PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 181
HEBREW LANGUAGE 137 HEBREW LANGUAGE invention of the alphabet they may likewise lay claim to the honor of having laid the foundation of the world's literature. The Shemitic alphabet, as is well known, has no signs for the pure vowel sounds. All the letters are consonants ; some, however, are so weak as easily to pas…
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Tlie origin of the vowel-points is to be ascribed to the effort which the Jewish learned men made to pre- serve the pronunciation of their sacred language at a time when its extinction as a living tongue endangered the loss of the traditional memory of its sound. Every kind of evidence renders it probable that these si…
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later writers. He was followed by E. Jehuda ben-Da- vid Chajug, a native of Fez, who flourished in the 11th century, whose services have procured for him the hon- orable'designation of "chief of grammarians." From him the succession of Jewish grammarians embraces the following names [for details, see separate articles]…
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Meanwhile a new school of Hebrew philology had arisen under the leading of Jakob Alting and Johann Andr. Danz. The former in his Fundamenta puncfa- tionis lin//ucB sanctm sire Grammat. Hebr. (Gron. 1654), and the latter in his Nucifrancjibulum (Jena, 1686), and other works, endeavoreil to show that the phanomena which …
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Among recent Hebraists the name of Lee {Grammar HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO 140 HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO of the Ihh. Lang, in a Series of Lectures, Lond. 3d edit. i«44; Lexicon J/eb.Chahl.dnd Enff/.l>iH)),E%va\d {Krii. Cramm. der lleb. Spr. A fi.<fiilirlich bearbeitet, Lpz. 1827 ; 7th cd. 1863, under the title of Auifii/irHckes L…
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Horwitz has also published an excellent J/<b. Grammar i ed the epistle) ; Gaudentius, Jerome, and Augustine, (Lond. 1835). We especially notice the iiliilosophical method pursued by Nordheimer {lleb. Grammar, N. Y. ]K!H-^I2, 2 vols. 8vo). The latest Jewish production in English is Kalisch's Hebrew G'ramtn. (Lond. 1863…
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Cardinal Cajetan, the opponent of Luther, was the first to disturb the tradition of a thousand years, and to deny the authority of this epistle. Erasmus, Calvin, and Beza questioned only its authorship. The bolder spirit of Luther, unable to perceive its agreement with Paul's doctrine, pronoiuiccd it to be the work of …
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In the last three centuries every word and phrase m the epistle have been scrutmized with the most exact care for historical and grammatical evidence as to the authorship. The conclusions of incUvidual inquirers are very diverse, but the result has not been any considera- i)le disturbance of the ancient tradition. No n…
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HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO 143 HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO epistles, especially those of a later date, as has frequent- ly been observed by critics. In fine, while there are such resemljlances of style, etc., as have been referred to between this epistle and the writings of Luke, there are dijfcirnces of a nature so weighty as com…
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ion {Tntrod. p. 596, Fosdick's transl.) that in this i we have not TertuUian's own view so much as a conces- sion on his part to those whom he was opposing, and who, because of the very passage he is about to ipiote from the Epistle to the Hebrews (vi, 4-8), were inclined to reject the claims of that epistle to be este…
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standard of comparison by which the supposed Alexan- drian tone of this epistle is evinced is suppUed by the writings of Philo, between wliicli and this epistle it is aftirnied that there is so close a resemblance that it can be accounted for only on tlie supposition that the author of the latter was, like Philo, an Al…
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3. We now pass on to the question of the Pauline or- igm of this epistle. Referring our readers for particu- lars to the able and copious discussion of this question furnished by the works of Stuart {Commentary, Introd.), Forster {The Apostol. Authority of the £pisile to tlw He- brews, etc.), and Hug, we shall attempt …
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lis, p. 19, London, 1699) "censiures that are made from stile and language alone," and which, he adds, " are com- monly nice and uncertain, and depend upon slender no- tices." Apart, however, from such minute niceties, there are certain marked jieculiarities of style which attach to particular writers, and flow so dire…
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duced ; the materials are arranged in the strictest order, and carefidly ^NToiight out according to this disposition, and conchision follows conclusion with the greatest reg- ularity; the language also is rotund and choice, and the representation unusually clear. All this is milike Paul" (Eichhorn, Einkit. iii, 450). T…
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h. It yet remams that we should look at the ea-ternal evidence bearing on this question. Passing by, as some- what imcertain, the alleged testimony of Peter, who is supposed (2 Pet. iii, 15, 16) to refer .to the Epistle to the Hebrews as the composition of Paid, and passuig by also the testimonies of the apostolic fath…
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IV. To whom addressed. — That the parties to whom this epistle was addressed were converted Jews the epis- tle itself plainly shows. Ancient tradition points out the church at Jerusalem, or the Christians in Palestine generally, as the recipients. Stuart contends for the church at Ciesarea, not without some show of re…
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James, the bishop of Jerusalem, had just left his place vacant by a martyr's death. Neither to Cephas at Babylon, nor to John at Ephesus, the third pillar of the Apostolic Church, was it given to understand all the greatness of this want, and to speak the word in sea- son. But there came from Rome the voice of one who …
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2. The following are special commentaries on the whole of the epistle alone, the most important of which are here designated by an asterisk (*) prefixed : Atha- nasius, Commentaria (in 0pp. I, ii) ; Chrj^sostom, Ilomil- ice (in 0pp. xii, 1) ; Cj-ril, Commentaria (in Mai, Script. Vet. VIII, ii, 147) ; AJcuin, Explanatio…
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He'bron (Heb. Chebron', ''i~i'2Tl, a community; Sept. XE/3pwi'), the name of an important city and of several men, also (in a different Heb. form) of a smaller town. 1. A ])lace in the south of Palestine, situated 20 Ro- man miles south of Jerusalem, and the same distance north of Beersheba (Eusebius, Onom. s. v. 'ApK…
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hospital, where 1200 loaves of bread, besides oil and oth- er condiments, were daily distributed to all comers, with- out distinction of age or religion, at the annual expense of 20,000 ducats. Hebron continued to be occasionally visited by European travellers down to the latter part of the 17th century, but from that …
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top of the cnnnpy to a lamp continually hnrning to give light in the cave of Machpelah, Avhere the actual sar- cophagi rest. At the upper end of tlie court is the cliief place of prayer ; and on the opposite side of the mosque are two larger tombs, where are deposited the bodies of Jacob and Leah" {tiiimme)-'s Jiamble,…
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tico, or narthex, before the entrance into the actual building of the mosque. In the recess on the right is the shrine of Abraham, in tlie recess on the left tiiat of Sarah, each guarded by silver gates. The shrine of Sarah we were requested not to enter, as being that of a woman. A pall lay over it. The shrine of Abra…
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The court in which the mosque stands is surrounded by an extensive and lofty wall, formed of large stones, and strengthened by square buttresses. This wall is the greatest antiquity in Hebron, and even Dr. Robinson supposes that it may be substantially the same which is mentioned by Josephus {Ant. i, 14; Wcu; iv, 9, 7)…
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Heckevrelder, John Gottlieb Ernestus, a dis- tinguished Moravian missionary among tlic Indians of North America, bom at Bedford, England, ^Nlar. 12, 1743, where his father, who had fled from IMoravia for the sake of religious liberty, was engaged in the service of the Church. On the 2d of April, 1754, young Ilecke- wel…
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lishment of iNfethodism in New England— itself one of the most romantic, as it is perhaps the best recorded portion of :Methodist historj'— he was an active and most efficient agent, and in its stirring scenes and ftjrlorn but heroic labors he spent the flower of his manhood ; and upon it, no doubt, he left the impress…
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Hedge, Levi, LL.D., a professor in Harvard Uni- versity, was born in 1777 at Hardwick, Mass. He grad- uated at Harvard University in 1792. " His whole life, from his childhood, may be said to have been connected with the University. In 1795 he was appointed tutor, and subsequently received the appointment of perma- nen…
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HEGAI 155 HEGEL of tlic life of Hcermaun. Others are given in j\Iiss Winkworth, Lyra Geriiianica, and in Schaif, Clirist in Song (N. York, 1869). A selection from his hymns, in German, may be found in Wackemagel, IhtrmamCs (jeistlk-lte Liedcr (Stuttgardt, 1850). Of liis other works we mention JI('j)/ii/o(/iis C/iris…
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Hegel's influence upon the philosophy and theology of Germany has been x^ry great. It is impossible, in brief space, to give a full idea of the HegeUan system. "The transcendental idealism of Kant formed the tran- sition from the empiricism of the 18tli centiuy, and ef- fected, as it were, a compromise between the anci…
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of all. The primary element of logic consists in the oneness of the subjective and objective ; this oneness is the absolute science to which the mind rises as to its absolute truth, and is found in the truth, thAt pure Esse is pure conception in itself, and that pure conception alone is true Esse. The absolute idealism…
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Tlie essence of Hegel's religious philosopliy is found in the doctrine that the world, including nature and hu- manity, is only the self-manifestation of God. Such a system, presented with the wonderful dialectical skill that Hegel possessed, could not fail to exert a great ef- fect upon the theology of his age. Soon a…
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HEGESIPPUS 158 HEGIRA theory ; for whereas the latter considers pure Being iden- tical with the All, Hegel regards it as equivalent to non- entity. Secondly, pantheism has always held fast to the abstractions of the understanding, and hence it has attacked all forms of Becoming; but Hegel's invincible dialectic has …
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Hegira, an Arabic word si<x,miy'mQ flight (Iledshra), now used to designate the epoch from which the Mo- hammedans compute time. The flight of Mohammed from jMecca to IMedina is fixed by the Mohammedans on July 15, A.D. 622. The process of converting the years of the Hegira into the date after the birth of Christ is as…
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Heidegger, Johann HEixnicir, D.D., a Swiss Prot- estant theologian, was born near Zurich July 1, 1633. He studied at Marburg and Heidelberg, where he gradu- ated, and soon after became extraordinary professor of Hebrew, and then professor of theolog}\ In 1659 he went to Steinfurt as professor of tleology and ecclesias-…
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German version appeared in 1563. What is now the eightieth question ( U7nit difference is there between the Lord's Supper and the Rumiin Mass ?) is not to be found m the first edition ; part of it appears in the second edi- tion; and in tlie third, of 1563, it is given in full as fol- lows : " What ditference is there …
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Literature. — The 300th anniversarj' of the formation and adoption of the Heidelberg Catechism was celebra- ted in 1863 both in Europe and America. One of the permanent fruits of this celebration was the publication of The Heidelberg Catechism, Tercentenary Edition (New York, 1863, sm, 4to). This noble volume gives a c…
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K the bite of the gad-fly, to which the word keretz woidd B fitly apply. "To plough with another man's heifer" ■ (Judg. xiv, 18) implies that an advantage has been H gained by unfair means. The proper names Eglah, En- H eglaim, and Parah are derived from the Hebrew terms B at the head of this article. — Smith, s. v. …
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Heinsius, Daniel, an eminent scholar, was born in 1580 at Cxhent. He studied law for some months at Franckcr, but, determining to devote himself to letters, he went to Leyden, where ho studied under Joseph Scal- iger. In 1599 he began to teach Latin in the univer- sit}', and on the death of Scaliger (1609) he was made …
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With regard to perso7ial property, it may be presumed that the owner had some authority over it, at all events during his life-time. The admission of a slave to a por- tion of the inheritance with the sons (Prov. xvii, 2) prolj- ably applies only to the personalty. A presentation of half the personalty formed the marri…
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the Arabs; but Russcl states {Natural Uist. of Aleppo, Lond. 1794, i, 80) that but little wine is made there, and lliat the white wines especially are poor and thin, and difhcult to keep ; nor has this place ever obtained any celeljrity for its vintages. Hence Prof. Ilackett is in- clined to adopt the suggestion made t…
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He'leph (Heb. Che'leph, tj^n, an exchange, as in Numb, xviii, 21, 31 ; Sept. joins with prefixed preposi- tion MetXitp ; Viilg. HelepK), a city mentioned apparent- ly as the starting-point of the northern border of Naph- tali, beginning at the west (Josh. xix,33). Van de Velde thinks it may be the same with Beit-Uf, a …
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He'li, or rather Ei.i ('HAi, in some ed. 'HXi or 'HXt'i, Ik'b. "'hv, Eli), a name that occurs once in the N. T. and once in the Apocrj'pha. 1. The third of three names inserted between Achitob and Amarias in tlie genealogy of Ezra, in 2 Esd. i, 2, for which there is no corresponding name in the Ileb. list (Ezra vii, "…
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Herkath-Iiaz'zurim (Heb. Chelkath' hats-Tsurim' , U^"}'3.'r\~T\:'?n, 2^lot of the rocks), a designation of the plain just below the pool of Gibeon, on the east, acquired from the deadly combat between twelve of Ishbosheth's men and as many of David's, -which formed a prelude to the general engagement (2 Sam. ii, 1(5). …
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2. Hades — The universally allowed statement that the N. T. has shed a light on the mysteries of life and immortality which is only in an inferior degree discov- ered in the O. T., is seldom more distinctly verified than in the uncertainty which attaches to Sheol (the difficul- ty of distinguishing its various degrees …
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These reasons have led learned men, who have espe- cially examined the subject, to exclude the grave (spe- citically understood as a made or artificial one) from the proper meaning of Sheol. We cannot but accept their view in critical exactness. But there is an inexact and generic sense of Sheol in which the word grave…
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HELL HELL on the Creed [Art. " He descended into Hell"], Works [Oxford, 1830], v, 41G, 417) of the questions which have arisen on the subject before us, wc believe that Holy Scripture warrants the most ample of all the positions suggested by that eminent writer, to the effect that the Sheol or Hell of which we treat …
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Another figurative expression used to designate the happy part of Hades is "Abraham's bosom," 6 koXttoq 'Al3paai.i, Luke xvi, 22. (St. Augustine, who says [Qncest. Evang. ii, 38 ] " Sinus Abrahaj requies est beatorum pau- perum .... in quo post hanc vitam recipiuntur," yet doubts whether hades is used at all in N. T. i…
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The punishments of sin may be distinguished into two classes : 1. Katui-al pmiishments, or such as neces- sarily fi)Uow a life of servitude to sin. 2. 'Positive pmi- ishments, or such as God shall see fit, by his sovereign ■will, to inflict. 1. Among the natural punishments we may rank the privation of eternal happine…
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Oriental churches had not the words, yet they had the sense of them in the word buried" implying that the words "he descended into Hades" are equivalent to "he descended into the grave." Socrates, Jllst. Ecd. ii, 37, 41, gives it as stated in the Arian Creed adopted at Sir- mium A.D. 350, and at Rimini in 3G0. It is gi…
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ter). So also Dr. Bethune : " Christ, in Noah, by his Spirit, preaclied to them before the Flood, just as m his ministers he preaches to us by his Spirit now" {Lectures on the Heidelberg Catechism, i, 406). Alford {Comment. ad loc.) gives a copious account (chiefly translated from Meyer) of the views of various comment…
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In what may be called the mythology of Christen- dom, the " descent into hell" has always plaj^ed an im- portant part. The apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus con- tains a vivid description of it, very highly colored. A voice like thimder is heard crying, " Lift up your gates, and be ye Uft up," etc. But the gates were made…
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(3.) Lutherans.— Laihez himself did not speak posi- tively on this topic. He agreed at first with Jerome and Gregory in supposmg a limhus potniin whither Christ went. But whenever he mentioned the subject after 1533, he was accustomed to remark that Christ de- stroyed the power of the devil and of hell, whither he went…
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2 HELL to see corruption, so he left not his soul in hell, and thereby gave sufficient seciu-ity to all those who belong to Christ of never coming under the power of Satan, or suffering in the flames prepared for the devil and his angels. And thus, and for these purposes, may every Christian sav, I believe that Christ…
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HELL PUNISHMENTS, Nature of. — The term Hell {llolle), as stated above, originally denoted the "jiether world," tlie "place of departed spirits." It came to be almost exclusively applied at a later period to the " place of torment" for the wicked. The scholas- tic divines distinguished between tlie Limbus, or place of …
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HELL 174 HELLENIST regard these expressions as figurative representations of the positive penalties of hell. Docklridge remarks that, " On the whole, it is of very little importance whether we say there is an external fire, or only an idea of such pain as arises from biu-ning ; and should we think both doubtful, it …
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The name, according to its derivation, whether the original verb ('EX\r;i'i?^w) be taken, according to the common aiaalogy of similar forms (/(jj^ijw, cittikI^o), $t- XnnriZoj'), in the general sense of adoptinfj the spirit and character of Greeks, or, in the more limited sense, of using the Greek language (Xenophon, A…
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II. It remains to characterize briefly the elements which the Hellenists contributed to the language of the N. T., and the immediate effects which they produced upon the apostolic teaching : 1. The flexibility of the Greek language gained for it in ancient times a general currency similar to that which French en^ys in…
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HELLER r teaching, and ready to receive it. The Hellenists them- selves were at once missionaries to the heathen and prophets to their own comitrymen. Their lives were an abiding protest against polytheism and pantheisrn, and they retained with unshaken zeal the sum of their ancient creed, when the preacher had popula…
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"Nil patre inferior, jacet hie Ilelmoiitius alter, (^,ui junxit varias mentis et avtis (ijics : Per queni Pythagoras et cab'ialu .^aiiM rcvixit EUeiis(ii>e, parat qui sua ciuicta ^ilii.' Besides the alphabet above mentioned, he v.rotc Opiis- cula r/iilosophicu, quibiis contiiuntiir priiicipla philoso- phim aniiquissi…
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HELP-MEET HELVETIC CONFESSIONS the same conclusion (Stn-pe's Life ofLighffoot, prefixed to his Works, p. 4, Lond.'l68J). But Lightfoot himself explains the word " persons who accompanied the apos- tles, baptized those who were converted by them, and were sent to places to which they, being employed in other things, c…
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II. Cinifi^sio Ililntica Posterior, the second Helvetic Confes.sinii, A.l ). l-iiiC. The first Confession above men- tioned, tliougii gciKially received, did not give universal satisfactiiui in Switzerland, especially as it was believed that the Lutheran influence had been allowed to operate in its formati(jn. Bullinge…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.