PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 241
Helvetius, Claude Adrten, a French infidel, was born in Paris in January, 1715, and was educated by the Jesuits at the College of Louis-le-Grand. He after- wards studied law and finance, and, through the influ- ence of queen Maria Leczinska, became a farmer-gener- al. His life was disorderly up to the time of his mar- …
1,016 wordsSECTION 242Section 242
Hem OF A Garment (^-^TIJ, shid, Exod. xxviii, 33, 34 ; xxxix. 24-26 ; elsewhere the " skirt" of a robe ; ma.- airtoov. Matt, ix, 20 ; xiv, 30 ; elsewhere "border"). The importance which the later Jews, especially the Phari- sees (Matt, xxiii, 5), attached to the hem or fringe of their garments was founded upon the reg…
964 wordsSECTION 243Section 243
Heminge. See Hemming. Hemlock appears in the Auth. Vers, as the render- ing of two Heb. words iii some of the passages where they occur. 1. RosH ("dX"l and r3i"i) is thought originally to sig- nify " poison," and is therefore supposed to indicate a poisonous, or, at least, a bitter plant. This we maj^ infer from its …
1,043 wordsSECTION 244Section 244
Hemmerlin or Hammerlein, Felix (Malleo- lus), a Swiss theologian, was born at Zurich in 1389. After studying the canon law at the University of Er- furt he went to Rome. On his return to Switzerland in 1421 he was appointed canon at Zoffingen, and the year after he was made provost of St. LTrsus, in Soleure. '\\'ith th…
950 wordsSECTION 245Section 245
He'ua (Reh. Ifena', "2!^, signif. unknown; Sept. 'Ava, but in Isa. xxxvii, 13 blends with the following name into 'Avaeyyovyavd, q.d. " Ana-near- Ava ;" Vulg. A na), a city (apparently of Mesopotamia) mentioned in connection with Sepharvaim and Ivah as one of those overthrown by Sennacherib before his invasion of Ju- d…
1,268 wordsSECTION 246Section 246
Henderson, Ebenezer, D.D., an eminent Scotch divine, was born at Dunfermline Nov. 17, 1784. At an early age he determined to devote his life to foreign missions, and went to Denmark, in order to sail thence for India. But he found work in the north of Europe in the circulation of the Bible, which occupied him for twent…
1,190 wordsSECTION 247Section 247
Henhofer, Aloys, a German divine, Avas born at Volkersbach, near Ettlingen, of Roman Catholic parents, JiUy 11, 1789. His mother destined him for the Roman Catholic priesthood, and hoped that he woidd become a missionary. He studied at the University of Freiburo-, and at the Roman Catholic Seminary of Meersburg. Af- te…
957 wordsSECTION 248Section 248
HENNEPIN 185 HENRY man work in rliyme, entitled Zeitverireih, desijijned to satirize the fanaticism, the folly, and vices of the day. Mr. Henkel adhered with great tenacity to the stand- ards and usages of his Church. In the earlier part of his ministry he approved of some of the alterations made by Blelancthon in t…
933 wordsSECTION 249Section 249
Henry of Gorcum (^Henricus Gorcomius'), so ntmed from his birthplace, Gorcum, in Holland, a philosopher and theologian of the loth centiu^', vice-chancellor of the Academy cf Cologne. He wrote commentaries on Aristotle, Aquinas, and Peter Lombard; also Tract, de cceremoniis Ecclesiasticis : — De Celehritate Festorum : …
998 wordsSECTION 250Section 250
Henry of St. Ignatius, a Flemish theologian, was born at Ath in the 17th centurj'. He joined the Car- melites of his native city, and for many years taught theology in their schools. During a journey he made to Rome in 1701-1709, he acquired great influence with pope Clement XI. On his return he wrote a number of books…
896 wordsSECTION 251Section 251
the pope conferred on him the title of Defensor Fidei, which tlie sovereigns of England still retain. (See, for details of the controversy between Henry and Luther, Waddington, Ilistori/ of t/ie lieformatioii, ch. xxi.) In a fe\\' years Henry began to grow weary of his queen, ilis male children died, and he fancied tha…
728 wordsSECTION 252Section 252
year 1.533 Henrj- was jirivately married to Anno Polej-n ; and on the 23d of May following archbisliop Cranmer pronounced the former marriage with Catharine void. In the mean time the Parliament had passed an act for- bidding all appeals to the See of Kome. Pope Clcuieiit VII met this by annulling the sentence of Cranm…
980 wordsSECTION 253Section 253
1539, arguing the same cpiestions again, had no better effect. Notwithstanding any seeming hesitation, Hen- ry's mind was fully made up, and the consequences of endeavoring to persuade him against his prejudices soon became apparent. Confirmed in liis opinions, he pro- ceeded to enforce them upon his subjects in the mo…
1,173 wordsSECTION 254Section 254
HENRY subject had called forth in himself he communicates ad- mirably to others. In his whole manner — the same at nine years old as at fifty — there is a freshness and vi- vacity which instantly put the spirits into free and agile motion — an effect somewhat similar to that play of in- tellectual sprightliness which …
1,006 wordsSECTION 255Section 255
Henschenius, Godfrev, a Dutch Jesuit and ec- clesiastical historian, was born at Venrai, Flanders, Jan. 21, 1601. In 1635 he was appointed assistant to Bol- landus in compiling the Acta Sanctorum (q. v.). After the death of Bollandus in 1665, when only five vohmies fif that work had made their appearance, father Daniel…
976 wordsSECTION 256Section 256
Heracleon. See Heraci-eonites. Heracleonites, a Gnostic sect of the 2d centiu-y, so named from Heracleon (a disciple of Valentinus), who was <U;;tinguished for his scientitic bent of mind. "He ^^Tote a commentary on the Gospel of St. John, consider- able fragments of which have been preserved by Origen ; perhaps also…
1,010 wordsSECTION 257Section 257
Heraclius. See Monotiielite. Herald only occiurs in Dan. iii, 4 ; the term there used (tTl2, Ixiruz) is connected etymologically (Gesenius, Tlipsanr. p. 712) with the Greek Knpvuaii} and (cpo^w, and with our " cry." There is an evident allusion to the oflice of the herald in the expressions KrjpiKjcno, Ki'ipv'i, and K…
930 wordsSECTION 258Section 258
The "bitter herbs" (ai"!"!^, merorim') with which the Israelites were commanded to eat the Passover bread (Exod. ii, 8; Numb, ix, 11 : the same Heb. word occurs also in Lam. iii, 15, " He hath filled me with bit- terness, he hath made me drunken with wormwood") doubtless in general " included the various edible kinds o…
1,024 wordsSECTION 259Section 259
defined. Hence arises what he calls practical meta- physics, which is subcUvided into psychology, the phi- losophy of nature, and natural theology. A third clasc of notions, lastly, add something to our conceptions, which produces either pleasure or displeasure, and the science of these notions is aesthetics, which, wh…
1,089 wordsSECTION 260Section 260
Hsrbert, Edward (Lord Herbert of Cher- BUiiv), a distinguished English Deist, was born at Eyton, Shrewsbury, in 1581 or 1582. He was educated at Ox- ford, served with great credit in the wai- in the Nether- lands, and on his return became one of the most accom- jilished gentlemen at the court of James I, who made him a…
1,099 wordsSECTION 261Section 261
HERBERT 194 HERD Herbert, George, brother of Lord Herbert of [ Cherbury, was born at IMontgomery Castle April 3, 1593. He was educated at Cambridge, where he became a fel- low in 1615. In the year 1G19 he was made university orator, and a letter of thanks which he wrote in that capacity to James I excited the monarc…
1,013 wordsSECTION 262Section 262
Movers endeavors to show that Herakles and Her- cules are not merely Greek and Latin synonymes for this god, but that they are actually derived from his true Phoenician name. This original name he supposes to have consisted of the syllables IX (as found in "^"iX, lion, and in other words), meaning strong, and hz, from …
1,087 wordsSECTION 263Section 263
Jordan to share the toils of conquest (Deut. iii, 19), i, e, probably in some pastures closely adjoining, like the " suburbs" appointed for the cattle of the Levites (Xumb. xxxv, 2, 3; Josh, xxi, 2). Cattle were ordinarily al- lowed as a prey in war to the captor (Deut. xx, 14 ; Josh, viii, 2), and the case of Amalek i…
722 wordsSECTION 264Section 264
As a theologian, Herder is noted not for science or sys- tem so much as for his freedom of thought and his ge- nial spirit. In some respects he was the precursor of Schleiermacher, and his rationalism, though low enough, was of a totally diifercnt scliool from that of Semler, Paulus, and the neologists generallj'. He s…
1,258 wordsSECTION 265Section 265
Herdman (prop. "l|512, a tender of oxen; in dis- tinction from iTii'l"!, a feeder of sheep; but practically the two occupations were generally united). From the earliest times the Hebrews were a pastoral people, Abraham and his sons were masters of herds and flocks, and were regulated in their movements very much by a …
1,012 wordsSECTION 266Section 266
The animals placed under the care of these herdsmen were chiefly sheep and goats ; but besides these there were also neat cattle, asses, camels, and in later times swine. It would seem that the keeping of the animals last named was the lowest grade in the pastoral life (Luke XV, 15) ; and probably the keeping of sheep …
959 wordsSECTION 267Section 267
tical with ISIt. Jearim (q. d. Ir-Shemesh, i. e. sun-city), i. e. Chesalon (q. v.). 2. Ir ha-Heres (C'^vl'l "l"^;?, city -of destruction; Sept. TToXiQ daiCiK v. r. cixfpie ; Vulg. civitas solis, evi- dently reading C^Hij T^^', cify of the sun), a name that occurs only in the disputed passage Isa. xix, 18, where most M…
724 wordsSECTION 268Section 268
post-apostolic Church, if " a man admitted a part, or even the whole of Christianity, and added to it some- thing of his own, or if he rejected the whole of it, he was equally designated as a heretic. Thus, by degrees, it came to be restricted to those who proi'essed Chris- tianit}', but professed it erroneously ; and …
1,246 wordsSECTION 269Section 269
III. List of the principal Early Heresies. — The fol- lowing list includes the chief heresies of the first six centuries ; each will be foiuid in its alphabetical place in this Cyclopa?dia : Century I. Nazarenes, who advocated the observance of the Jewish law by the worshippers of Christ. Simonians, followers of Simon …
844 wordsSECTION 270Section 270
munities (Chrj'sost. Ilomil. 29, 46, in Matth.), and even this was often censured (see Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vi, 19, where it is said that the misfortmies which befel Chry- sostom were by many considered as a pmiishment for his having caused chiu-ches belonging to the (^uarto- decimani and Novatians of Asia to be tak…
1,176 wordsSECTION 271Section 271
Even in the 18th century Muratori defended the as- sertion that the secular power is bound to enforce the most severe secular penalties against heretics {De inrje- nioi-um moderatimu- in nh)//iines negotio, ii, 7 sq.). In the beginning of the I'Jih rintury, pending the nego- tiations for the crowning of Napoleon I, pop…
1,010 wordsSECTION 272Section 272
HERESY 202 HERETICS, BAPTISM BY The Reformation protested against these doctrines. Luther, from the tirst, denounced all attempts to over- come heresy by sword and fire instead of the Word of God, and held that the civil power shoidd leave her- etics to be dealt with by the Church. On this g;round he opposed Carlsta…
1,012 wordsSECTION 273Section 273
Heretic. See Heresy. Heretics, Baptism by. When the line between the orthodox and the heretics [see Heresy J was clear- ly drawn in the early Church, the question whether baptism performed by heretics should be regarded as vahd by the orthodox began to be mooted. It after- wards became of great moment, especially with…
973 wordsSECTION 274Section 274
3. Luther admitted the validity of Romish baptism, and in this he is followed by Protestants generally, who do not rebaptize converts from Rome. The Protestant chiurches (except the Baptist) admit the validity of each other's baptism. See Herzog, Rcal-EncijUop. vii, 538 ; Coleman, A nc. Christianity, p. 3G3 ; Elliott, …
950 wordsSECTION 275Section 275
Hermann of Leiinix. See Leiixix. Hermann of Salga. See Salga. Hermann of Wikd. See Wied. Hermann, or Hermannus, Coxtractus, so call- ed Irom disease having shrunk up his limbs, was a monk of Keichenau, and one of the learned men of the 11th century, being well skilled in Latin, Greek, and Arabic. He was born in 1013…
1,282 wordsSECTION 276Section 276
HERMAS 205 HERMENEUTICS The Pastor is written in the form of a dialogue, and is divided into three parts: 1 Visiones ; 2. Mandata; 3. Siinilitudinex. Hermas, in his childhood, had been iiroiiLcht up with a young slave. In after life, and when he was married, he met her again, and ex]ierienced for her a passion which…
958 wordsSECTION 277Section 277
Hermeneutae {ip^r]vtvTai, interpreters), officers in the ancient Church, whose business it was to render one language into another, as there was occasion, both in reading the Scriptures, and in the homilies that were made to the people; an office chiefly used in those churches where the people spoke different languages…
941 wordsSECTION 278Section 278
VI. It will sometimes become necessary to modify our conclusions as to particular passages in consequence of the discoveries and deductions of jiodern science. In- stances in point are the theories respecting the creation and deluge, arising from the progress of astronomical and geological knowledge. All truth is consi…
947 wordsSECTION 279Section 279
It appears clear that a certain number of the books bearing the name of Hermes Trismegistus were trans- lated into (ireek about the time of the Ptolemies. The authenticity of the fragments of these translations which have come down to us is more doubtful. It was the time when so many supposititious works of Orpheus, Zo…
987 wordsSECTION 280Section 280
Hermesiaiis. See Hermes, Georg. Hermetic Books. See Hermes Trismegistus. Hermians, a heretical sect of the 2d century, which, according to Augustine, denied baptism by wa- ter on the pretence that this was not the kind of bap- tism instituted by Christ ; for John the Baptist, com- paring his own baptism with that of …
1,011 wordsSECTION 281Section 281
think that he gave up the doctrine of the fiovapxla as long as he admitted a riding, all-powerfid principle, and ascribed to God such a supremacy over the Hyle. He regarded the Hyle as altogether undetermined, predi- cateless, in which all the contrarieties that afterwards appeared in the world were as yet unseparated …
1,008 wordsSECTION 282Section 282
Since modern travellers have made us acquainted with the country beyond the Jordan, no doubt has been entertained that the Mount Hermon of those texts is no other than the present Jebel es-S/ieik, or the Sheik's Momitain, or, which is equivalent. Old Man's Mountain, a name it is said to have obtained from its fancied r…
1,020 wordsSECTION 283Section 283
The history of the Herodian family presents one side of the last development of the Jewish nation. The evils which had existed in the hierarchy that grew up after the Retm-n, found an unexpected embodiment in the t}Tanny of a foreign usuri^er. Religion was adopted as a policy ; and the hellenizing designs of Antiochus …
914 wordsSECTION 284Section 284
made known to Hvrcanus, and Herod was summoned to take his trial before the Sanhedrim for his deeds of violence. Herod, instead of appearing before the San- hedrim clothed in mourning, came in purple, attended by armed guards, and bearing in his hands a letter from the Roman commander Sextus C»sar for his acquittal. Th…
712 wordsSECTION 285Section 285
istobulus,to whom the office of liigli-priest belonged by hereditary succession, appealed to Cleopatra to use her powerful influence with Antony, and Herod was thus compelled to depose Ananel, and to elevate Aristobulus to the high-priesthood. The increasing popularity of Aristobulus, added to the further intrigues of …
1,123 wordsSECTION 286Section 286
Notwithstanding that he thus alienated his subjects from him, he greatly improved his country by the num- ber of fine towns and magnificent public buildings which he had erected. He built a temple at Samaria, and con- verted it into a Roman cit,y mider the name of Sebaste. He also built Gaba in Galilee, and Heshbonitis…
907 wordsSECTION 287Section 287
Coin of Herod the Great. 2. Herod Antipas (Rpi^cnc, Matt., Mark, Luke; A i^nVoc, Josephus) was the son of Herod the Great, by Malthace, a Samaritan (Joseph. Ant. xvii, 1,3; War, i, 28, 4). His father had already given him " the king- dom" in his first will, but in the final arrangement left him the tetrarchy of Galile…
1,324 wordsSECTION 288Section 288
4. Herod Philip I {(piXnnrog, Mark vi, 17 ; 'Hpw- c>;c, Josephus) was the son of Herod the Great by a second Mariamne, the daughter of Simon the high-priest (Josephus, Ant. xviii, 5, 4), and must be distinguished from Philip the tetrarch, No. 6. He was the husband of Herodias, by whom he had a daughter, Salome. He- rod…
1,069 wordsSECTION 289Section 289
HEROD 215 HEROD ius in A.D. 37 (Joseph us, A nt. xviii, 6, 10). Cains short- ly after gave liim the tetrarchy of Philip, the iron chain with which he had been fastened to a soldier being ex- changed for a gold one (Josephus, Ant. xviii, 6, 10). He was also invested with the consular dignity, and a league was publicl…
914 wordsSECTION 290Section 290
Agrippa II exhibited the Herodian partiality for build- ing. He much enlarged the city of Ca;sarea PhUippi, and in honor of Nero called it Neronias. He also sup- plied large sums of money towards beautifying Jerusa- lem (wliich he encircled with the " third wall") and Bery- tus, transferring almost everything that was …
1,111 wordsSECTION 291Section 291
Hero'dias (HpaiSiag, a female patronymic from 'HpiocijQ : on patronymics and gentilic names in lac, see Matthia?, (11: Gram. § 101 and 103), the name of a woman of notoriety in the N. T.. daughter of Aristobu- lus, one of the sons of.jMariamne and Herod the Great, and consequently sister of Agrippa I. She first married…
962 wordsSECTION 292Section 292
4. Yet dancing, on these festive occasions, was com- mon to both Jew and Gentile, and was practised in the same way : youths and virgins, singly, or separated into two bands, but never intermingled, danced to do honor to their deity, their hero, or to the day of their solem- nity. ]\Iiriam (Exod. xv, 20), the daughter …
916 wordsSECTION 293Section 293
Little Golden Egret {Ardea RussatO). which is beautifully adorned with plumage partly white and partly of a rich orange-yellow, ivhile the beak, legs, and all the naked parts of the skin are yellow. Its height is about seventeen inches. This is the caboga, or cow-heron so abundant in India. Several kinds of heron, one…
1,062 wordsSECTION 294Section 294
Herrnhut, a town of Saxony, in Upper Lusatia, in the circle of Dresden, at the foot of Hutberg Momitain, and about fifty miles from the city of Dresden. It was built by Zinzendorf in 1722 for the Moravian Brethren, who, from this town, are often caUed Hermhutters. See Moravians. Herron, Francis, D.D., a Presbyterian m…
993 wordsSECTION 295Section 295
Hervey, James, an English di\'ine and popidar riter, was bom at Hardingstone, near Northampton, 'Feb. 26, 1713. At eighteen he was sent to Oxford, and there, becoming acquainted with John Wesley, he be- came seriously impressed with the importance of relig- ion. He afterwards became a Cal\dnist. At tweuty- two lie be…
843 wordsSECTION 296Section 296
Hesh'bon (Hebrew Cheshbon', 'ilSuin, intelligence, as in Eccles. vii, 25, etc. ; Sept. 'E(Tf/3wv ; Joseplius), a town in the southern district of the Hebrew territory beyond the Jordan, on the western border of the high plain {Mishor, Josh, xiii, 17). It originally belonged to the IMoabites, but when the IsraeUtes arri…
1,265 wordsSECTION 297Section 297
Hesse, a countrj' in central Germany. The name is for the first time mentioned in a letter of St. Boniface to the pope (783), and the pupils of Boniface introduced Christianity into the country. At the time of Charle- magne it belonged to the dominions of the coimts of Franconia; in the 10th century, a number of Hessia…
988 wordsSECTION 298Section 298
The Roman Catholics belong to the ancient diocese of JMentz (q. v.), which is now a suffragan see to the archbishop of Freibiu-g. Tlie diocese, which, besides Hesse-Darmstadt, comprises a few parishes in the for- mer landgravate of Hesse-Homburg, had (1865) 158 par- ishes in 17 deaneries. A faculty of Roman Catholic th…
1,165 wordsSECTION 299Section 299
iv, 23, etc.), which is on the side of the Hesychasts ; anc! the Historia Byzantina of Nicephorus Gregoras, which takes the other side. See Petavius, De Dogm. Theol. Ub. i, c. 12 ; Schrockh, Kirchengeschichte, xxxiv, 431 ; Mosheim, Church Hist. cent, xiv, pt. ii, ch. v; Gass, in Herzog, Real-EncyUop. vi, 52 sq. ; Engel…
1,048 wordsSECTION 300Section 300
Hetherington, William M., a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, was born June 4, 1803, near Dumfries. He was educated at the University of Ed- inburgh, where he distinguished himself in Greek and in moral philosophy. His first service in the ministry was at Hamilton, where he was assistant to Dr. ]Meek, whose daug…
1,018 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.