PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 1381
JOSEPH BEN-ISAAC KDICIII 1022 JOSEPHUS ins it to the earlier part of the 10th century is that Duiiash b.-Tanaini (who flourished about 955) knew the work aud spoke of parts of it (comp. Milman's Gibbon, Decline and Full of the Roman Empire, ii, 6, note). But as to the chronicle itself. It consists of six books. It b…
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Joseph, JoeL See Witzexhausen. Joseph Taitatzak. See Taitatzak. Jose'phus ('Iw(t;;0oc v. r. <l>d(T?/7roc), the Grreco- Latin form (1 Esdr. ix, 34) of the Heb. name Joseph (q. V.) 6 (Ezra x, 42). Josephus, Flavius, the celebrated Jewish histo- rian, was born at Jerusalem A.D. 37. His father's name was Mattathias, and…
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The character of Josephus has been very differently delineated by different Avriters. From his own works, es- pecially his books against Apion, it is evident that, though he dealt rather treacherously with his people, he yet felt a pride in the antiquity of the nation and in its ancient glories ; and in the description…
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Of still greater interest, perhaps, to our readers must be the relation which Josephus, living as he did in the age of Christ himself, sustained towards Christianity. Some have gone so far as to assert not only the authen- ticity of passages in his writings alluding to Christ, etc. (see below), but have even made out o…
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JOSES 1025 JOSHUA fourth book of the Maccabees (Fabricius, /. c). There are, besides these, also attributed to him : — G. The treat- ise ntpi rov navTuc, which was certainly not written by Josephus. For an account of it, see Photius, Cod. xlviii ; Fabricius, L'ibl. Grcec. v, 8 ; Ittigius, Prolegomena, ad tin. : — 7.…
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1. Personcd History. — According to the Tsemach Da- vid, Joshua was born m Egypt, in the year of the Jewish ajra 2406 (B.C. 1037) ; but as he was probably about the age of Caleb, with whom he was associated, we may as- sign his birth to B.C. cir. 1698 (or, as below, 1693). 'The future captain of invading hosts grew up …
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All tliat part of the book of Joshua which relates his personal history seems to be written with the uncon- scious, vivid power of an eye-witness. We are not mere- ly taught to look with a distant reverence upon the first man who bears the name which is above every name. We stand by the side of one who is admitted to h…
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JOSHUA 1027 JOSHUA terpolation by the hand of that anonymous Jew whom he supposes to liave written the book of Deuteronomy, and here to have misunderstood the vivid conception of an old poet; and he cites numerous similar conceptions from the old poetry of Greece, Rome, Arabia, and Peru. But the literal and natural …
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a. The first twelve chapters form a continuous narra- tive, which seems never to halt or flag. The descrip- tion is frequently, so minute as to show the hand not merely of a contemporary, but of an eye-witness. An awful sense of the divine Presence reigns tliroughout. ■\^'e are called out from the din and tumidt of eac…
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b. Of the alleged discrepancies, one on wliich much stress has been laid is, that in various parts of the book Joshua is said to have subdued the whole land and de- stroyed the Canaanites (xi, 10; xii, 7 sq.; xxi, 43; xxii, 4), whereas in others it is stated that large portions of the land were not conquered by Joshua …
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These are the only discrepancies that have even the appearance of seriously affecting the claim of the book to be regarded as the work of one author throughout. The others, which have been discovered and urged by some recent critics in Germany, are such that it seems unnecessary to take up space by noticing them. The r…
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A number of other words are adduced by the oppo- nents of the unity of the book of Joshua for the pmpose of showing that it includes fragments from different au- thors. On these we do not linger. There are two con- siderations which seem to us entirely to destroy their force as evidences for that which they are adduced…
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one verse (vi, 25) must have been written by some per- son who lived in the time of Joshua ; and two other verses, v, 1 and 6 — assuming the common reading of the former to be correct — are most fairly interpreted as writ- ten by actors in the scene. No one would deny that some additions to the book might be made afte…
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YIl. Relation to the Pentateuch. — The Pentateuch brings down the history of the Israelites to the death of Moses, at which it naturally terminates. The book of Joshua takes up the history at this point, and con- tinues it to the death of Joshua, which furnishes anoth- er natural pause. From resemblances between the la…
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JOSHUA 103^ JOSHUA BEN-JEHUDAH Maurer, Comv^ntar (Stuttg. 1831. 8vo); *RosenmuUer, Scholia (Lips. 1833, 8vo) ; *KeU, Commentar (Erlangen, 1847, 8to ; transl. in Clarke's Lib. Edinb. 1857, 8vo ; dif- ferent from that in Keil and Delitzscii's Commentary) ; *Bush,.Vo?e« (N.Y. 1852, l-2mo); 'MiWer, Lectures (Lond. 1852,…
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Joshua (or Jeshua) ben-Jehudah (called in Arabic Abulfarag Forlcan Ibn- Assad), quoted by Aben- Ezra as R.Joshua (n"10T' ■^), a distinguished Jew- ish philosopher, grammarian, and commentator of the Karaite sect, flourished in the 11 th century. From his great piety and extensive knowledge, he obtained the honoraijle a…
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The king, in his alarm, sent to Hiddah " the prophet- ess" for her counsel in this emergency [see Huldaii] : her answer assiu-ed him that, although the dread penal- ties threatened by the law had been incurred and would be inflicted, he should be gathered in peace to his fa- thers before the days of punishment and sorr…
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2. Son of Ze[)haniah, and n resident of Jerusalem after the captivit}', in whose house the jirophet \Nas directed to crown the high-priest Jeshua as a tj'pe of the Mes- siah (Zech. vi, 10). B.C. prob. 520. "It has been con- jectured that Josiah was either a goldsmith, or treasurer of the Temple, or one of the keepers …
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Jot, or, rather. Iota ('Iwra), the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet (i), derived from the Hebrew yod (■1), and answering to the i (j) or y of European languages. Its name was employed metaphorically to express the minutest trifle. It is. in fact, one of several metaphors derived from the alphabet, as when alpha, …
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1. The second named of the six sons of Jahdai, of the family of Caleb the Hezronite (1 Chron. ii, 47). B.C. post i612. 2. The youngest of Gideon's seventy legitimate sons, and the only one who escaped when the rest were mas- sacred by the order of Abimelech (Judg. ix, 5) B.C. 1322. When the fratricide was made king by…
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Journal, or Diurnal, is the ancient name of the day hours contained in the Breviary (q. v.). By it was also known in monasteries the diary of daily expenses. Journey (prop. 5&3, to pull up the stakes of one's JOVE 1037 JOVINIAN tent preparatory to removal ; Tropivoixai) properly re- fers to travel by land. See Tra…
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fathers of the 4th century. He evidently maintained " that there is but one divine element of life, which all believers share in common; but one fellowship with Christ, which jiroceeds from faith in him ; but one new birth. All who possess this in common with each other —all, therefore, who are Christians in the true s…
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Joy (usually some form of b'^5, which prop, means to spin, round with pleasurable emotion, and is thus a stronger term than n^sir, which expresses fjladness ; but less so than yhv, to exult or leap with exuberant joy , Gr. prop. x«P")! a deUght of the mind ai-ising from the consideration of a present or assiured approa…
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6. A son of Jeshua, and one of the Levites who took account of the ]jrecious metals and vessels offered for the Temple by the Israelites who declined personally to return from the captivity (Ezra viii, 33). B.C. 459. He was probably the same with one of the chief Levites who " had the oversight of the outward matters o…
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II. Laws connected with this Festival.— These embrace the following three main points : 1. Rest for the Soil. — This enactment, which is com- prised in Lev. xxv, 11, 12, enjoins that, as on the Sab- batical year, the land should lie fallow, and that there should be no tillage nor harvest during the jubilee year. The I…
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3. Mamtnmsion of those Israelites tvho had become Slaves. — This enactment is comprised in Lev. xxv, 39- 54. All Israelites who through poverty had sold them- selves as slaves to their fellow-Israelites or to the for- eigners resident among them, and who, up to the time of the jubilee, had neitlicr completed their six …
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JUBn.EE 1041 JUBILEE I blast of the tnimpet " on the tenth of the seventh month, on the clay of atonement," which is TisrI. See Atonk- MENT, Day of. The opinion that the sabbatical year and the jubilee were distinct, or that there were two fallow years, is also entertained by the Talmud {Rosh Ha-Shana, 8 b, 9 a), P…
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Because the Bible does not record any particular in- stance of the public celebration of this festival, IMichaelis, Winer, etc., have questioned whether the law of jubilee ever came into actual operation ; while Kranold, Ilup- feld, etc., have positively denied it. The following con- siderations, however, speah for its…
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The importance of this institution will be apparent if it is considered what moral and social advantages would accrue to the commmiity from the sacred observ- ance of it. 1. It would prevent the accumulation of land on the part of a few to the detriment of tlie com- munity at large. 2. It would render it impossible for…
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I JUBILEES, BOOK OF 1043 JUBILEES, BOOK OF I the lioly city (comp. Amort, De origine, progressu, va- lore ac frucUi indulgent, i, 87 scj.). Paul II finally or- dered in 1470 that thenceforward every twenty-fifth year should be held as jubilee, an arrangement which has continued ever since to regulate the ordinary …
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b. Of the difficulties in the sacred narrative which the book of Jubilees tries to solve may Ije mentioned that it accounts for the serpent speaking to Eve by saying that all animals spoke before the fall in paradise (comp. Gen. i, 1 with Jubil. iii, 98) : explains very minutely whence the first heads of families took …
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servation and not by calculation c^s >" ^inn ^'iTip rt'i'^X'^n), and that the Sanhedrim had the power of or- daining intercalary years [see Hii.lel II], adducing in corroboration of this view the remark in Jubil. vi, 95- 133, the chronological system of the author, which is based upon heptades ; and the strict observan…
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V. Literature. — It has already been remarked that the Hebrew original of tliis book is lost. Chapters xxxiv and xxxv are, however, preserved from Mllrash Vajisau, in Midrcish Jalkut Sabbat, section Bereshith, exxxiii, as has been pointed out by Jellinek (see be- low) ; and Treuenfels has shown parallels between other …
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JUDAEA 1046 JUDAH X, 1). After the death of Herod, however, the Jiulrea tJ which his son Archelaus succeeded was only the southern province so caUed (Matt, ii, 22), which after- wards became a Koman province dependent on S>T-ia and governed by procurators, and this was its condition during our Lord's ministry (see N…
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difference is very jiointcdly remarked by different trav- ellers; and lord Lindsay ])lainly declares that "all Ju- dtea, except the hiUs (;f Hebron and the vales immedi- ately about Jerusalem, is barren and desolate. But the prospect brightens as soon as you quit it, and Samaria and Galilee still smile like the land of…
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Hirah, to attend the shearing of his sheep at Tiranatb, in the same neighborhood. Tliese circumstances sug- gested to Tamar the strange thought of connecting herself with Judah himself, under the guise of a loose woman. Having waylaid him on the road to Timnath, she succeeded in her object, and when the consequences be…
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4. The history of the Judges contains fewer facts re- specting this important tribe than might be expected. It seems, however, to have been usually considered that the birthright which Reuben forfeited had passed to Ju- dah under the blessing of Jacob; and a sanction was given to this impression when, after the death o…
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1. The South — the undulating pasture country which JUDAH 1049 JUDAH iatervened between the hills, the proper possession of the tribe, and the deserts which encompass the lower part of Palestine (Josh, xv, 21). It is this which is once designated as the wilderness (midbar) of Judah (Judg. i, 10). It contained twent…
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4, The fourth district is the Wilderness (^Midbar, which here and there only appears to be synonymous with Arubah), the sunken district immediately adjoin- ing the Dead Sea (Josh, xv, 6), averaging ten miles in breadth, a wild, barren, uninhabitable region, fit only to afford scanty pasturage for sheep and goats, and a…
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Cprmel. Chesalou. Chezib. Dannah. Debir (Josh, sv, 49). Debir (Josh, xv, 7). Dileoil. Dileam. Dinionah. Dnmah. Ebpu-Bohan. Edar. Eglon. Elah. Eltekon. Enf^ni. En-gannim. En-gedi. I Ephes-dammin. I Ephrath or Ephrata. Eshcol. Esliean. Eshtemoa. Etam. Gath. Gaza. Geder. Gederah. Gederoth. (iederothaim. Gedor. Gibeah.…
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II. Population. — A singular gauge of the growth of the kingdom of Judah is supplied by the progressive augmentation of the army under successive kings. In David's time (2 Sam. xxiv, 9, and 1 Chron. xxi, .5) the warriors of Judah numbered at least 500,000. But Re- hoboam brought into the field (1 Kings xii, 21) only 1«…
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i JUDAH 1053 JUDAH Tribes; for sixty years there was war between them and the kings of Israel. Neither the cUsbanding of Ke- hoboam's forces by the authority of Shemaiah, nor the pillage of Jerusalem by the irresistible Shishak, served to put an end to the fraternal hostility. The victory achieved by tlie daring Ab…
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JUDAH, Mountains of. This is appropriately the name of a range of hills to the south and west of Jeru- salem, styled in Luke i, 39, 65, the " hiU-country of Ju- dtea" (?) opiun) ti}^ 'lov^aiac). The hills are low and conical, uniform in shape even to weariness ; the vege- tation, save in early spring, is dry and parche…
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_ r 7 in its extent than had ever ^ '~" fallen to the lot of any Nasi, even any member of his house ^^ since the days of Hillel. This - may be due perhaps not so >_ much to his vast erudition as 3 to his wealth, which enabled =- him to become the supporter ' of hundreds and thousands of ^ poor youths, who, after they …
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The Mushkhanites (q. v.) maybe considered as a branch of this sect. For further details, see Fiirst, Geschichte d. Karcierthums, \x 26 scj. ; Griitz, Gesch. der Juden, v, 227 sq., 516sq. (J. H.W.) Judah (or Juda), Leo, one of the Swiss reform- ers, was bom at Germar, in Alsace, in 1482. His father's name was John Jud,…
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J/osrn'sni.— This abstract faith continued to be the faith of the Israelites until it was transformed at Mount Sinai by the Lord himself, through his chosen servant Moses. Thereafter the Abrahamic idea was clothed in forms rendered necessary not only by the character of the age, but also by the frailty of men, to the g…
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Sects — In the early age of Judaism we saw that the simple worship of a supreme Being constituted its pecid- iar characteristic. At that time, as a sign of the cove- nant of Abraham with the Lord, the rite of circumcision (q. V.) was introduced, and was soon followed by the for- mal institution of sacrifice. In the per…
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In their moniing devotions they use the phylacteries (q. V.) and the Talith, except Saturdays, when they use the Talith only. See Frixge:. Calendar. — The Jewish year is either civil or ecclesi- astical. The civil year commences in the month of Tisri, which falls into some part of our September, on the view that the w…
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Restoration of the Jews. — The Jews, as is well known, deny the accomplishment of the prophecies in the per- son of .Jesus. The Reformed Jews (see below) deny the promise of a personal Messiah altogether; but the or- thodox, the greater part of the Jews, hold that the Mes- siah has not yet come, but that they will be r…
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Conservative Judaism is paramount in Belgium and Italy, and has held its own in some parts of Austria also. The great Rapoport (q. v.) of Prague, one of the finest scholars of that century, may be regarded as the tyjie of the intelligent Conservative Jew, who loved the Juda- ism of the past with fervor and intensitj', …
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From a few late articles in the Israelite (Nov., 1871), by the distinguished writer of the above article on Re- formed Judaism, we learn that he regards as the first reformer in the camp of Judaism the celebrated gaou Saadia (q. v.) ben-Joseph, of Fayum, who flourished in the first half of the 10th century ; as the sec…
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Ju'das ('lou^ac), the Grsecized form of the Hebrew name Jud ah, and generally retained in the A. V. of the Apocrj-pha and N. T., as also in Josephus, where it oc- curs of a considerable number of men. See also Juda ; JUDE, 1. The patriarch Jud ah (q. v.), son of Jacob (Matt. i, 2, 3). 2. One of the Levites who reno…
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(G) From i<"i3DX, ascora = strangling (angina), as given after his death, and commemorating it (Light- foot, I, c), or indicating that he had been subject to a disease tending to suffocation previous^ (Heinsius, in Sidcer, Thes.s.y.'lovSac). This is mentioned also as a meaning of the name by Origen, Tract, in Matt. xxx…
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What followed in the confusion of that night the Gospels do not record. Not many students of tlie N. T, Avill follow Heumann and archbishop Whately (Essays on Dunf/ers) in the hypothesis that Judas was "the other disciple" that was known to the high-priest, and brought Peter in (comp. JMeyer on John xviii, 15). It is p…
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(3.) But to most persons these will appear to be arbi- trary or recondite arguments. Important reasons of a more practical kind, we may be sure, were not wanting for the procedure, and they are not very far to seek. The presence of such a false friend in the company of his immediate disciples was needed, first of all, …
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5. The question has often been agitated whether Judas was present at the first celebration of the Lord's supper, or left the assembly before the institution actually took place ; but with no very decisive result. The conclusion reached on either side has very commonly been deter- mined by doctrinal prepossessions rathe…
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(2.) His " going to his own place" (Acts i, 25), where the words "iciog tottoq convey to our minds, probably were meant to convey to those who heard them the im- pression of some dark region in Gehenna. Lightfoot and Gill (ad loc.) quote passages from Rabbinical wri- ters who find that meaning in the phrase, even in Ge…
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Judd, Sylvester, a Unitarian minister of some note, was born in Westhampton, Mass., July 23, 1813, and was educated at Yale College. He was of Ortho- dox parentage, but shortly after the completion of his collegiate studies he changed his religious opinions, and went to Cambridge Divinity School to prepare for min- ist…
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the monographs cited by Volbeding, Index, p. 32. On the iiretcnded Gospel of Thaddaeus, see Kleuker, Apokr. N. T. p. 67 sq. See Lebii-eus. JUDE, Epistle of. The last in order of the cath- olic epistles. I. A utlior. — The writer of this epistle styles himself, verse 1, "Jude, the brother of James" {ciSt\(bog 'laKOj- …
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l)v any regarded v.-ith suspicion (//wf. Eccles. ii, 23 ; iii, preach, but when this preaching w 25). "By^-^erome it is referred to as the work of an come a thing of the past (ver. 17). apostle (m r/f. i ; f^^ rtrf Pa«/«n. iii), and he states that, though suspected by some, in consequence of containing a quotation from…
1,108 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.