PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 901
3. Tlie next recorded event in the life of Isaac is the menx.raldf one connected with the command of God to offer him up as a sacrifice on a mountain in the land of Moriali ((ien. xxii). B.C. cir. 2047. Nothing is said 6 ISAAC of his age at the time except that he is called " a lad" (12;D), perhaps sixteen years of a…
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beings (so Bruns, in Paulus's Memorab. vi, 1 sq.) re- ceived any encouragement from a sacrifice which Abra- ham was forbidden to accomplish (see Waterland, Works, iv, 203). Some w^riters have found for this transaction a kind of ]mrallel — it amounts to no more — in the clas- sical legends of Iphigenia and I'hrixus (so…
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4. Isaac passed his early days under the eye of his father, engaged in the care of flocks and herds up and down the plains of Canaan. At length his father wish- ed to see him married. Abraham therefore gave a com- mission to his oldest and most trustworthy servant to the effect that, in order to prevent Is.aac from tak…
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There is no improbability, as has been asserted, that the same sort of event should happen in rude times at different intervals, and, therefore, no reason for main- taining that these events have the same historical basis, and arc, in fact, the same event differently represented. Neither is it an unfair assumption that…
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ISAAC 669 ISAAC (Smith's Select Discourses, vi, 245). The reader -who bears in mind the pecuUarities of Isaac's character will . scarcely infer from those passages any fresh accession of mental or moral feebleness. Such a longing in an old man was innocent enough, and indicated nothing of a spirit of self-indulgence…
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If Abraham's enterprising, unsettled life foreshadow- ed the early history of his descendants ; if Jacob was a type of the careful, commercial, unwarlike character of their later days, Isaac may represent the midtlle period, in which they lived apart from nations, and enjoyed possession of the fertile land of promise. …
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Isaac, bishop OF Langres, France, is supposed to have been jirescnt at the Council of Kiersy in 840, as deacon of Laon. After the death of Theutbalde, Wulf- ade seized the Ijishopric of Langres in spite of all oppos- ing canons; but Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, de- clared against him, and Charles the Bald compelled h…
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Isaac Argyrns, a Greek monk who flourished in the latter half of the 14th century at/Eneus, in Thracia, wrote abdut i;)73, when he is said to have been at the age of sixty. Computus G racorum de solemnitate puscha- J ISAAC BEN-ABBA-MARE 671 ISAAC BEX- JACOB ALFASI I tis celehrandi, published in Greek and Latin by J…
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Isaac ben-Gikatilla. See Ibx-Gikatilt.a. Isaac ben-Jacob Alfasi or Alcalai, one of the most distinguished Talmudical scholars of the Jlid- dle Ages, was born at Cala-Hammad, near Fez, in Afri- ca, about 1013. It had been the custom among Jewish Rabbis to follow iu the intcriintation of the Talmud the decisions of the …
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Isaac ben-Schescheth (Barfat), one of the most distinguishorl i;al,l,is ofthc 14th century, was bom about 1310, at or near Saragossa (Spain). He presided over the congregation at Saragossa for a number of years, and when, in 1391, the persecutions instituted against the Jews made it impossible for him to remain, he re…
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Isaac Ibn-Albalia, a Jewish writer of great dis- tinction, was born at Cordova about 1035. He mani- fested at an early age superior talents and great thirst for learning. Besides the study of the Talmud, and of philosophy, he was eager for the acquisition of a thor- ough knowledge of astronomy and the mathematical scie…
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Isaacus. See Isaac LE\TrA. Isabella of Castile, queen of Spain, one of the most celebrated characters of the 15th century, deserves our notice on account of the part she acted in the relig- ious history of Spain, and those dominions subject to her rule. Isabella, born April 23, 1541, was the daugh- ter of John 11, kin…
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It is held traditionally that Isaiah suffered martyr- dom under the wicked jManasseh, by being sawn in two under a memorable tree long said to have stood in tlie vicinity of Jerusalem (Gemara, Jebam. iv, 13 ; compare Sunhedr. f. 103 b, and the Targumites, in Assemani, Ca- talog. Bibl. Vat. i, 452 ; Trj'pho, p. 349 ; Je…
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HI. Historical Works of Isaiah. — Besides the collec- tion of prophecies which has been preserved to us, Isa- iah also wrote two historical works (comp. Isa. xxxvi, 3, 22). It was part of the vocation of the prophets to write the history of the kingdom of God, to exhibit in this historj' the workings of the law of retr…
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RYPIIA; KeVKI.ATIONS, SpURIOUS. IV". Interjral Authenticity of the Prophecies of Isaiah. —The Jewish synagogue, and the Christian Church during all ages, have considered it as an undoubted fact that the prophecies which bear the name of Isaiah real- ly crii^inated from that prophet. Even Spinoza did not cxi)rossly ass…
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We have space here only to indicate the following reasons as establishing the integrity of tlie whole book, and as vindicating tlie authenticity of the second part : 1. Extermdlij. — Tlie rinanimonx testimony of Jewish and Christian tradition— Ecchis. xlviii, 24, 25, which manifestly (in the words TraptKilXtai Tovg ir…
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The proclamation of the Messiah is the inexhaustible source of consolation among the prophets. In Isaiah this consolation is so clear that some fathci-s of the Church were inclined to style him rather evangelist than prophet. The following are the outlines of iNIossianic prophecies in the book of Isaiah: A scion of Dav…
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VI. The following are express commentaries on the whole of the book of Isaiah, the most important being designated by an asterisk (*) prefixed : Origen, Frag- menta (in 0pp. iii, 104) ; also Ilomilia (in Jerome, 0pp. iv, 1097) ; Eusebius, Commentarii (m Montfaucon's Col- levtio Nova') ; Ephrem Sjtus, Enarratio (from th…
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Isauites. See Obadiah (Abu-Isa). Is'cah (Heb. Yiskah', 'n'S'q^, spy; Sept. 'leaxa), the daughter of Haran, and sister of Milcah and Lot (Gen. xi, 29; comp. 31). Jewish tradition, as in Josephus(^nt i, 6, 5), Jerome {Q>i(est. in Genesim), and the Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, identifies her with Sauaii (q. v.). Iscar'iot (l…
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Isham, Chester, a Congregational minister, was born in 1798, and, after a course of preparatory study at the Latin Grammar School in Hartford, Conn., entered Yale College, where he graduated in 1820. Shortly af- terwards he went to Andover Seminary to prepare for the ministry, upon which he had decided soon after his c…
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Ish'bi-be'nob (Heb. YishW-Benob', 3:3 '■^t'^^ my seat is at Nob, as in the margin, for which the text has 332 121:3'', Yishbo'-Benob', his seat is at Nub; Sept. 'leafii cnru N<ii/3,Vulg. Jeshi-benob) , one of the Eepha- im, a gigantic warrior who bore a spear of 800 shekels' weight, and came near slaying David in a per…
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tions with David were entirely carried on by Abner (2 Sam. ii, 11; iii, G, 12). After various skirmishes be- tween the forces of the rival kings, a pitched battle was fought, in which the army of David under Joab was completely victorious. After this the interest of David continually waxed stronger, while that of Ish-b…
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Ishi'ah (Hebrew Yishshiyuh', nvi'"', once ^Tt,^'^'!, 1 Chron.xii,6; kiit hy Jehovah), the name of several men, difl'erently Anglicized. 1. (Sept. 'Itaia, Vulg. Jeda, Author. Vers. " Ishiah.") The fifth son of Uzzi (grandson of Issachar), a valiant chieftain of his tribe (1 Chron. vii, 3). B.C. cir. 1618 ; but in ver. …
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2. The first recorded outbreak of Ishmael's rude and ISHMAEL 683 ISHMAEL » I wayward spirit occurred at the weaning of Isaac. B.C. 20{j]. On that occasion Abraham made a great feast after the custom of the country. In the excitement of the moment, heightened probably by the painful con- sciousness of his own blig…
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4. Although their lots were cast apart, it does not.ap- pear that any serious alitiiation existed between Ish- mael and Isaac ; for when Abraham died, Ave read that " his sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the cave of Machpelah." The rival brothers then met, in the vale of Mamre, at their father's tomb (Gen. xxv, 9).…
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over, such has not been the fact, whether we regard the Ishmaelites apart from the other Arabians, or consider the promise made to Ishmael as applicable to the whole Arabian family. The Arabian tribes are in a state of subjection at this moment; and the great Wahabj^ con- federacy among them, which not many years ago f…
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IMohammed's descent from Ishmael is totally lost, for an unknown number of generations, to 'Adni'in, of the twenty-first generation before the prophet: from him downwards the latter's descent is, if we may believe the genealogists, fairly proved. But we have evidence far more trustworthy than that of the genealogists; …
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ISHMAEL 6e ransom for their lives. The seventy corpses were then thrown into the weU, which (as in the Sepoy massacre at Cavvnpore) was within the precincts of the house, and which was completely filled with the bodies. It was the same thing that had been done by Jehu-a man in some respects a prototype of Ishmael, wit…
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Ishmai'ah (lleb. Yiskmayah', ti^S^ui';', and in 1 Chron. xxvii, 19 in the paragogic form Yishmaya'hi, !1iT^"^t;3^, heard by Jehovah), the name of two of Da- vid's oflrtcers. See David. 1. (Sept, ^ii^taiac, Yulg. Samajas, Auth. Vers. " Is- maiah.") A (iiheonite, one of the chiefs of those war- riors who relinc[uishcd t…
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Isidore IMercatok (or Peccator), the supposed name of a compiler who, towards the middle of the 9th century, published the famous collection of canons known as the Psevido-Isidorian. See Canons ; Decre- tals. It is pretty generally conceded that this ^^Titer lived in the dominions of Charles the Bald, but his real name…
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Isidore of Pelusiuji (or Pelusiofa), St., an eccle- siastical writer, was born at Alexandria about the year 370. He spent his life in the neighborhood of Pelusi- um, in a monastery of which he was abbot, and where he practised strict asceticism. He was a great admirer of St. Chrysostom, of whom, according to some, he w…
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Isiddrus Hispaliensis. See IsinoiiK of Se- ville. Isis ('lfT(c), an Egyptian deity, sister and wife of Osiris (q. v.), is called by the Egyptians Hts, and is by them said to have been born on the 4th day of the Epa- gomenae, or five days added to the ligyptian year of 360 days. The history of the worship of Isis is ve…
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" The myth of Isis, as given bj' Plutarch {I)e Iside?), appears to be a fusion of Egyptian and Phoenician tra- ditions, and the esoterical explanations offered by that writer and others show the high antiquity and luiintel- ligibility of her name. She was thought to mean the cause or seat of the earth, to be the same a…
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Islands of the Blessed were, according to a very old (ireek myth, certain happy isles situated to- wards the edge of the Western Ocean, where the favor- ites of the gods, rescued from death, dwelt in joy, and possessed everything in abundance that could contribute to it.— Cliambers, Cycloji. v, G48. Islebians is the n…
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the Abbasside'caliphs and the other Muf^sulmans. Mis- sionaries were sent througli all the territories settled by the followers of Mohammed, at this time torn in pieces bj' scores of sects, to advocate the claims of the house of Ismael. They flourished in the 9th and 10th centu- ries under the name of Kannatiam (q. v.)…
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Hussun, on account of several hill forts which he had seized, "was styled 'Sheik el-Jebel,' an Arabic title which signifies ' the chief of the mountains,' and which has been literally, but erroneously, translated • the old man of the moun.tain' " (Malcolm, i. 401). The Ismaelites in his time spread extensively. They fl…
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Tlie followers of Ahmed and Ismael are called Thari- cali MohaMmedii/dt, and bear some resemblance in their doctrines to the Sunnites (q. v.). Ismael composed for the benefit of the sect, and at the instigation of Ahmed, the Tukfia ul-Imun, or '• Basis of the Faith," in the Urdu, or vernacular language of Upper India, …
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Ismaelites. See Ismael. Isiuai'ah (1 Chron. xii, 4). See Isiimaiah, 1. Is'pah (Heb. Yishpah', nsd^ \^roh.hald; Septuag. 'E(T0nx V. r. 'Ifd^fi), one of the " sons" of Beriah, a chief Benjamite (originally from the neighborhood of Aija- lon) resident at Jerusalem (1 Chron. viii, 16). B.C. ante 588. Is'rael [not /2?wZ]…
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ISRAEL 694 ISRAEL tinguished from priests, Levites, and other ministers (Ezra vi, 16; ix, 1; x, 25; Neh. xi, 3, etc.).— Smith. The twelve tribes of Israel ever formed the ideal repre- sentation of the whole stock (1 Kings xviii, 30, 31 ; Ezra vi, 17 ; .Jer. xxxi, 1, etc.). Hence also in the New Test. " Israel" is ap…
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casions prescribed in the law. This must have been felt as a special grievance by the Ephraimites, owing to the fact that the national sanctuary had been for a very long period at Shiloh, within their own territory ; and therefore its transference elsewhere, it is easy to discern, would not be readily acquiesced in by …
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Asher, Naphtali, Gad, Reuben, and (in part) Dan. With respect to the conquests of David, Moab appears to have been attached to the kingdom of Israel (2 Kings iii, 4) ; as much of Syria as remained subject to Solomon (see 1 Kings xi, 24) wotdd j.roljably be claimed by his suc- cessor in the nortlicrn kingdom; and Ammon,…
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Further, as the calves of Jeroboam are referable to Egypt, so the worship of Baal, which was introduced by Ahab, the seventh of the Israelitish kings, had its origin in the Tyrian alliance formed by that monarch throirgh Ids marrii ge with Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal, king of Sidon. Hitherto the national religion was …
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ISRAEL 697 ISRAEL nited people. Although Jeroboam, the founder of the kingdom, himself reigned nearly twenty-two years, yet his son and successor Nadab was violently cut off after a brief reign of less than two years, and with him the whole house of Jeroboam. Thus speedily closed the first dynasty, and it was but a…
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Y. C/u-onoloffic<d Difficulties of the Reigns as compared with those of Judah. — These will mostly appear by a simple inspection of the annexed table, where the num- bers given in the columns headed " nominal" are those contained in the express words of Scriptiu-e. These and other less obvious discrepancies will be fou…
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Tlie other difficulties relate to minute textual dis- cre,^ancies, not important to the chronology ; some of them involve the supposition of interregna. They will all be i'>und f(dly di.scussed under the names of the re- spective kings to whose reigns they belong. For a complete vindication and adjustment" of all the t…
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Tribe of lssachar. — Issachar's place during the Jour- ney to Canaan was on the east of the tabernacle, with his brothers Judah and Zebuhm (Numb, ii, 5), the group moving foremost in the march (x, 15), and having a common standard, which, according to the Rabbinical tradition, was of the three colors of sardine, topaz,…
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ad or semi-nomad life — but " rejoicing" in them ; and it is perhaps not straining a point to observe that he has by this time begun to lose his individuality. He and Zebulun are mentioned together as having part posses- sion in the holy mountain of Tabor, which was near the frontier line of each (Dent, xxxiii, 18, 19)…
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2. A Korhite Levite, one of the door-keepers (A. V. "porters") of the house of Jehovah, seventh son of Obed-Edom (1 Chron. xxvi, 5). B.C. 1014. Issendoi'p, Hendrik, belonged to the Evangelical Lutherans of Holland. He Avas called m 1723 to the charge of a Lutheran church at Purmerend. In 1737 bodily infirmities render…
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Issiis, or, rather, Isus ("Iffoc), mentioned by Jose- phus {Ant. X, 8, G) as high-priest between Joram and Axioramus; apparently corresponding to the Jehosha- phat of the Seder Olavi. See High-priest. Istalcu'rus. " In 1 Esdr. viii, 40, the ' son of Is- talcurus' (o rov 'IffraXKOvpov) is substituted for ' and Zabuud' …
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In 1607 appeared at Geneva the first Protestant Ital- ian version — that of (Jiovanni Diodati (La Biblia : Cioe I Libri del Vecchio e del Xvoro Testctmenio [sm. folio]). To this are appended brief marginal notes. This ver- sion was made directly from the original texts, and stands in high esteem for fidelity. It has be…
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I. Church llistorij.—{\.) The planting of Christianity in Italy can be traced to the first years of the Christian ■XT&. The apostle Peter, according to old accounts, vis- ited Rome as early as A.D. 42, but no satisfactory evi- dence can be adiluced for the assertion of Roman theo- logians that Peter was at any time bis…
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Venice appears to have been the first city of Italy in which the Reformation took root. This was chietly due to its constant intercourse with German}', and to the in- dependent position maintained by that republic towards the see of Kome. As early as 1520 Luther received news from Venice that a great need was felt ther…
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ITALY 706 ITALY ami established a congregation there. Ladies of high rank protected the new doctrine, especially a certain countess Rangone. As a sign of the spirit of opposition against Rome, we may mention the satires which were published, as, for instance, a letter purporting to come from Jesus Christ,- and worde…
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Thus the movement had become general throughout Italy. Many admitted that no reforms were to be ex- pected from the Church or its hierarchy, and separated from it, some silently, others openly ; the latter inclined more and more to a union with the Protestants of Ger- many and Switzerland. Still a large number retained…
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The numerous Protestants of Venetia also experienced the effects of the papal persecution, although the repub- lic resisted the Inquisition, and sought to counteract it by a number of decrees. Already, in 1542, the papal nuncio Delia Casa procured the arrest of a priest, (iiulio Milanese, and, soon after, that of the p…
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The revolutionary movements of 1848 at first appear- ed to have a great influence upon the religious affairs of the country. In Rome a Constituent Assembly was called, which on Feb. 5, 1849, abolished the temporal pow- er of the pope, and proclaimed the Roman republic. The greatest enemies of the papacy in Italy, Mazzi…
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The CEcumenical Council which was opened by the pope at Rome on Dec. 8, 1860, was unable to improve the influence and the prospects of the papacy among the Italians. The government, the Parliament, and the people at large repudiated the claims of the council more generally than was done in any other purely Cath- olic c…
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human rights of the Waldenses, and proclaimed relig- ious toleration; but the restored monarchies revived some of the most intolerant laws, and even the Wal- denses were placed in so unbearable a position that it retiuired the intervention of England and Prussia to se- cure for them the merest toleration. At length tli…
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Popular instruction, which until recently was chiefly in the hands of monks and nnns, is, according to official accounts, in a very low condition. In 1862, of the entire male popidation, (j..ly 2,020,269 were able to read; of the female, only 1,25'8,186; 17,000,000 persons were un- able to read and write. Of every 1000…
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ITCH 711 ITINERANCY Itch (0"in, che'res, from CHH, to scratch and to bum), an iiitlammatory irritation of the skin, tlireatoned to the Israelites as an infliction in case of idolatry (I)eiit. xxviii, 27) ; probably some cutaneous or eruptive disor- der common in Egypt, but of what peculiar character is uncertain, if…
922 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.