PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 1
^ Dictionary of the Bible Dictionary of the Bible DEALING WITH ITS LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND CONTENTS INCLUDING THE BIBLICAL THEOLOGY EDITED BY JAMES HASTINGS, M.A, D.D. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OP JOHN A. SELBIE, M.A., D.D. AND, CniEFLV IN THE REVISION OF THE PROOFS, OP A. B. D.WIDSON, D.D., LL.D., Litt.D. S. R. …
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Bish.= Bishops' Bible 1.568. Tom. =Tom9on'8 NT 1576. Rhem. = Rhemish NT 1582. Dou. = Donay OT 1609. AV = Authorized Version 1611. AVra = Authorized Version margin. RV = Revised Version NT 1881, OT 1885. RVra = Revised Version margin. EV^ = Auth. and Rev. Versions. IV. For the Literaturk AnT=Knc\ent Hebrew Tra…
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Rev. David Eaton, ALA., D.D., Glasgow. Rev. William Ewino, ALA., Glasgow, for. merly of Tiberias, Palestine. Rev. Geop.ge Ferries, ALA., D.D., Cluny, Aber- deenshire. Rev. KoiiEHT F'lint, D.D.^ LL.D., Profe.ssor of Divinity in the University of Edinburgh. Rev. Alfred Ernest Gakvie, AI.A., B.D., Alon- trose. Rev. J…
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Rev. John Skinner, RI.A., D.D., Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis in Westminster College, Cambridge. Rev. George Adam S.mith, M.A., D.D., LL.D., Professor of Hebrew in the United Free Church College, Glasgow. Rev. Vincent Henry Stanton, M.A., D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, and Ely Professor of Divinity…
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Outside the NT the word occurs in Ignatius in a sense which is clearly inlluenced by tlie NT, and ajiparently in the meaning of the Itivine fulness, as going forth and blessing and residing in the Church {Eph. Inscr. r-g (i'Xoyrj/ji^fii iv iie-^iVti 8(ou rarpiis TrXrjpw/iaTi, and Trail. Inscr. fli- Koi dffjrdj'o^ai ill…
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J. A. Selbie. POET.— Only Ac 17^ ' As certain even of your own poets have said. For we are also his otispring.' By ' your own poets ' (ol Kad' i/xai [WH marg. nudi after B, 33 etc, Copt.] TroiTjTcii) Lightfoot thinks St. Paul meant poets belonging to the same school as his Stoic audience {Dissertntions on Apost. Age, …
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The question whether poetry has a place in the Holy Scriptures could be raised as long as men held fast to the strict verbal inspiration doctrine. From that standpoint the admixture of so strongly human and subjective an element might appear to contradict the purely Divine and objective origin of the words of the Bible…
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b. The verse. — As well established as the line is the second higher poetical unit, the verse. In Heb. poetry a plurality of lines, in by far the majority of instances two of these, regularly com- bine to form a verse. This unit is likewise wit- nessed to by tradition. The sign for the close of the verse (the double po…
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t His article in the Jahrb. f. prot. Tluol. i. (1876) p. 121 ff., il still well worthy of study. I Cf. W. Max Miiller,' Die Liebegpoeeie der alten jEgypter, 1899, p. 10, Anm. 1. POETRY (HEBREW) POETRY (HEBREW) d. Metre: the Kinah and other kinds of verse. — Fium «li:il lius jusi been s;iid, it is selievident that t…
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e. The scale for the lines. — But although one cannot avoid recognizing the facts just mentioned, it yet remains a very difficult task to determine the male by which the Heb. poet measured the length of his lines. Here comes in the attempt to establish a metrical system for Heb. poetry, which during the last centuries …
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All the above systems are worked out with extreme care, and in the opinion of their authors leave no unexplained residuum. The earliest two (those of Ley and Bickell) have each found many adherents, the third is yet too recent to have done so. Still, in the majority of instances, perliajis even without exception, the d…
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(2) As regards t/te non-accenting or the accenting of icords, much latitude must be conceded to the living language and to music, so that it would be very difficult to lay down strict and inviolable rules according to which this or that word is under certain circumst.inces to be non-accented or accented. In this way ve…
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That Hebrew poetry has a strophic arrangement is generally taken for granted as self-evident. The • Die Projihftm in Hirer urspriingHchfn Form, 2 vols., Wien, ISOO, StropJii^nltan und RegjMjnsion, Wien, IS'JS, MiilleKe system has been adolitcd and contributions made in support of it by F. Perles. Xtir neb. Ulrophik, W…
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On the other hand, it is equally true that the theory of strophes is not to be refuted by postu- lates ; the evidence of facts must decide. But any one who has convinced himself from the literature of the subject what finely artificial structures, with ever new forms, have been successively proved to underlie the same …
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of the latter it is based upon a false dehmtion of the dmma • It is only in chs. 3-41 that the hook of Job s disposed as 1 dialogue. a"d this dispos.- UonU shares with the majority of . Plato s pl.Uo- sophical works, which no one thjnks it necessary on that account to caH dramas. N ay, the =^\<'^^^ ,^" ' bcinning to en…
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1. Folk-Poetry.— this is everywhere the oldest form of poetry. Poetry as an art never makes its appearance till later epochs. The saying of J. G. Hamann (1730-1788), ' Poetry is the mother-tongue of the human race,' which was more fully expl.iined and established by his pupil J. G. Herder (1744- 1803), and has in recen…
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• Cf. Budde, ' Das Hohelied' in Kuner Bdmmnu t This is the name applied to the church 8on'.;s of the close of the Middle Ages, which were composed in iniit.ilion of the measure, melody, and words of familiar secular songs. J Cf. the description, for modern Syria, by Wetzstein (Zttchr. /. Ethnol., 1873, p. 287 ff.). …
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The principal specimen of the real historical folk-song is tlie fine Song of Deborah, Jg 5. This attaches itself closely, at the same time, to the preceding specie.s, being as it is a ]ioem in which praise and blame are distributed, from v.'- on- wards. First of all, praise is given to Deborah, who by her recruiting-so…
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(b) The projihet may communicate Divine oracles, which he has himself received. Here again strict, measured form is natural. (c) The nronhet may speak in his own name, taking for nisba.sis, and expanding. Divine oracles. Uetwixt these last two possibilities the threat mass of prophetical passages continuallj- oscillat…
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(2, The Book of Lamentations. — Here, truly, poetiy as an art rules, till artiliii.'ility is reached in the alphabetic arrangement. Hut this art is based on the employment by the projihuts of the popular lament for tlie dead, and is an imitation ot the latter. A higher degree of art than that found in chs. 1. 2. 4 is p…
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Six species of poisonous snakes occur in Pales- tine, Vipera Euphratica, V. Ammodyte.t, Dabnia xanfhina, Echis arenicoln, Nn.ja Hnje, the hooileil cobra common in the southern border countries, but not often found in tlie cultivated tracts ; and Crrristes I/nssc/qui.'.tii, the horned viper, very comirion, and often fou…
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' Have you a catalogfue Of all the voices that we have procured Set down by the poll?" The Heb. word is always n^S^J gulgolcth, which in the places where it is rendered 'poll ' as well as in Ex 16'^ (AV ' for every man,' AVm ' by the poll or head,' RV 'a head') and 38== (AV 'A bekah for every man,' AVra 'a poll,' RV '…
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i. The first Kingdom of Pontus.— In the confusion that followed on the death of Alexander the Great, an adventurer named Mithridates managed to found a new state beyond the Ualys in north-eastern Asia Minor, about B.C. 302. He assumed the title of king probably towards the end of B.C. 281, and was afterwards known as K…
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The residence of Tryphtena near Iconium tmder Claudius can only have been temporary, as she appears with the title of queen on Pontic coins in the year A.D. 54-55, when Nero was emperor. According to the story (which is probably founded on fact) in the Acta above mentioned, she protected Thecla, St. Paul's Iconian conv…
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Still a fourth Pontus is mentioned by Ptolemy and in inscriptions, as Pontus Capp.idocictis. This included the regions that lay east of Polemoniacus, bet« een the Euxine Sea and Armenia ; and it had been comprised in the dominions of Polemon I., whose realm extended so far as to embrace even Bosporus. Some modern autho…
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The remaining case is not so clear. In Ac 2' among the Jews and proselytes in Jerusalem at the Feast of Pentecost are mentioned ' dwellers in Judaea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia.' That list presents many difliculties, and is probably not composed by the author of Acts, but quoted by him from an older authority to wh…
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Still the inner lands of Pontus appear to have been Christianized to a considerable extent during the 3rd cent, by the work of Gregory Tliaumatuigus and other less famous missionaries. Such martyrs as Theodorus Tiro at Amasia, Theodorus the Soldier at HeracleopolisJ and Kukhaita, with many others,§ are mentioned in the…
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I'ools are mentioned in tlie Bible at Hebron (2 S 4'=), Gibeon ('2S 2'^), Sanuiria (1 K 22**), and Hesh- bon (Kc2'); and in general terms in Is 14^19'" and Nail 2". At or near Jerus. there were several pools : the Upper P. (2 K 18", Is 7" 36-) ; the Lower P. (Is 22») ; the Old P. (Is 22") ; the King's P. (Neh 2") ; the…
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6. Comp. the allusions to the oppressions of the ' needy (D'4V:n) in Am 28 41 512 84- 6, Is 32', Jer 234 em and elsewhere, and of the ' reduced' (D'it. EV 'poor') in Am 2' 41 611 »'\ Is 102 etc. (both words often in parallelism with 'aniyyim); aii'l the manner in which it is promised that they will be in u special degr…
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9 The Heb mare. (Kerf) substitutes thrice (Am Si, Is S?", Ps A Aum)" d '^oof •) lor humUe o( the text {gethihhy and five tines "8 91» 1012 PrV U^i 1619) AumWe for liuvMed (• poor ) orthe'i.x?(Ke(A*A),-in each caie, it.seen«(ct Ralxlfs, p. 54 U deemi.^ the correction to express an idea better suited to the cSn (in Am 81…
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S. R. Driver. POPLAR occurs twice in EV (Gn 3(F, RVm 'stvrax • Hos 4>-'). The Heb. n::'?, libneh, signiliea 'a white tree.' The LXX in Genesis gives <rTi.p<£- KLvo^=stora3:, and in Hosea Xei'.K7(= 'poplar. 1 he authority of the Arab, luhna, which signihes tho storax, may be considered decisive as to the meaning of the…
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In NT three separate Gr. words are translated in EV ' porch.' 1. Mk 14"* ' And he (Peter) went into the porch.' The Gr. word (irpoaiXtov) denotes a covered way leading from the street into the court of a house ; a sort of passage. ' Forecourt ' is the word given in RVm. 2. Mt 26" 'And when he (Peter) was gone out into…
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So ' to be possessed of ' a thing is to inherit it, to have it in possession, Jos 22' ' the land of their possession, wliereof they were possessed.' Cf. Fuller, ffuli/ Warre, 213, 'Charles subdued Man- fred and Comadine his nephew . . . and was possessed of Sicilie, and lived there.' The active lorm is found in Knox, E…
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Among the Jews and other nations of antiquity magical formuliE were employed in which the potent names of supernatural powers were recited. Among the Jews this was cliieily the name of Jehovah varied in all possible forms, while among the Christians the name of Christ was so em- ployed. See article Magic and also Exorc…
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The ' captain of the guard ' was not a specially Egyptian ollice ; the same title (with only 3T for V) being used also of a cliief otlicer of Ncbuciiad- nezzar ('2 K 25" al. ; see above, ii. 708" n. }). The number of court- and state-otiicials mentioned in Egyji. inscriptions is very great (Ebers, .r*'^. u. die Bb. Mos…
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* For the name 'Petn-baal' cited above, vol. ii. 774» n. ^, is very doubtful, Mr. GrilKth infomis the writer, in both meaning and' date. It is properly Pt-ber (Liehlein, IHct. des Somi liUrofjl. No. 553): and 'though ber is the correct spelling tor Baal, there is no determinative to show that it was intended lor that. …
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Under the later kings the industry of the potter was so familiar as to furnish the prophets with figures in addressing their hearers. The cla-ssic instance of this is Jer 18, where the prophet describes how he paid a visit to the house of the potter,* and found him fashioning a work on tlie wheels. ' And when the vesse…
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Zee 11". Mt 27«- Kol flirtK Ki'pios jrpJt /li, Kal (Xa^op t4 TpioVoro Kddes avTobs th rb ;tw»'f v- ipyupia, rifp Ttfiijp toO reri- Ttipiop, Kal aKlyfiop-ai (A ix-ii)Upov Sp iri/i^aaPTO Art 26 POTTERY POTTERY Zucll'^ Mt27'"-. aK^^pai ai'T6) (I SbKt^bv viCjv 'Itrpai/X, A'ai idunav (IJtfort AXli iSoKijxdffOrii') a…
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The pust-Sclciiridan [Kjllery of Palestine has not been as carefully studied as the earlier tyjies. The .Seleucidan tonus are similar to those lound at Alexandria. Khodian jar-handles stamped with Greek names are common. Koinan sites contain the well-known ribbed aiiiphor;e, and tiles with the stamp of the tenth legion…
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(2) The .Judqei and the Early Monarchy. — During this period the clan and family system lii.-iintained a great, though perhaps diminishing, vitality ; and its influence, as we have said, was against the growth of poverty. The great majority of free Israelite families held land ; they might suffer from bad seasons, and…
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B. In Nkw Testament.— The term 'poverty, iTTuxf'". pavpcrtas, inopia, is used only in 2 Co S'-", Rev 2', where it has a general or figurative sense ; but the ' poor,' tt^vt;! (2 Co Q"), jrcvix/'us (Lk 2P), irrax^' (frequently, especially in the Gospels and Ja 2), pauper, etc., are often mentioned. As regards poverty, t…
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• Hroiuily slM'.'ikiiii;, Ai/»«uif in NT is powor, and il»\nri» authority to wiold it. St'eMjison. Ciiiutitionn of Our Lnrifi. /A" on Jiarth, p. OS I. ; Liglilfool uu Col l'^ ; Swclu ou Mk -i^". 30 POWER POWER OF THE KEYS Gospels presents thniufiliout the characteristics of spiritual power. He exhibits the unequall…
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The image of the keys is not infrequent in Scrip- ture (cf. Is 22-^ Rev l'»). ' The key (nnso, also -tS?) to the prophets, as well as to the Rabbis, was the symbol of physical and moral authority and power ' (Wiinsclie, A ewe Beitrarje, p. 195). The kingdom of heaven, here to be understootl of the Messianic theocracy a…
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Christians of all ages have riglitly seen a signal instance of St. I'eler's use of the keys in the admi.ssion of Cornelius to the Church. He thus • opened ' the door indeed to the Gentiles, ' and no man ' has ever since ' shut ' it to them. Hut there is no reason to think that this one act was all that was in our Lord'…
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32 POWER OF THE KEYS PEJLTORIUM answer to tlie prayer of the presbyters, and not an instruction to tlie jiiosbyters themselves, seems to be leiniired l)y tlie structure of the sentences. It is parallel in sense to croxrei and iyepeT. If St. James had intended the word to mean that the presbyters were to absolve the …
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In AV the word appears only once (Mk 15") ; but in the Gr. of NT it is used in Mt 27=" (AV ' the common hall ' ; marg. ' governor's house ' , RV 'the palace'), Mk 15" (AV 'the hall, called Pr£etorium'; RV 'within the court which is Prajtorium ' ; marg. 'palace'), Jn 18^ (AV 'the hall of judgment ' ; marg. ' Pilate's ho…
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according to Mommsen and Ramsay, is the prte- torium alluded to by the apostle, and tois Xoiiroh taaiv refers to the audience at the trial.* G. T. PUBVES. PRAISE IN OT.—' Praise,' whether as a verb or a noun, has various applications in the OT, but its commonest use is to denote an act of homage or worshiii oHered to …
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The noun for ' praise ' from the root 77n is njrip (once "j^c?, Pr 2"-' ' the fining pot is for silver and the furnace for gold, and a man [is to be estimated] according to his praise,' where ■•'?N"5 '2^ probably means 'according to his reputation' [so Toy et al., cf. LXX avy]p Bi oo^'fjudj'erai otd aTofjiCLTOS eyKw^ia…
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PRAISE IX OT PRAISE IN OT 33 ioprdffft cot. Duhm emends niq to nbx, and '? to Vd, and in the next clause follows the LXX in reading ^^ in:;, thus obtaining; the sense, 'all the tribes of men shall praise Thee, the residue of the tribes shall keep (pilj,'riniage) festival to Thee.' Wellhausen makes the same change, n…
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Two nouns (besides T!;ip) from the root -ci are found in the OT. — (1) .t;"', which is used of instru- mental music in Am 5-', where ' the melody of thy harps' (1'^?^ n-iai, \f/a\pt.bti ipiyivav aov) is |1 ' the noise of thy songs' (^"JS' [toq, iixo" vSwy aov); but of singing m Is 5P (.tjP! ^ip) .Tiin, ^^o/ioXiyTiini' …
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ii. History of Praise in Israel. — Like sacri- fice and other branches of the cultus, the praise oilered to Jahweh had in early times a mora unconventional and spontaneous character than it afterwards assumed, especially in the second Temple. From the first, both vocal and instru- mental music were employed in thin exe…
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When we pass to the question of the use of a hymnal or similar forms in the Temple service, we encounter fresh uncertainties. Whatever view be taken of the contents of the Psalter (ami there is a growing tendency to increase the jiroportion not only of post-exilic but of Maccalxean psalms), it wil) be generally admitte…
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Many psalms, e.g. 95. 96. 98. 99. 100, not to speak of the Hallelujah jisalms (which are all post- exilie), were evidently composed from the lirst for liturgical use, and others may have been trans- formed from a more private and individual use to be the expression of the church-nation's praise. It is of course only to…
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The praise of man by his fellow-men is naturally of more doubtful value. On the one hand it is liable to be unreal, shallow, flattering, and to lead to a false self-satisfaction ; our Lord avoided the shallow praise of the crowds, and of individuals who did not weigh the meaning of their words (Lk 18'"); He warned His …
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ii. Pntrinrrhnl Religion. — Leaving these pre- fatory matters, we come to prayer as it appears in i).itriarchal religion. ' Then began men to call u|Jon the name of the Lord' (0114-"). This lirst notice is of real importance. There had been abundant consciousness of God before, but tradi- tion fixed the commencement of…
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The Books of Samuel and Kings contain prayers which suggest the subject of the place of prayer. The ark denoted the local presence of God, and therefore the place of praj^er. So Hannah (1 S 1) and David (2 S 7) resort thither. But as sacrifice is oftered at ' high places,' prayer may be oB'ered there also. So Samuel at…
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I'KAYEE PEAYEK 4J i;; lojjue of prayer, wliicli continuts: to Ij-'. This ruturd of iiiU-rcession throws a liylit ajjon tlie inner life of the prophets, and tlieir intimate re- lations with Uod, whitli we liardly lind elsuwliere in OT. Tlie limits here set to intercession are an anticipation of 1 .In o'". And tlie p…
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Proverbs. — Only two points need be noticed : (1) Three passages in which the character of the person praying determines the accejitance of the prayer, 15"- -■" '28". This feeling, legitimate as it IB, and admitted in the formularies of to-day, would tend to grow into that mistaken view of the matter which is corrected…
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If the Book of Wisdom contributes little, Sirach compensates, as might be expected from the re- spective origin of the two books. It contains prayers, e.g. 22^-23* (personal) ; 36^'" (national); 5Q22-'i4 partly thanksgiving, the source of Rinkart's famous hymn, 'Nun danket alle Gott.' Sir V'"' " 28-"'' prepare the way …
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(/3) Parables. — (1) Two parables on importunity in prayer. This characteristic of prayer has already been taught by OT, and is hero approved by our Lord. The ' Friend at Midnight ' (Ui 1 1»-») follows immediately the delivery of the Lord's Prayer. While it should be interpreted in the broadest way of all prayer, it ma…
956 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.