn niT'J') introduced by the Pharisees to enable the members of their order to walk beyond the Sabbath-day's journey without infringing on the sanctity of the day, so as…
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13. Though admitting that Exod. xiii, 6 enjoins phy- lacteries, the Sadducees rejected the Pharisaic regula- tions about the making and weaving of them (Sanhe- drin, 88 b ; INIaimonides, Yad I/uchezaka, Hilchoth Te- phillin, iv, 3). See Phvlac teky. 14. Based upon the law that a lying-in woman is not to touch holy th…
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2. Development of the Sect. — We have seen from their tenets and practices that the Sadducees were the an- cient priestly aristocracy, and that they persisted in maintaining their conservative notions, as well as in retaining tlieir pristine prerogatives, against the voice of the peo|)le. It is therefore natural, in tr…
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3. Their Eventual Fate. — The fact of the rapid dis- appearance of the Sadducees from histor}' after the 1st century, and the subsequent predominance among the Jews of the opinions of the Pharisees, remains to be considered. Two circumstances indirectly but power- fulh' contributed to produce this result: 1st, the stat…
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Sade, Pons de, a French prelate. He was first professor in the University of Avignon, and in 1445 was made bishop of Vaison. He died at Vaison in 1469. Sade, Richard de, a French ecclesiastic, was suc- cessively chamberlain of pope Urban VIII, vice-govern- SADEEL 242 SADOLETO or of Tivoli and Ravenna, and after 1G…
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SADOLETO 243 SAFFRON returned to Rome to aid the pope further in his prepa- rations for the Council of Trent. The next year lie was called on to meet the emperor and the pope at Busseto in an endeavor to effect a peace with France. This was among the last of Sadoleto's labors. He was now far advanced in j-ears; his …
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Saffron belongs to the flag or iris order {Iridacea). The different members of the crocus family are great favorites: the purple and golden varieties {Crocus ver- mis, Willd., and C. aureus, Sm.), which, on English flowei borders, are the first to follow the snowdrop, and often fill with a flush of coming spring the ea…
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Sagui, in Hindu mythology, is the second stage of blessedness in the paradise of Vishnu. See Hinduisji. Sahadiitha. See Jegar-Saifadutha. Sahidic (or Thebaic) Version. See Egyptian Versions. Sahuguet, Marc Ren^, abbe d'Espagnac, was born at Brivcs, in 1753. Being destined for the Church, he received orders, and was …
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all. Even yet he did not entirely escape persecution and abuse ; but he bore it all with the greatest pa- tience, holding as his motto the words of the prophet (Jer. XXX, 15), " In spe et silentio erit fortitudo ves- tra." While Napoleon accused him of being a bigoted papist, the pope distrusted him and refused to conf…
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The later Jews have their saints as well as the Chris- tian Church ; the word they use is 'Ci^p, kadosh. Tlieir most celebrated saint is rabbi Judah Ilak-kadush (rabbi Jiidah the Holy). He lived about one hundred and twent}^ years after the destruction of the second Tem- ple, and was tlie author of the Mishna (or text)…
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SAINT-JOHN 247 SAINT-SIMON of St. John in Jerusalem." A magnificent church was erected to St. John the Baptist on the traditional site of his parents' abode. Gerard took the title of (iuar- dian and Provost of the order, and built, for the accom- modation of pilgrims, hospitals in the chief maritime towns of Western…
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Saint-Pierre, Charles Ireni^e Castel, a French ecclesiastic, was born near Barfleur, Normandy, Feb. 18, 1658. He was educated by the Jesuits at Caen, and joined the priesthood. He went to Paris in 1686, and succeeded Bergeret in the Academy, 1695. He became chaplain of the bishop of Orleans in 1702, and received, throu…
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of the condition of the class the most numerous and poor. The means was, to each man a vocation ac- cording to his capacitj", and to each capacity a reward according to its works. The result aimed at was a sort of democratic epicureanism. It was an outbirtli of a one-sided brooding over the conflict between capital and…
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Saivas, the general name given to those among the Hindus who worship Siva the Destroyer, one of the members of the Trimurti. The only form inider which this deity is worshipped is that of the Linga, which they adore either in temples, in their houses, or on the side of a sacred stream. " The worship of Siva seems to ha…
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Saktas, the worshippers of the Sakti (q. v.), the female ]irinciple, or the divine nature in action, which is personified under different forms, according as the worshippers incline towards the adoration of Vishnu or Siva — Saraswati being the Sakti, or wife, of Brah- ma; Lakshmi the .Sakti, or wife, of Vishnu; and Dev…
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Salaam. See Salltation. Salacia, in Roman mythology, was a goddess of the salt waters, the wife of Neptune, and mother of Triton. Saladin, the name given by Western writers to Sa- lah KD-DiN Yl'SSef ibn-Ayub, the sultan of Egypt and Syria, and the founder of the Ayubite dynasty in those countries. As the great Moslem…
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Salai, or Salaino, Akdhea, an Italian painter, was born about 1500, but the time of his deatli is not known. From an humble position in the studio of Leonardo da Vinci, he finally became the favorite pupil of his master, and his pictures show the same softness which characterizes those of the great artist. In Milan may…
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SALARY 252 SALCAH St. Paiii i, 109; Lewin, St. Paul, i, 120 sq. On the coins of Salaniis, sec Eckliel, iii, l^i. Salary (Lat. salarium, salt-mone>j, salt being part of the pay of the Roman soldier), an annual or periodi- cal payment for services. Nothing like the provisions of the Levitical law, for the maintenance…
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Salcah is, doubtless, identical with the present town of Sulkhad, which stands at the southern extremity of the Jebel Ilauran, twenty miles south of Kunawat (the ancient Kenath), which was the southern outpost of the Leja, the Argob of the Bible. Snlkhad is named by both the Christian and Mohammedan historians of the M…
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The main opinion, however, current from the earliest ages of interpretation, is that of the Jewish commenta- tors, who, from Onkelos {Targum) and Joscphus (^War, vi, 10; Ant. i, 10, 2; vii, 3, 2) to Kalisch {Comm. on Gen, p. 3G0), with one voice affirm that Salem is Jerusalem, on the ground that Jerusalem is so called …
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C. (Sept. tv tif)))v)j ; Vulg. in pace), Psa. Ixxvi, 2. It seems to he agreed on all hands that Salem is here em- ployed for Jerusalem, but whether as a mere abbrevia- tion to suit some exigency of the poetry and point the allusion to the peace (jshdUmi) which tlie city enjoyed through the protection of ( jod, or wheth…
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Salii were priests of Mars Gradivus, and are said to have been instituted by Numa. They were twelve in number, chosen from the patriarchs, and had charge of the sacred shields (ancilia), whicli were kept i:i the Temple of Mars on the Palatine Ilill. The distinguish- ing dress of the salii was an embroidered tunic bound…
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SALDIBENI 256 SALMASIUS Salimbeni, Arcangelo, an Italian painter, was born at Sienna, and Hourislied from lb;u to 1579. He was a pupil of Sozzi, and enriched his native town with a great number of pictures. His best are a Holy Fam- ily anil a Mar/i/rdom o/St.Peler.—Uoci'er, iXom: Biog. (Jeiierith, s. V. Salimbeni, …
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A smaller work on moral theology, Cursus Theol. Mui-alis (Venet. 1728, complete in 6 vols.), was pub- lished by the same order and school, whose authors were, without exception, Probabilists. See PKonABiL- ISM. Their names are given in the book. The work has been highly commended by Eoman Catholic theo- logians in the …
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Sal'mon, the name of a man and of a hill. 1. (Heb. Salmon', "iin^iy, clothing, Ruth iv, 21, Sept. '2a\jim> v. r. "^aKpav ; but Scdma', X^?iiJ, id. I Chron. ii, 11, Sept. 2aXju«v v. r. 2n\ai|ii('W, A. V. "Sal- ma;" and Salmuh', Til^'':!, id. Ruth iv, 20, Sept. 2aX- fiiov V. r. SrtXjttaj', A. V. "Salmon;'" N. T. ILaKpwi…
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sent; and even after she was married to Alexas, her in- clination for Sillwus was notorious. Salome survived Herod, who left her, by will, the cities of Jamnia, Azoth, and Phasaelis, with fiftj- thousand pieces of money. She favored Antipas against Archelaus, and died A.D. 9, a little after Archelaus had been banished …
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Salomon, John, professor of Hebrew, was a native of Pdsen, where he was born in 1623. He embraced Christianity at Dantzic, Jan. 22, 1657. Two years later he was appointed professor of the Oriental languages at the gymnasium there, and died July 1, 1683. He wrote, DemtinstrtttiuiH'S XXXVIII contra Judivos (Frankfort, 1…
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The associations coiniected with salt in Eastern coun- tries are important. As one of the most essential arti- cles of diet, it syml)olized hospitality; as an antiseptic, durability, fidelity, and purity. Hence the expression, "covenant of salt" (Lev. ii, 13; Numb, xviii, 19; 2 Chron. xiii, 5), as betokening an indisso…
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SALT, Covenant of. See Covenant; Salt. SALT SEA, usually known as " the Dead Sea." This is the largest lake in Palestine, and in many respects the most remarkable in the world. (The following ac- coinit of it is chiefly taken from the dictionaries of Kitto and Smith.) See Palestine. I. Names. — This body of water has…
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II. Physical Features, — 1. Generid Position. — The Dead Sea is situated in the lowest part of that great valley which stretches in a direct line due south from the base of Hermon to the head of the gulf of Akabah. The valley is a chasm or fissure in the earth's crust, be- ing fur nearly 200 miles below the level of t…
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The shore-line now trends, with an easy curve, to the south-west, and then to the south, until it reaches the bold headland of Kas el-Feshkhah. So far it is flat and sandy, and the adjoining plain dreary and naked, save where, at long intervals, a little brackish spring rises, or a tiny streamlet flows, and there cane-…
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Farther south the shore recedes, forming a bay some eight miles in length, the water in places almost wash- ing the base of the cliffs. One wild glen, called Um- Baghek, breaks through the mountains, and sends out a tiny stream with a dense fringe of evergreens. Not far from it is another hot sulphur spring, which spre…
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This fertile tract touches the south-eastern shore of the sea, anil continues along it as it trends north-east for some five miles to the mouth of the Wady Nimei- reh, becoming gradually narrower as the shore-line ap- proaches the rocky sides of the mountains. The geo- logical formation of this eastern range is differ…
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The plain between the mountains and the month of the Jordan is in general well watered, and covered with luxuriant vegetation and occasional thickets of tama- risk, retem, and acacia. At the ruins of Suweimeh, De Saulcy found a copious hot spring with a ruinous aqueduct (^Voyage en Terre - Saint e, i, 317). Along the …
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The exact amount of the depression will, of course, vary with the rise and fall of the waters at dilTerent seasons. Traces along the shore iirovo that tlic level has varied as much as fifteen feet within the i)ast half century (Hobinson, I'/if/siml t.'enf/rnphi/, p. 190). It is a singular coincidence that the depth and…
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267 SALT SEA COMPARATIVE TABLE OF ANALYSES OF THE WATER OF THE DEAD SEA. Components. 1. C.G. Ginelin, 1824. As rfical- culateil by Marcliand. 2. Apjohn, 1838. 3. Marchand, 1847. 4. Herapath, 1S49. 5. liootll, of I'hiln- dolphia (U.S. Exiwd.), 1849. 6. Boutron- Charlurd and Henry. 7. Prof. W. Grc…
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SALT SEA 268 SALT SEA grandest scenery man ever enjoj-ecl, in an atmosphere where lialf a lung is sufficient for respiration" (The Land o/J.siwI, p. 295 ). III. Orl(/in and History.— It is a question of the high- est importance, and one which has created much con- troversy among scientific and Biblical students, wh…
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2. The physical facts ascertained by scientific research are as follows: The formation of the great valley of the Jordan must have been long antecedent to historic times, and coeval with the existing mountain-ranges; the val- ley was, at some remote period, filled with water to the level of the ocean ; the water has gr…
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When Machajrus and Callirrhoe were inhabited (if, indeed, the former was ever more than a fortress, or tlie latter a bathing establishment occasionally resorted to), and when the plain of .Jericho was occiii)ied with the crowded population necessary for the cultivation of its balsani-gardens, vineyards, sugar-plantatio…
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2. Tliat of Amaziah (2 Kings xiv, 7; 2 Chron. xxv, 11"), who is relatoii to have slain 10,000 Edomitcs in this valley, and tiien to have proceeded with 10,000 prison- ers to the stronghold of the nation at /lus-Sela, the Cliff, i. e. I'etra, and, after taking it, to have massacred them by hurling them down the precipic…
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Salter, Samuel, D.D., a learned English divine, was born at Norwich, and educated at the free school of that city, at the Charter House, and at Benedict Col- lege, Cambridge, of which he was elected a fellow. He became rector of Burton College, Lincolnshire, and preb- endary of Norwich ; minister of Great Yarmouth, 175…
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Salutation (from the Lat. salus, health, i. e. a wish- ing well ; in the A. V. " salute" is the rendering of T^'^Si bardk, to bless; ^X'lj, shndl, to inquire; but more prop- erly of Dlbir, shalom, peace [q. v.]; in the N. T. of dairdZofiai, to embrace), a term which, in the Bible, in- cludes two classes or modes of add…
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SALUTATION 272 SALUTATION vat !" of the Latin, the " Vi%-e le roi!" of the French, or our own " forever!" •2. Ufie of f/use E.rpressions.— The forms of greeting that we have noticed were freely exchanged among persons of different ranks on the occasion of a casual meeting, and tliis even when they were strangers. T…
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It is a common custom for a man to kiss the hand of his superior instead of his own (generally on the back only, but sometimes on both back and front), and then to put it to his forehead in order to pay more par- ticular respect. Servants thus evince their respect towards their masters. Those residing in the East find …
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In the Church-of-England service a species of saluta- tion occurs. " Having all repeated our Creed, . . . we now prepare ourselves to pray. And since salutations have ever been the expressions and badges of that mut- ual charity without which we are not fit to i)ray, there- fore we begin with an ancient form of salutat…
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" In the New Testament the spiritual idea of salva- tion strongly predominates, thougli the idea of temporal <leliverance occasionally appears. Perhaps the word ' restoration' most clearly represents the great truth of the Gospel. The Sun of God came to a lost world to restore those who would cDmriiit themselves unto h…
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Salvete, flores mavtyriim, is the beginning of the famous hymn written by Prutlentius of Spain (q. v.), and which is used in the Latin Church on Innocents' Day, the second day after Christmas. This hymn, of which the first stanza runs thus, " Salvete, flores martyrnm, Quos lucis ipso iu limine Christi insecutor sustul…
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Salviati, Bernardo, an Italian cardinal of the same family as the preceding, was born at Florence in 1492. As a knight of St. John of Jerusalem he took part in several expeditions against the barbaric cor- sairs, and reached the rank of general of the galleys. He undertook a campaign in the Pelo|)onnesus when the islan…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.