PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 721
INCARNATION 537 INCARNATION clous theory, or a very unsatisfactory theory— iierni- cious, for it exdudes all our deep and awful ideas of the perfect holiness of God, his justice, and his mercy, and thereby makes the voice of conscience a delusion, as having no correspondent in the character of the legis- lator; ....…
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cipio erat Verbum"), in Opera, xii. .'i71 ; Zanchius, De Jncarnatione Filii Dei, in Ojk ra ( KUO, folio), viii, 1; Gregory Nazianzen,0/'«//(' /// iin/iri/n/cm Chrisli (transl, by i-I, S. Boyd, in The Fathers nut I'dpists, 1834) ; G. F, Baur, Die Chr. Lehre v. d. Dreieinie/keit n. Menschicerd- ung Gottes (Tubingen, 1841…
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1. The incense employed in the service of the taber- nacle was distinguished as O'laSil riilbp (ketureth has-sammim ; Exod. xxv, 6, incense of the uromas ; Sept. t) avv^KTiQ Tov Bvixid/iaTOQ ; Vulg. thjmiamata boni odores ; A. V. " sweet incense"). The ingredients of the sacred incense are enumerated with great precisi…
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2. Aaron, as high-priest, was criginalh^ appointed to offer incense, but in tne daily service of the second Tem- ple the office devolved upon the inferior priests, from among whom one was chosen by lot (IVIishna, yoma, ii, INCENSE 539 INCENSE 4; Luke i, 9) each morning and evening (Abarbanel, On Lev. X, 1). A pecul…
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IXCENSE, Christiax. The use of incense in wor- ship was not carried over from the Jewish to the Chris- tian Church; yet it is still employed, with other super- stitious usages, in the Romish Church, and in some of the Oriental churches. The incense used is either the resinous gum ollhanum, brought from Arabia or the Ea…
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bidden by the (Levitical) law (see Trier, De legibus 3I'o^ saicis de incestii, Frcft. a. Oder, 1726). See Affinity? Consanguinity. "An instinct almost imiate and imi- versal," says Gibbon {Decline and Fall of the Roman Empii-e, iv, 351), "appears to prohibit the incestuous commerce of parents and chUdren in the infinit…
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Inchantment. See Enchantment. Inchofer, Melchioh, a German Jesuit, was born at Vienna or at Gunz (Hungary) in 1584. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1607, and studied philosophy, math- ematics, and theology at Jlessina, where he afterwards instructed. In 1G36 he went to Eome, and became a member of the Congregation o…
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INCOMMUNICABLEXESS 542 INDEFECTIBILITY served for the pope are yet in full force. In the His- torisch-politische Blatter of Phillips and Gorres (Mu- nich, 1847, vol. xxi) we find it stated that " In foro conseientiw, the bull is only valid yet in so far as its stipulations have not in other acts been altered by the C…
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Incorporeality of God is his being without a body. That ( iod is incorporeal is evident ; for, 1. ]\Iate- riality is iiicduiiiatihle with self-existence, and God, be- ing self-existent, must be incorporeal. 2. If God were corporeal, he could not be present in any part of the world where bodj' is ; yet his presence is n…
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may not be such as to lead to investigation. Ten j ears in one period may cause more sifting of the truth than a hundred years of another period. It is the condition of the Church militant to be always under trial, some- times by persecution from the world, sometimes by blasts of contrary doctrine within itself. In dif…
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Independency of God is his existence in and of himself, without depending on any other being. " His being and perfections," as Dr.Ridgely obser\'es {Bodij of Divinity, p. 7), " are underived, and not communicated to him, as all finite perfections are by him to the creature. This attribute of independency belongs to all…
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INDEPENDENTS 545 INDEPENDENTS branding them as antichristian, Robinson, however, while liolding his own to be the most apostoUcal form, counselled recognition of all other forms and Christian fellowship, looking upon charity as the end of the com- mandments. The names also which they had hitherto borne were now exch…
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The conclusions at the Savoy meeting were not ec- clesiastical canons, but simply united opinions. They had no binding force. They aspired to no higher char- acter than that of counsel and advice. Lest this decla- ration should endanger their principles, the assembly took the precaution not to invest it with binding sj…
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' Dnto of ^ll. of Forinr.tion. Student*. Western College, Plymouth 1T52 16 Eotherham College 1T50 19 Brecon College 1760 ?A Cheshuut College 1768 27 Airedale Collesre, Bradford 17Si 20 Hackney CollcLre 1706 20 Laucashire Cdllege ISOG S3 Sprint; Hill, Birmindiam 1S38 21 New College, Lourlon 1S50 40 Cavendish …
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if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses eveiy word may be established. And if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the Church ; but if he neglect to hear the Church, let him be unto thee as a heathen man and a publican. Verily I say unto you, Wha…
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III. Scottish, or New Indepemlents. — In Scotland Inde- pendency originated with John Glas (q. v.). The Bap- tists there, as elsewhere, are Independents. The regu- lar Congregationalists are also numerous. See Cosgke- GATioxALisTS. Apart from these, there is a body called "New Independents." " In December, 1797, Robert…
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549 INDEX they are appointed. They insist that ordination is not represented in Scripture as conveying an office, or giving any person a right to discharge that office ; it is only the manner of setting him apart to discharge the duties of his office. It gives him no jurisdiction in any church except in that which ap…
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INDEX 550 INDEX Trent. — The Eeformation gave rise to innumerable writings highly dangerous to the Romish Church, and, in spite of all orders to tlie contrary, they were widely circulated and eagerly read. In 1546 the University of Louvain, by order of Charles V, published a Ust {Jn- dex) of aU such books as were co…
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But translations of the Keto Testament, made by authors of the first class of this index, are allowed to no one, since little advantage, but much danger, generally arises from reading them. If notes accompany the versions which are allowed to be read, or are joined to the Vnlgate edi- tion, they may be permitted to be …
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I INDEX 551 INDIA in the said decree; this law and coudition being added, that au authentic copy of the book to be printed, si;,-ued by the author liimself, shall remain in the hands of the examiner: and it is tlie judgment of the fathers of the present deputation, that those persons who publish works ill manuscrip…
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In'dia (Ileb. Iloddu', !l^h, for ^r]':^, i. e. Hindu, of Sanscrit origin ; see Gesenius, Thesaur. Iltb. p. 366 ; Sept. '\vL)iKr],Yn\g. India), occurs in the Bible onlj-^ in Esther i, 1 ; viii, 9, where the Persian king is described as reigning "from India unto Ethiopia, over a himdred and seven and twenty provinces;" t…
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Belur Land, the western boundary' moimtains of Little Bucharia, or Little Thibet, and even the desert of Gobi, so far as it was known. (See Heeren"s Historical Re- searches, i, c. i, § 3, on Persian India ; and Kennell's Ge- ography of Herodotus. For other conjectures respecting the location of the Scriptiual India, se…
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Christianity became knowi in India at an early pe- riod. There is an old tradition that one of the twelve apostles, St. Thomas, preached the Gospel to the people of India, but the tradition is not supported by any proofs. Cosmas Indicopleustes, who visited the country m the 6th centiuy, found a large number of Christia…
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INDIA 554 INDIA sions, which, moreover, suffered severely from the wars of Tippu Sahib. Long before this time the Jesuits had lost their missions among the Cliristians of St. Thomas, who in 1653 left the communion of Rome, and those in the vicinity of Cochin, as the Dutch from 1660 to 1663 had conquered nearly all t…
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last great missionary who was sent out from Halle was the apostolical Fr. Schwarz (q. v.), the results of whose work can still be traced. Gradually the Halle Society leaned on the English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, which at last took entire charge of these missions. With regard to the differences of cas…
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In 18(57 the General Assembly of the Church of Scot- land sent Dr. Norman M'Leod and Dr. Watson to in- quire into the working of the missions there. The following facts are gleaned from their reports. The missionaries of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel are distributed through 2G principal stations, embrac…
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INDIA 556 INDIAN CASTE at most of the stations, and in the Lodiana Mission the native Christians have contributed for religious and charitable objects, during the year, 670 rupees. Nearly 11,000,000 pages of publications of various kinds have been issued. A "medical mission" is connected with these missions, at whic…
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1 ll|i 1.2 Com- r..rii9 ill 1 £.^-ii ■m. ^l caiits. Scliools. S zSo o American Societies. American Board 29 ST 22 106 1SS 2,494 5,2.52 Presbyterian Board . 37 3fi B 4 144 5T2 6,726 United Presbyterians 5 9 .. Reform. Dutch Board '(' 3 15 64 534 558 American Evangel-) ical Luth…
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Jlany ^Titers have claimed for caste a trans-Hima- layan origin, while others have supposed that it origin- ated with the successive waves of emigration within the plains of India. Professor lioth thus states this view : " When the Vedic people, driven by some polit- ical shock, advanced from their abodes in the Punjau…
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Indians, American. Under this title mky be in- cluded all the semi-civilized and wild tribes of North and South America, since the most thorough investiga- tion shows that they were substantially the same peo- ple. In collating information concerning the Indian thought, it is important to distinguish between the forms …
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INDIANS 559 INDIANS "father," "sustainer," " revivifier." Miiller maintains that there were numerous subordinate hostUc tleities, who created discord, sickness, death, and every possible form of evil, and tliat in many cases these were reputed to be under the leadership of the moon, which was tlie parciit of misfort…
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According to some, there is but little trace, if any, of a clear conception of a system of rewards and punish- ments, as there certainly do not seem to have been very clear distinctions between vice and virtue, as in anywise related to a future world. The difference between the soul's comfort and discomfort in a future…
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7. Relir/ious Usarjes. — The Indians are alleged by Domenech to have had a few customs not wholly unlike some which obtained among the Jews. They have some feasts at which they are obliged to cat all that has been prepared for the banquet. They observe a feast of first-fruits, and have some forbidden meats, re- garding…
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CLK. Indictio Paschalis. It was an old custom in the Christian Ciuirch of the early ages to announce on Ejiiijliany (q. v.) the days on which Easter would fall, and this announcement was called the Indictio pascha- lis ; but as on the appointment of the days on which Easter should be observed depended the appointment …
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misunderstood his doctrine as much as the Pelagians Bergier, Diet, de Theologie, iii, 394 sq. (Comp. Barrow, Works, ii, 47; Palmer, Church of Christ, i, 252-58, 321 sq.) See Will. Indifferentism (indiffereniismus), a word much used I. By the theologians of Germany to denote (1.) that state of mind whicli looks upon …
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sets its seal that the thing is true" (Pearson, Prize Es' sat/ on Infidelitij, ch. v). (Comp. Baumgarten, Gesch. der Eelif/ions-Pariheien, p. 102 sq.) See Kesponsibilitv. Indifferent things. (Comp. Harless, System of Christian Ethics, transl. by Morison and Findlay, Edin- bm-gh, 1868, 8vo.) See Adiaphora. Indigetes (…
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position in the Hindu pantheon of a later period, it is necessary to bear in mind that, however much the Ye- dic poets call Indra the protector of the pious and vir- tuous, he is in their songs essentially a warlike god, and gradually endowed by imagination not only with the qualities of a mighty, but also of a self-wi…
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Indulgence (Lat. indulgentia), in English history, is the title applied to a proclamation of Charles II (A.D. 1G62), and especially to one of James II, April 4, 1G87, announcing religious toleration to all classes of his sub- jects, suspending all penal laws against nonconformists, and abolishing religious tests as (lu…
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][. Srhidastic Doctrine of Indulf/ence.— The practice of inih-.lgence had been going on for some time when the Scliolasiic theologians took it up, and formed a speculative theory to justify it. Three great men con- tributed to this task: Alexander de Hales (q. v.), Al- bertus Magnus (q. v.), and Thomas Aquinas (q. v.).…
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INDULGENCES 565 INDULGENCES III. Opposition to Iiidiilfjmces tcitliin the Church of Home.—^nch. a doctrine could not fail to offend truly pious souls even within the Church. Long before the Keformation the whole system was attacked by eminent doctors. One of its most powerful opponents was John of Wesel ((}. v.), in…
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III. Present Doctrine ami Practice of Indulgence. — The following extracts show what has been, since the Council of Trent, and is now, the Romish doctrine of in- dulgence. The Council declared that " as the power of granting indidgences was given by Christ to the Church, and she has exercised it in the most ancient tim…
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as is necessary to free them" (lb.). Their object is "to afford succor to such as have departed real penitents in the love of God, yet before they had duly satisfied, by fruits worthy of penance, for sins of commissio:i and omission, and are now purifying in the fire of Purgatory, that an entrance may be opened for the…
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Indulgences are now granted in the Komish Church on a very ample scale, especially to all contributors to the erection of churches, and to the funds of the Projni- gunda and other missionary societies, etc. In fact, al- most any act of piety (so-called) entitles one to an in- dulgence : as, for instance, the worship of…
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INDULGENCES 568 INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS it was not for the saJce, nor according to the measure of that, that the merit of Christ and tlie saints was trans- ferred to him, but solely for the sake of some service performed by him for the Church, and this performance, again, is quite an external and isolated work. At the sa…
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VI. For further literature and discussion of the sub- ject, see Bp. Philpot's Letters to Mr. Butler, p. 151-153; Hales, Analysis of Chronology, vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 1019-22; Mendham, Spiritual Venality of Rome (London, 1836, 12mo); Mendham, Venal hidnhicmrs and Pardons of the Church of Rome exem/}lif id (Lnu(\. IK>'.), …
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ered with regard to its head, but as it embraces all the faithful, or laics, under the obedience of the pope, it is not proper to say it is infallible in teaching and defin- ing, because its gift in this respect is not to teach, but to learn and believe ; wherefore the Church, in this view, is said to be ' passibly inf…
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" That general councils are infallible is generally be- lieved I ly Romanists. Some, however, maintain that the coiilirniation of the pope is necessary to constitute in- fallibility; and others, that the decisions of councils are infallible, whether confirmed by the pojie or not. We quote the sentiments of some who con…
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it became generally known that it was intended to bring this subject before the council, a number of works ap- peareil, discussing the proposed innovation in every as- pect. By far the most important of these is the one published in tJermany under the title Ikr Papst umi <liis C'incil (Mentz, 1809; Engl, transl. The Po…
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" But the strongest case occurred at the end of the 9th century, after the death of pope Formosus, when the repeated rejections of his ordinations threw the whole Italian Church into the greatest confusion, and produced a general uncertainty as to whether there were any valid sacraments in Italy. Auxilius, who was a co…
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" Innocent betrayed his utter ignorance of theology when he declared that the Filth linok of Moses, being called Deuteronomy, or tlie Second Book of the Law, must bind the Christian Church, which is the second Church (Decretal ' Qui Jilii sint ler/iHmi' c. 13). This great pope seems never to have read Deuteronomy, or h…
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INFALLIBILITY 573 INFALLIBILITY council cannot judge liira, but can only announce the judgment of (iod, and thus one cannot properly say that a pope can become heretical, since he ceases to be pope at the moment of passing from orthodoxy to het- erodoxy. The doctrine entered on a fresh phase of development from the …
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When pope Pius IX intimated his intention to con- voke a council for the definition of the doctrine, a num- ber of bishops, especially in France and Germany, de- clared themselves to be decidedly opposed to the doc- trine, and at least one of them, the French bishop Ma- ret (bishop of Sura in partihnrt ir/Jid., and dea…
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One of the most learned Church historians of the Ro- man Catholic Church, professor Dollinger, of the Uni- versity of Munich, in a letter addressed to the Augs- burge'r Zeitung, and since published as a pamphlet in an enlarged form {Encagimgen jTir die Bischofe des Concils, Ratisbon, 1869), subjected the address of th…
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Of the infallible Authm-iti/ of the Roman Pontiff in Teach- inrj. — This holy see hath ever held — the uubrokeu custom of the Church doth prove — and the oecumenical councils, those especially in which the East joined with the West in union of faith and of charity, have declared, that in this apostolic primacy, which t…
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And if any one shall presume, which God forbid, to con- tradict thisOur delinition, let him be anathema. Given in Rome, in the public session, solemnly celebrat- ed in the Vatican Basilica, in the year of the incarnation of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy, on the eighteenth day of July, in the twenty-f…
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6 INFANT COJUiVIUNION munion, saying that the practice arose in the circum- stances of the early ages, and that the fathers had suffi- cient grounds for introducing it in their days, without its being made a necessity of salvation ; wherefore the usage coiUd lawfully be altered and dropped (Sess. xxi). In the Greek C…
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Inifanticide is the term for the act or practice of munliTiiii;' infants, which was very general among the ancients, and which still prevails among rnde nations. The Greeks and Romans, with all their high notions of civilization, were guilty of favoring this horrible prac- tice by legislative enactments, and Plato and …
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extensively. The lower castes of the Natchez Indians on the lower INIississippi, Brinton {Myths of the New World [N. Y. 1808, 8vo], p. 239) says, deliberately mur- der their own children on the funeral pyre of a son or chief to gain admittance to a higher caste. But as a principal reason of the great extent of infantic…
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Infant Membership. See MEJinEitsini- in the Chhistian ('ninrn. Infant Regeneration. See Regenei?ation. Infant Salvation. On this question most Chris- tians will agree with the following statements: "The great consideration which leads to a solution of the case of persons dying in infancy is found in Rom. v, 18, 'Theref…
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One of the greatest arguments against the salvation of children not baptized, which has been advanced, is, that the rite of baptism is essential to covenantship, pro- vided the parents had not by peculiar circumstances been prevented from attending to this duty. But this point does not seem to be well taken, for among …
942 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.