PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 1261
as an ombelUshment representing the times and senti- have been adduced as the very strongest arguments for ments of the final editor (i. e. Solomon). I a warning and consolation. No reader of the Psalms and 3. The last two chapters of the address of the Al- 1 of the Prophets could have failed to urge such topics as mi…
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Beza, Commentarius (Genev. 1583, 1589, 1590, 4to); Stunica, Commentaria (Tolet, 1584, Romre, 1591, 4to) ; Lavater, Condones (Tigiir. 1585, fol.) ; Rol- lock, Commentarius (Geneva, 1590, 8vo) ; Duran (Sim, ben-Zemach), i:B'Jtl SlliX (Venice, 1590, 4to; also in Frankfurter's Rabbinic Bible); Farissol (Abr.b.-Mard.), d^…
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1699, fol.) ; Blackmore, Paraphrase (Lond. 1700, folio) ; Antonides, Verklaamng (Leyd. 1700, 4to ; in Germ. F. a. M. 1702, 4to) ; Stisser, Predigten (Lpz. 1704, 4to) ; Ish- am, Notes [includ. Prov., etc.] (Lend. 1706, 8vo); Kor- tum, Amnerk. (Lipsia3, 1708, 4to); Daniel, Analysis (in French, Leyd. 1710, 12mo); Ob. ben-…
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JOB'S DISEASE. The opinion that the malady under which Job suffered was elephantiasis, or black leprosy, is so ancient that it is found, according to Or- I igen's Hexapla, in the rendering which one of the Greek JOB 938 versions has made of ii, 7. It was also entertained by Abulfeda (//is/. AnleLil. p. iCy), and,…
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Jochanan Bar-Napacha, a distinguished rabbi, was born in Judiua about A. D. 170. He is said to have studied under Judah Hakkodesh and other Jewish teach- ers, and is believed to have formed a school of his own at Tiberias when quite a youth. His history, Uke that of all other distinguislicd rabbis of that period, has b…
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3. Brother of Nathan of Zobah, and one of David's famous warriors (1 Chron. xi, 38) ; called Igal (q. v.) in the parallel passage (2 Sam. xxiii, 36). 4. The third named of the four sons of Izrahiah, a chieftain of the tribe of Issachar (1 Chron. vii, 3). B.C. prob. cir. 1017. 5. A chief Levite of the family of Gersho…
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1. The prophet opens his commission by announcing an extraordinary plague of locusts, accompanied with extreme drought, which he depicts in a strain of ani- mated and sublime poetry under the image of an in- vaiUiig armv (i, 1-ii, H)- The fidelity of his highly- wrouiTht description is corroborated and illustrated by t…
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t tempts to unite neighboring nations (Maiuice) ; in the events accompa- rs the language | ^y^^^ ^^^ crucifixion, in the fall of Jerusalem, in the 1 x- '-^ ''!,.^ ?''" i breaking up of all human polities. But here again the that, It a hostile invasion ^^^^ j^^^j^^.^^^ ^^ manifestations of judgment, ending with the …
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Joga. See Hinduism; Visiixu. Jog'behah (Heb. Yogbah', rT35"', only with n par- agogic, tliiaS^, lofty ; Sept. 'liytlSad, but v^pwaav av- rac in Numb. ; Vulg. Jegbaa). a place mentioned (be- tween Jazer and Beth-nimrah) among the "fenced cities and folds for sheep" rebuilt by the Gadites (Numb, xxxii. 35). It lay on t…
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John (lu>avvr,c,thc Greek form o{ Jehohanan; comp. i^^TiSr-theSity^''^^"'"'"""'""^^'"""^^''^ renderingin &.' : "" '"""""^ """' ""'^^ ""^^ 1. The father of Matathias, of the Maccabtean family (1 Mace, ii, 1). See Macc.ujeks. 2. The son of Accos, and father of Eupolemus, which latter was one of the envoys sent by Judas…
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2. Incidents recorded of him in the New Testament. — The ordinary life of the flsherman of the Sea of Galilee was at last broken in upon by the news that a prophet had once more appeared. The voice of John the Bap- tist was heard in the wilderness of Judrea, and the pub- licans, peasants, soldiers, and fishermen of (Ja…
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JOHX 944 JOHN breast (John xiii, 23). To liim the eager Peter-they hail been sent together to prepare the supper (Luke xxu, 8)— makes signs of impatient questioning that he should ask what was not likely to be answered if it came from anv other (John xiii, 24). As they go out to the Mount of "olives the chosen three…
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may have been the work of teaching, organizing, ex- horting the churches of Judrea. His fulfilment of the solemn charge intrusted to him may have led him to a life of loving and reverent thought rather than to one of conspicuous activity. We may, at all events, feel sure that it was a time in which "the natural element…
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being full and vivid, but it blends together, without mucli regard to harmony, things probable and improba- ble. He is shipwrecked off Ephesus (Simeon Jletaph. Jn vita Johann. c. 2 ; Lampe, i, 47), and arrives there in time to check the progress of the heresies which sprang up after I'auVs departure. Then, or at a late…
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See Perionii Vita'. ApostoL\\ 95 sq. ; Edzard,Z>e Joan- ne Cerintld prteseiifiain J'ltr/icnte ( Viteb. 1732) ; SchwoU- mann, Comment, de Jo. in Pathmo exilic (Halle, 1757) ; Hering, Von d. Schide d. Apost. Joh. zu Ephesus (BresL J 774); Bishop, Life, etc., of St. John (London, 1827); Webb, The Beloved Disciple (Lond. 1…
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quainted with John's Gospel, and cited it; and this brnigs us up to the beginning of the 2d centurj-, within a short time of the apostle's death. This concurrence of external testimony is the more noticeable as there are certain peculiarities in the fourth Gospel which would have thrown suspicion on its genu- ineness …
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III. Integrity.— Certain portions of this Gospel have been regarded as interpolations or later additions, even by those who accept the Gospel as a whole as the work of John. One of these is the closing part of verse 2, from tKdtxofi'tvuiv, and the whole of ver. 4, in regard to which the critical authorities fluctuate, …
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JOHN 948 JOHN ings; indeed, if this had been the apostle's purpose, Jt cannot be said that he has in any adequate way fulfilled it. Nor is there any ground for believing that it was a polemical object which chiefly prompted hira to write this Gospel, though such a suggestion has often been made. Thus Irenajus (//fer…
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of which is introductory to the other. The former ^ch. xiii-xvii) presents to us our Lord in the retirement of private life, in his intercourse with his immediate fol- lowers, to whom he pours out his soul in lovmg counsel, warning, and promise, in the prospect of his departure from them ; and in communion with his hea…
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V. Characteristics. — 1. As to matter, the peculiarities of John's Gospel more especially consist in the four fol- lowing doctrines: (1.) The mystical relation of the Son to the Father. (2.) That of the Redeemer to believers. (3.) The aimouncement of the Holy Ghost as the Com- forter. (4.) The peculiar importance ascri…
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JOHN 950 JOHN heathens in its neishborhood (Clem. Alexan. Quis dives mh: § 4-2), John was engaged iii extending the Chns- tian Church when, for tlie greater edilication of that Church, his Gospel was written. It was obviously ad- dressed'primarUy to Christians, not to heathens. See El'IlKSLS. VII. Dale of HViVw^.—…
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JOHN )51 JOHN Godet, Commentaire (vol. i, 18G4, 8vo) ; Eyle, T/wuffhts (Loncl. 1865-6, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Anon. Erlduterung (Berlin, 1860, 8vo) ; Von Burger, ErMdrnmj (Nordl. 1867, 8vo) ; Koffliack, AusUrjung (Leipzig, 1871, 2 vols. 8vo). See Gospels. JOHN, FIRST EPISTLE OF, the most important of the so-called catholic…
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(2.) On similar grounds may be refuted Bretschnei- der's arguments derived from the anti-docetic character of John's Epistle. It is true, docetism, or the idealistic philosophy, was not fully developed before the second century, but its germ existed before the time of Christ, as has been shown by Moshcim,'\Valch, and N…
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Y. Character. — Though ranked among the catholic Epistles, this writing has not the form of an epistle — in this respect it more resembles a free homily ; still, in fact, it undoubtedly was sent as a letter to the persons for whose instruction it was designed. The general strain is admonitory, and the author seems to h…
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The main object of the Epistle, therefore, does not appear to be simply that of opposing the errors of the Docetje (Schmidt, Bertholdt, Niemeyer), or of the Gnos- tics (Kleuker), or of the Nicolaitans (Macknight), or of the Cerinthians {]\Iichaelis), or of all of them togeth- er (Townsend ), or of the Sabians (Barkey, …
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JOHN 954 JOHN 1823, 4to); RickU. ErUarung (Luz. 1828, 8vo); Pierce, Hermong (Lond. 1835, 2 vols. «vo) ; Johamisen, I'redyjten (.Utoii. 1«:38, 8vo) : I'aterson, Commentary/ (Lond. 1842, 18mo); Thomas, K/iuks, etc. (Gen. 1849, 8vo) ; *Nean- der, Krlauteriiny (Berl. 1851, 8vo; tr. into Engl, by Mrs. Conant, N. Y. 1852,…
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2. If the external testimony is not as decisive as we might wish, the internal evidence is peculiarly strong. JMill has pointed out that of the thirteen verses which compose the 2d Epistle, eight are to be found in the 1st Epistle. Either, then, the 2d Epistle proceeded from the same author as the 1st, or from a consci…
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The object of the apostle in writing the 2d Epistle was to warn the lady to whom he wrote against abetting the teaching known as that of Basilides and his follow- ers, by perhaps an undue kindness displayed by her to- wards the preachers of the false doctrine. After the in- troductory salutation, the apostle at once ur…
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many centuries before his birth, for Matthew (iii, 3) tells us that it was John who was prefigured by Isaiah as '• the voice of one crying m the wilderness, Prepare ve the way of the Lord, make his paths straight" (Isa. xl, 3), while by the prophet :Malachi the Spirit announ- ces more detin'itely, " Behold, I will se…
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restored? With such grave thoughts were the rainds of the people occupied as they mused on the events which had been passing under their eyes, and said one to another, " What manner of child shall this be ?" while Zacharias himself, " filled with the Holy Ghost," broke forth in a glorious strain of praise and prophecy …
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What, then, was the baptism which John adminis- tered ? See Washing. (Comp. Olshausen, Comment, ad loc. Job. ; Dale, Johannic Bupiism, Phila. 1871.) Not al- together a new rite, for it was the custom of the Jews to baptize proselytes to their religion ; not an ordinance in itself conveying remission of sins, but rather…
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Here a difficidt question arises — How is John's ac- knowledgment of Jesus at the moment of his presenting himself for baptism compatible with his subsequent as- sertion that he knew him not save by the descent of the Holy Spirit upon him, which took place after his bap- tism '? It is difficult to imagine that the two …
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but no intimation is found in the record that John re- quired evidence to give him satisfaction. (See below.) Be that as it may, it is certain that John still continued to present himself to his countrj'men in the capacity of witness to Jesus. Especially did he bear testimony to him at Bethany beyond Jordan (for Bethan…
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The event, indeed, proved that John was to Herod what Elijah had been to Ahab, and a prison was deemed too light a punishment for his boldness in asserting God's law before the face of a king and a queen. Noth- ing but the death of the Baptist would satisfy the re- sentment of Herodias. Though foiled once, she contin- …
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John ^geatAs (o Aiyi(iTT]c), a presbyter of ^Eg£e (Ai'yrti) (probablv in Cilicia, between Mopsuestia and Issus). Photius calls him (Cod. 55) a Nestorian, but Fabricius, with reason, supposes that he was a Eutych- ian. When he flourished is not known ; he may perhaps be consigned to the latter half of the 5th centuW. Vo…
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John OF AxTiocH (1), a prelate of the early Greek Church, distinguished for the part he took in the con- troversy between CjtII and Nestorius, flourished in the first half of the 5th century, and succeeded Theodotus in the patriarchate of Antioch about A.D. 427. Favor- ably disposed towards Nestorius, who is said to ha…
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(Alexandria^ i, 161 ; Smith, Diet. Greek and Bom. Biog. ii, 587. John Akgyropui.us ('ApyvpoTroDAoe), one of the learned Greeks whose flight into Western Europe con- tributed so powerfully to the revival of learning, was born at Constantinople of a noble family, and was a presbyter of that city, on the capture of which…
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John Baptist,' a French missionary priest in the latter part of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century. The son of the emperor of Cochin China, Gya- ' Long, having come to France with the bishop of Adran in 1787, concluded a treaty with king Louis XVI, by which the latter was to aid him in regaining his throne,…
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I JOHN 963 JOHN" A.D. 536 (v, col. 185, ed. Labbc; viii, 1065-67, ed. Man- si). Four relationes, or Libelli, arc extant only in a Latin version among the Epistohe of jiojie Hormisdas (in the Cwwiliii, iv, 147-_', HSO, U',)l, 1521, edit. Labbe; viii, 436, 451, 457, 4.s,s. odit. IMaiisi). It is remarkable tliat in th…
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John OF Crejia, a cardinal who flourished in the first half of the 12th century, is celebrated for his exer- tions in behalf of the cause of pope Calixtus II against his adversary Burdin, and especially for liis activity in the English Churcli. wliillier he was sent by pope Honorius II, in 1 126, to enforce tlie laws o…
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The most important literary achievement of Damas- cenus IS the Il,;y,) ^vwfffu*!,- (Source of Knowledge), comprising the following three works: 1. Kf^dXatrt <I>i\o(ro0iK«, or Dialectics, which treats almost exclu- sively of logical and ontological categories, based main- ly on Aristotle and Porphyry: — 2. Htpi a'l^Eae…
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dialectic skill in treating of the personal unity in Christ's twofold nature (which he conceived as enhypostasis, not anhypostasis, of the human nature in the Logos), of the communicatio idiomatum (which, however, amounts to merely a verbal one), and of volition and the operation of volition in Christ. This exposition …
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John of Damascus is generally considered as the re- storer of the practice of chanting in the Greek Church, and he is also named as the author of a number of hymns yet in use in that Church. It is by no means proved, however, that he was the inventor of musical notation, as some have affirmed. Copies of a MS. trea- tis…
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c' ~ -••'■•■■-• "^ Romun Biorj. ii, 585, ■ , ■'.,. ■^•""'"^•""'"fiinies suiijomed to lit:^. !?^ ^/|^'. AV.c^.. c. 13 ; Smith, Diet, of Greek and John Eleemosynarius. See John the Alms- GIVER. John (surnamed Lackland) king of Englanp, and youngest son of Henry II, was born at Oxford Dee. 24, 1166. After the conque…
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also was illefcal, and put forth as the candidate for the primacy cardinal Langton, an Englishman by birth, but a devoted follower of the papal prince. Of course the monks, however reluctantly, acted on the suggestion of the supntne head of the Church ; but John by no means gave his adhesion to an act the important res…
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John, Monophysite (missionary) bishop of Epiie- sus. generally called Episcopus A sice, as Ephesus is the most important see of Asia Minor (see Assemani, Bibl. Orient, t, ii. Diss, de Monophrjsit. § ix, s, v. Asia), Avas a native of Amid (?), Syria, and lived in the 6th century (about 591). He resided chiefly in Consta…
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and died shortly after. See Echard, Script. Ord. Freed. ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxvi, 563. John THE Faster (Johannes Jejunator or Nf^ TEUTEs), of humble extraction, became patriarch of Constantinople in 582. lie was distinguished fur his piety, benevolence, strong asceticism, and fasting. He was' the first who…
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I'lii's.) Though by nature Josephns's superior, more order II.. ,.0.,, . . 1 , ■■ „. " •'•-.^ .",. hl c^. , i iiuunu ov nature .josepnus s superior, more order. 11. ,^as present at the Council of Basle, in 1431, ; particularly in the art of warfore, he readih submitted JOHN 969 JOHN himself to the commands of the…
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eleven he- il agonies of the poor Jew by marching him, | ^^^j^^^ opinions advanced in his lectures. Among other other fellow-countrymen, at the head of the , , • , ^^.^j^. gpcused of "ridl things, he was accused of "ridiculing image-worship." Continuing, however, to teach the same doctrines, he was anathematized by t…
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no good reason for ascribing any of these works to John ; nor are they, in fact, ascribed to him except by the Car- melites. See Fabricius, Bibl. Gr. ix, 299 ; x, 525, etc. ; Cave, Hist. Litt. i, 281, etc. ; Dupin, Nouv. Biblioth'eque des Auteurs Ecclesiastiques, iii, 87, ed. Par. 1690 ; Smith, Dictionari/ of Greek and…
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John THE Laborious (Johannes Philoponus, also surnamed Alexandrinus and Grajimaticus), an East- em scholar of great renown, was born at Alexandria to- wards the close of the 6th century or the beginning of the 7th. Of his personal history but very little seems to be definitely known. He is said to have been pres- ent a…
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JOHN 972 JOHN 1213, and was canonizod by Innocent XI, Jidj' 30, 1079. He is commemorated on Febnian^ 8. The dress of the order consists in a tlowing white gown, with a red and blue cross on the breast. Sec P. Ignace Dillaud, Vie de St. Jean de Matha (1G95); Baillet, Vies des Saints, Feb. 8; Hoefer. Noui: Biof/r. Gen…
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John NicioTA (from Nidus, probably the city of that name in the Thebais), also surnamed the Recluse, patriarch of the Jacobite Alexandrian Church, flourish- ed in the early part of the Gth century, and was in the patriarchal chair from 507 to 517. He is noted for his violent opposition to the decrees of the Council of …
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the death of the latter John further received evidence of the grateful remembrance of his royal master by the appointment to the bishopric of Norwich (1175), and as such attended the Lateran Council in 1179. The ex- act time of his decease is not known to us, neither are we aware that he jierformed any literary work of…
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John OF Parjia, also called Joannes Borellus or BiitAi^i.rs, a learned monk of the 13th century, was born at Parma about 1209. He became a Franciscan, taught theology with great success at the universities of Naples, Bologna, and Paris, and in 1247 was made general of liis order by the chapter assembled at Avig- non. H…
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JOHN" 975 JOHN" whether another John existed in Asia Minor contempo- rary with John the Apostle would, of course, be of little import, but the fact that the apostolical authorship of some of the epistles and of the Apocalypse is doubted has called to critical inipiiry most of the leading theo- logical minds of our d…
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Ridicidous, certainly, is the argument which some have advanced, that the diff'erent Johannean epistles differ so much in style that they cannot possibly be as- cribed to one and the same person. On this argument Ebrard (Einleitum)) laid particular stress, but he is ably answered by Dr. Tholuck in his Glaubn-ih-dir/kei…
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John of Ravenna. See Nicholas I ; Ravenna. John THE Recluse, See John Niciota. John DE LA RocHELLE, a F"rench theologian, was born in the early part of the 13th century, probably in the city of La Rochelle. He joined the Franciscans, and studied under Alexander cle Hales, whom he suc- ceeded in 1238, but resigned in …
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John ScoTUS Erigexa. See Scotus. John OF ScYTHOPOLis, a Greek ecclesiastical writer, Avho in all probability flourished in the latter part of the 5tli centurj' or the beginning of the 6th, wrote a work against the followers of Eutyches and Dioscorus, entitled Kara tCjv airooxKJTMV rrJQ ^K(cX^/(T/ac, Contra desertores e…
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JOHN" 978 JOHN of the ablest of the glossntores (q. v.) on canon law, and appears to have exerted great influence in general over the ecclesiastical affairs of his time, and to have been in LTcat favor both with the pope and with the king of France. He died at Paris Nov. 28, 1229. He left thirty-seven sermons, which…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.