PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 1201
Map of our Savi.m.'.s 'ITavels clurin- the second more public \ ear of his Ministry. the cure with a profanation of the day, and thus drew from Jesus a public vindication of his mission and an exposure of their inconsistency (John v, 1-47). As he was preparing to return to Galilee, on the Sabbath ensu- ing the Paschal…
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den death of a rich worldling, by a comparison with various natural objects, by contrast with the heathen, and by the higher im]iortance of a preparation for heaven (Luke xii, 1, 6, 7, 13-31, 33, 34, and parallels). IJeing informed of a recent atrocity of Herod against some Galileans, he declared that an equally awful …
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and he illustratetl the impropriety of such severe re- quirements prematurely by the festivity of a marriage week, ami by the parables of a new patch on an old gar- ment, and new wine in old skin-bottles (Matt, ix, 14-17, and parallels). In the midst of these remarks he v/as entreated by a leading citizen named Jairus …
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JESUS CHRIST 893 JESUS CHRIST 25, 26), and, again hinting at the crowning miracle of his resurrection, he returned to the eastern side of tlic lake, warning his disciples on the way of the pernicious doctrine of the sectaries, which he comparetl to leaven (JMatt. xvi, 4-12, and parallels). Proceeding to Beth- saida …
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5. T.ast half Year. — On the opening of the festival at Jerusalem (Sunday, Sept. 21, A.D. 28), the hierarchy eagerly inquired for Jesus among the ])opulace, who held iliscordant opinions concerning him ; but, on his arrival, he boldly taught in the Temple, vindicating his course and claims so eloquently that the very o…
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to the .Tcirdan, whore he fiainod many adherents (John X, 22-42), Lazarus at this time falling sick, his sisters sent to Jesus, desiring his presence at Bethany ; but af- ter waiting several days, until Lazarus was dead, he in- formed his disciples of the fact (which he assured them would turn out to the divine glory),…
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0. Passion Week. — The entrance of Jesus into Jeru- salem next morning (^Monday, March 14, A.D. 29) was a triumphal one, the disciples having mounted him upon a young ass, which, by his direction, they found in the environs of the city, and spread their garments and green branches along the road, while the multitude es…
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das Iscariot, learning their desire, went and engaged to betray his Master into their hands, on the first opportu- nity, for a fixed reward (Matt, xxvi, 1-5, 14-10, and par- allels). The same day Jesus sent two of his disciples into the city, with directions where to prepare the Passover meal (Luke xxii, 7-13), and at…
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use of this admission to charge him with blasphemy, to which the Sanhedrim present assented with a sentence of death ; the officers who held Jesus thereupon indulged in the vilest insults upon his person (Matt, xxvi, 57, 59- G3 ; Luke xxii, (57-71, 03-65 ; and parallels). See Caia- PHAS. After a formal vote of the full…
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Very early next morning (Sunday, March 20, A.D. 29) Jesus arose alive from the tomb [see Resurrec- tion], which an angel opened, the guards swooning away at the sight (Matt, xxviii, 2-4, and parallel). The women soon appeared on the sfjot with the spices for completing the embalming, but, discovering the stone removed …
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A still more destructive attitude (comp. Lange, I, x sq.) was assumed by Strauss, who, \v'hile not denying that Jesus iiad lived, yet recognised in tlie accounts of the gospels simply a mythical reflex of what the young Christian society had invented to connect with the prophetical announcements of the old covenant, 1 …
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A time of quiet and rest seemed now to have dawned upon tliis i)olcmical field of Christian theology, when suddenly, in 1803, the learned Frenchman Eenan ap- peared with liis Vie de Jesus, and stirred anew the spir- its, as Strauss had done thirty years before. IMost ar- bitrarily did Jlr. Kenan deal with the data upon…
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2. The following is a list of the most important of the very numerous works relating to the person and history of Christ, of wliich Germany has been especially fruitful (comp.Walch, iii, 404; Hase, p. 28, 37, 41; Andrews, Preface). (1.) Of a general character are treatises by the fol- lowing authors, respecting the pr…
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(Stuttg. 1809), Ilonnebcrg (Lpzg. 1823), Schlegel (Lpzg. 1775),Mosche (Franckfort, 1785), Ewald (Lemgo, 1785), Fischer (Lpzg. 1794), Kindervater (Lpzg. 1797), MiJsler (Eisenb. 1816), Krummacher (BerL 1817), Jongh (Tr. a. R. 1827), Adriani (Tr. a. R. 1827),Walther (Bresl. 1738; Lpzg. 1777). On his crucifixion (q. v.): S…
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Jesus's Sacred Heart, Society of. In the beginning of the 18th century-, the Jesuits, fearing the suppression of their own order, actively engaged in the establishment of other orders likely to continue the same peculiar work. More particularly these were the Societies of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, which they formed i…
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JETHETH 903 JETHRO and was for this reason also called the Ishmaelito, as Obed Edom is also called the Gittite (2 Sam. vi), or Hi- ram's father the Ziiri or Tyrian (1 Kings vi). David Kirachi also adduces a suggestion of his father, to the eftect " that in the land of Ishmacl Jether was called the Israelite from his…
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" The hospitality, free-hearted and unsought, which Jethro at once extended to the unknown, homeless wan- derer, on the relation of his daughters that he had wa- tered their flock, is a picture of Eastern manners no less true than lovely. We may perhaps suppose that Je- JETIIRO 904 JETZER thro, before his acquainta…
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Je'tur (Heb. Yetur', "11131', prob. i. q. "Ilii, an inclo- sure, i. e. nomadic camp; Sept. 'Itrovp, 'Itrrovo, but 'Iroi'pntoi in 1 Chron. v, 19), one of the twelve sons of Ishmael (Gen. xxv, 15 ; 1 Chron. i, 31). B.C. post 2063. His name stands also for his descendants, the Iturceans (1 Chron. v, 19), a people living e…
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The original designation of tlie Israelitish nation was the Hebrews, by which all the legitimate posterity of Abraham were known, not only among themselves (Gen, xl,15; Exod.ii,7; iii, 18; v,3; vii, 16; ix, 13; Jonah i, 9 ; comp. 4 j\Iacc. ix — although the name Jew was in later times prevalent ; see the Targum of Jon…
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Among the first things to be accomplished by the Jews of Palestine at this period of their history was the elec- tion, in place of the late (iamaliel II ((i. v.),of a patriarch from the eminent rabbins who had escaped the sword of the lioman conqueror. A synod congregated at Us- cha (([. v.), and .Simon ben-Oamarul. pr…
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2, We have already said that under the Roman em- perors of the 2d and 8d centuries the Jews were in a somewhat flourishing condition. Quite diiferent became their fate in the 4th century, when the emperor of Rome knelt before the cross, and the emjiire became a Chris- tian state. Not only were converts from Judaism pro…
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quitted the Byzantine empire to seek a refuge in Persia and 15abylon,Vhere the Israelite was treated with more leniency. Compare also Samauitans. As we have said, their condition was more tolerable in the Western empire, where, upon the irruption of the barbarous tribes, they were more favorably regarded than their Cl…
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been indebted for his first religious impressions; and though he did not remain long under lier care, yet the slight knowledge of pure religion which he thus ob- tained must certain!}' have inclined him to draw the Jew- ish inriuence to his "side in his attacks against the idol- atrous hurtles of Arabia (comp. Ockley, …
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Very different was the fate of the Jews under Chris- tian rulers. Few were the monarchs of Christendom who rose above the barbarism of the Middle Ages. By considerable pecuniar^' sacrifices only could the sons of Israel enjoy tolerance. In Italy their lot had always been most severe. Kow and then a Roman pontiff would …
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5. In tracing the history of the Jewish people in the Middle Ages, the Crusades form a distinct epoch amid these centuries of darkness and turmoil. If the Jew had hitherto suffered at the hand of the Christian, and had been gradually reduced in social privilege, he was now grossly abused in the name of the religion of …
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JEW 910 JEW Rrandenburg (1243\ Frankfort (1241), Munich (12851, NureIlburg(1390),l'ra^'ue (1391), and Katisbon (1476). The " Black Death," in particular, occasioned a great and wiiiespread persecution (1348-1350). They were murdered and burned by thousands,- and many even sought death amidst the conflagrations of th…
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The condition of the Jews in Sjiain continued to be favorable from near the close of the 11th centurj' (to which time we traced them in the preceding sec- tion) until the middle of the 14th centurj-, when the star of their fortune may be said to have' culminated. It is true, the ISIohammedan power was now on the wane, …
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j 6. The discovery of America, the restoration of letters I occasioned by the invention of the art of printing, and the reformation in the Christian Church opened in a certain sense a somewhat more beneficial jera to the Jews. It is true, they reaped the benefits of this trans- I formation less than any other portion o…
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tury by king Casimir the Great, whose friendship for the Jews is attributed to the love he bore a Jewish mis- tress of his. For many years the whole trade of the country was in their hands. During the 17th and the greater part of the 18th centurj', however, they were much persecuted, and sank into a state of great igno…
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The entire number of Jews in the world is reckoned variously at between 3J and 15 millions. Chambers, taking the former estimate, distributes them as follows : about 1,700,000 to Russian, Austrian, and Prussian Poland, about 600,000 to Germany, about 240,000 to Hungary and Transylvania, about 200,000 to Galicia, about …
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Towards the end of the 17th century and the begin- ning of the 18th, the tradition of the Wandering Jew, in I'Ingland, changed to the original Eastern account. A stranger made his appearance claiming to be an offi- cer of tlie upper council of Jerusalem, and that he had done what was generally attributed to Cartaphilus…
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Jewess i'lovcaia), a woman of Hebrew birth, with- out distinction of tribe (Acts xvi, 1 ; xxiv, 24). It is JEWETT 915 JEZEBEL spplied in the former passage to Eunice, the mother of Timothy, who was unquestionably of Hebrew origin (conip. 2 Tim. iii, 15), and in the latter to Drusilla, the wife of Felix and daughter…
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The name of Jezebel appears anciently (as in modem times) to have become proverbial for a wicked terma- gant (comp. 2 Kings ix, 22), and in this sense it is prob- ably used in Rev. ii, 20, where, instead of "that woman Jezebel" (r/)v yvvniKa 'ltZaih)X), many editors prefer the reading "thy wife Jezebel" (rii]v ym'a'iKu…
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alphabet, and to the first ten of the numbers" (compare Etheridge, p. 304 scj.). " The book of Jezirah begins by an enumeration of the thirty-two ways of wisdom (11^311 !m3"'lP3), or, in plainer terms, of the thirty-t\vo attributes of the divine mind (^2b), as they are demonstrated in the founding of the universe. The…
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The text of the Jezirah is divided into six chapters, which are subdivided into sections. Its style is purelj' dogmatic, having the air and character of aphorisms, or theorems laid down with an absolute authority. The abstract character is, however, relieved by an ha- gadistic adtlition which relates the conversion of …
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Zerin is seated on the brow of a rocky and very steep descent into the great and fertile valley of Jezreel, which runs down between the mountains of Gilboa and Her- mon. Lying comparatively high, it commands a wide and noble view, extending down the broad valley on the east as far as the Jordan (2 Kings ix, 17) to Beis…
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Jezreel, Portion of (p^H), merely signifies the field or country adjoining the city, where the crime of Ahab had been perpetrated, and where its retribution was to be e?jacted (2 Kings ix, 10, 21, 3fi, 37 ; comp. ver. 25, 20). Naboth was stoned to death outside the city of Jezreel (1 Kings xxi, 13), and the dogs licked…
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3. A descendant of Judah (1 Chron. iv, 3, where two brothers and a sister are also mentioned), apparently of the same family with Penuol and Ezer, "sons" of Ilur, the grandson of Ilezron (ver. 4). From the fre- quent association of names of jilaces in the vicinity of Bethlehem in the same connection, it is probable tha…
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JIREH 920 Belaud had already remarked {Pala^st. p. 816, 8C7) that the Gopatata (XrrS';) of the Talmudic Avritings, three raUes from Sepphoris, was probably identical with this place. It is doubtless tlie modem Jefat, which lies four or five English miles from Scfurieh. It was first visited and identified by Schultz (H…
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but, being whetted by the natural rivalry f)f position between him and Abner, he afterwards made it the ex- cuse of his ))olicy by treacherously, in the act of friend- ly communication, slaying Abner, at the very time when the services of the latter to David, to whom he had then turned, had rendered him a most dangerou…
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When David lay apparently on his death-bed, and a demonstration was made in favor of the succession of the eldest surviving son, Adonijah, whose interests had been compromised by the preference of the young Solo- mon, Joab joined the party of the former. B.C. cir. 1015. It would be unjust to regard this as a defection …
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contentions in his day for temporal power might ulti- mately result, as they" eventually did, in the assumption of '• spiritual thingi which do not belong to him." Joa- chim's doctrines, however, are somewhat pecuhar. His fundamental argument is that the Christian ara closes with the year 12()0, when a new xra would co…
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Jo'ah (Heb. Yodch', nsi"^, Jehovah is his brother, i. e. helper), the name of four men. 1. .(Sept. 'loiua v. r. TwhS, Vulg. Joaha.) The third son of Obed-edom (q. v.), appointed with his brethren to take charge of the sacred furniture (1 Chron. xxvi, 4). B.C. 1014. 2. (Sept. 'lioax V. r. 'Iaia/3-, 'Iiduq, 'lujad ; bu…
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to be agreed that no feminine character ever filled the papal chair, but there is certainly a variety of opinions as to the causes which provoked the story. Some at- tribute it to a misconception of the object of the Sella stercoraria ; the canons excluded eunuchs from the pa- pal throne, and the sella stercoraria was …
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who followed Christ, and ministered to the wants of him and his discii)les out of their abundance. They had all been cured of grievous diseases by the Saviour, or had received material benefits from him ; and the customs of the country allowed them to testify in this way their gratitude and devotedness without reproach…
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Joan'na, the name of a man (jirop. Joannas) and also ol a woman in the New Testament. 1. (Uoayvcus, probably i. q 'iwdvvrjr, John.) The _ _ tplanation en in the Targum of R. Joseph" (Smith). 4. (Same form as preceding ; Sept. 'IwaeO An emi- nent officer of king Ahab, to whose close custody the prophet Micaiah was r…
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fell from the lips of a mourner — the disease which made him an object of loathing to man, and seemed to desig- nate him as a visible example of divine wrath, is borne without a murmur; he repels his wife's suggestion with the simple words, " What ! shall we receive good at the hand of the Lord, and shall we not receiv…
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(i.) In the second discussion (ch. xv-xxi) there is a more resolute, elaborate attempt on the part of Job's I fr ends to vindicate their theory of retributive justice ' his re.,uircs an entire overthrow of tlie position taken i V Job. Ihey cannot admit his innocence. The fact ' e ol?f r""' ''.'■" ""P'l^'^ll'^lc^l …
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Taking a general view of the argument thus far, Job's three friends may be considered as asserting the follow- ing positions : (1.) No man being free from sin, we need not wonder that we are liable to calamities, for which we must ac- count by a reference, not to God, but to ourselves. From the misery of the distresse…
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Job is silent, and Elihu proceeds (ch. xxxvi) to show that the almightiness of God is not, as Job seems to as- sert, associated with any contempt or neglect of his creatures. Job, by ignoring this truth, has been led into grave error, and terrible danger (ver. 12; comp. 18), but God is still drawing him, and if he yiel…
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2. It may be granted that the primary design of the poem is that which is distinctly intimated in the intro- duction, and confirmed in the conclusion, namely, to show the effects of calamity m its worst and most awful form upon a truly religious spirit. Job is no Stoic, no Titan (Ewald, p. 26), struggling rebelliously …
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IV.— N N N vere sicknesses and infirmities were consequences of crimes. Tlie solution of the problem regarding the suf- ferings of the righteous rests on two positions : (1.) Their NeciiiAity. — Even the comparatively right- eous are not without sin, which can be eradicated only by afhictions, and he who patiently en…
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[3.] The solution of the question at issue is not ex- clusively given in the addresses of God, which contain only the basis of the solution, not the solution itself. In setting forth his majesty, and in showing that imputing to him injustice is repugnant to a correct conception of his nature, these addresses establish …
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JOB 931 JOB wounds by the most substantial considerations. Nor is it in accordance with the book itself, which nowhere impugns or mitigates the extent of Job's calamities, but, from the high vantage ground of the prologue and ejii- logue, impresses us with a more solemn insight into their signiticance than even Job …
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Against this view it must be remarked generally, that the whole work is arranged on a well-considered plan, proving the author's power of independent invention ; that the speeches are, in their general structure and in their details, so elaborate that they could not have been brought out in the ordinary course of a con…
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icism regards as the best evidence of genuineness and authenticity in any work. 3. Luther first suggested the theorj' which, in some form or other, is most generally received. In his intro- duction to the first edition of his translation of the Bi- ble he speaks of the author as having so treated the his- torical fact…
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Sensible of the weight of this argument, others, as Eichhorn, took a medium course, and assumed that the author was a Hebrew, though he did not live among his countrj'men, but in Arabia. •' The earlier Hebrew his- tory," they say, "is unknown to the autlior, who is igno- rant of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. In portraying…
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The traditionary view of the authorship of the book of Job ascribes it to Moses ; the arguments in favor of this view have been collected by Spanheim, and may be seen with replies in Wemyss {LiJ'e and Times of Job, p. 82 sq,). The following leading points are deserving of consideration : (1.) There is in the book of Jo…
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have come down to us through similar stages of heroic legend, oral preservation, collection, formal composition, and editorship, and is even illustrated in the origin of other less obscurely traceable books of the Bible. See Genesis. (5.) In defence of the theory that the book was written during the Assyrian invasion, …
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difference betv this and other parts of the book in tone of thought, in doctrinal views, and, more positively, in language and general style. Much stress also is laid upon the facts that Elihu is not mentioned in the introduction nor at the end, and that his speech is unanswered by Job, and unnoticed in the final addre…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.