PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 601
Hypopsalma. See Acrostic. Hypostasis (from vTzv,iinder,eind'i(TTt]iAi,to stand; hence suhsistence'), a term used in theology to signify person. Thus the orthodox hold that there is but one nature or essence in God, but three hypostases or persons. This term is of very ancient use in the Chiurch. Cj-ril, in a letter to …
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Hyrcanus (YpKavoq, see Hircanus), the name of two of the high-priests and kings of the Maccabasan line of the Jews. See Maccabees. 1. John Hyrcanus, the son of Simon Maccabfeus, who sent him with his brother Judas to repel Cendebre- us, the general of Antiochus YII, B.C. 137. On the assassination of his father and two…
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The first notice of the scriptural plant occins in Exod. xii, 22, where a bunch of hyssop is directed to be dipped in blood and struck on the lintels and the two side-posts of the doors of the houses in which the Israelites re- sided. It is next mentioned in Lev. xiv, 4, 6, 52, in the ceremony for declaring lepers to b…
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the purpose of a wand or pole, and such detergent or cleansing properties as to render it a fit emblem for pu- rification;" and he suggests it as probable that "the hyssop was a species oi Phytolacca, as combining length of stem with cleansing proiierties, from the quantity of potash which is yielded by the ashes of th…
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Hystaspes ('T(Tra(T7r;jc> also Hystaspas, i. e. //?/- damper), A pniiilic'tieo-apocalyptic work among the early Christians, thouglit to contain predictions of Christ and the future of his kingdom, so called from a Persian sa- vant (Jlagus), Hystaspes, under whose name it was cir- culated. As in the case of the Sibyllin…
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Hyttavanes, in the mythology of the Finns, is the name of the god of the chase, especially of hares.— Pierer, Univ. Lex. viii, 693. lAMBLICHUS 454 IBEX lamblichus. See Jajiblichus. Ibarra, Joaquin, a Spanish printer celebrated for his magnificent editions of the Bible and Arabic litur- gies, was born at Saragossa …
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taucasiau Ibex. IBHAR 455 IBX-AKNIN that of venison. The Bedouins make water-bottles of their skins, as of those of the domestic goats, and rings of their horns, which they wear on their thumbs. Dogs easily catch them when surprised in the plains, but in the abrupt precipices and chasms of the rocks the ibex is sai…
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Ib'leam (Heb. Yibleam', ^V'b'2'^, people-u-aster ; Sept. 'Jrt/3/\aa)i<, 'le[3\adii [but some codd. occasionally omit]), a city (with suburban towns) within the natur- al precincts of Issachar, but (with Ave others) assigned to Manasseh (Josh, xvii, 11, where it is mentioned be- tween Beth-shean and Dor), but from which…
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in Arabic. This work has not yet been published, bu4 specimens of it, in Hebrew, have been printed by Leo- pold Dukes in the Literaturblatt des Orients, 1846, No. 42 : — 4. .4 Treatise on the Hebrew Particles, in alpliabet- ical order. This work, too, has not as yet been printed, but specimens of it have been published…
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great severity those who explam these prophecies as re- ferring to the Messiah [see Ibn-Danan] :— r|03 1""'S:. (a silver cu])), or commentary on the miracles and other mysteries foimd in the I'entateuch, Prophets, and 11a- giographa. His principles of interpretation he laid down clearly in his commentary on the Proverb…
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IBN-GIATH d. Juden, vi, 25 sq., 205 sq. ; Ftirst, Hebr. Diet. Introd. p. xxxsq.; YAno,Cyclo2).of Bibl. Lit.\i,2,bi &(\.; Furst, Biblioth. Jud. i, 315. Ibn-Gebirol or Gabirol, Salomon een-Jehu- DAH, a very distinguished Jewish philosopher, commen- tator, and grammarian, as well as hymnologist, was born at Malaga, in S…
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Ibn-Jachja, Gedalja, a Jewish historian, was born at Inmla about 1515. He deserves mention here on accouni of his work Shalsheletk Hakkabula, or Chain of Tradition (Zolkiew, 1804). It is a history of the Jews, and is divided into three parts, of which part first only is the Shalsheletk, or literary chronicle of rabbini…
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Ibn-Latif or Allatif, Isaac BEN-ABRAHAjr, a Jew- ish philosopher, was born in Southern Siiain about 1270. But little is kno\ra of his personal history. He devoted much of his time to the study of the Cabala, and be- came one of its most celebrated exponents in .Spain. "With greater correctness than Cabalists who preced…
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Ibn-Tibbon, Samuel, son of the preceding, was born about 1160. He was educated by his father both in the Hebrew and cognate languages, and followed him in the practice of medicine. He was wild and even reckless in his youth, but finally became interested in his studies, and evinced greater skill as a translator tlian h…
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As early as 795 the eastern coast of Iceland was in- habited by some Irish monks, but it did not receive a settled population until 860, when king Harald Har- fagr, of Norway, after conquermg the other kings, made himself sole sovereign of the country, and induced large numbers of the malcontents to emigrate to Iceland…
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The inner condition of the people was anything but satisfactor\', as immoraUty and other vices appear to have prevailed to a large extent among the laity as well as among the clergy. The convents which had arisen since the r2th century fully participated in the general degeneration. Externally all classes of the peo- p…
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Ichthys (Greek, Ix^ve, ajish), in Christian archaj- ology a symbol of Christ. The word is found on many seals, rings, lamps, and tombstones belonging to the earliest Christian times. It is formed of the initial let- ters of our Saviour's names and titles in Greek : 'JjjffoiiQ Xpiarog, Btov 'Yioc, Swr/jp, Jesus Christ, …
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Koniyeh is situated at the foot of Mount Taurus (Mannert, vi, 1, p. 195 sq.), upon the border of the lake Trogitis, in a fertile plain, rich in valuable productions, particularly apricots, wine, cotton, flax, and grain. The Coin of Iconium. circumference of the town is between two and three miles, and beyond these ar…
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the devil, a Slanichasan, and a Docetist." The pope himself, Gregory III, put all the opposers of images un- der ban ; but, despite this and other efforts on his part, Leo's successor, Constantinus Copronymus, went even further than Leo. Having obtained the condemnation of image-worship in the Synod of Constantinople i…
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Iconolatry (sIkwv, image, and Xarpiia, worship), the worship or adoration of images. Hence image-wor- shippers are called Iconolaii-cc, or Iconolaters. See Im- age-worship. Iconomachy. See Icoxoclasji. Iconostasis {iiKovoaTaaLi:) is that part of an Eastern church which corresponds to the altar-rails iu English church…
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4. Iddo' (il^, same as first name, 2 Chron. xii, 15; xiii, 22; Sept. 'Ai55w,Vulg. Addo) or Yedo' {S^-SI, 2 Chron. ix, 29, margin, but Yedi', ^''\'S';, text; both less accurate forms for the last name ; Sept. has 'Iw^jX, Vulg. Addo, A. Vers. "Iddo"), a prophet of Judah, who wrote the history of Rehoboam and Abijah ; or …
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word which could only proptrhj suggest an a priori scheme, deducing our knowledge from the intellect, has in France become the name peculiarly distinctive of that philosophy of mind which exclusively derives our knowledge from the senses." Instead of employing the terms image, species, phantasm, etc.,-\\-ith reference …
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Idiotce (IhCiTai, private men}, a term applied by some early writers to laymen in distinction from minis- ters (kXj)poi). Chrj-sostom {Homil. 35) and Theodoret {Comm. in 1 Cor.) employ the word in this signification, and show that the apostle Paul (1 Cor. xiv, 16) thus designates a private person, whether learned or un…
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The idle man lives not to himself with any more ad- vantage than he lives to the world. Though he imag- IDOL ines that he leaves to others the drudgery of life, and betakes himself to enjoyment and ease, yet he enjoys no true pleasure. He shuts the door against improvement of every kind, whether of mind, body, or for…
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(ii.) General terms of hioicn signification. — 3. ''IN, a're«, rendered elsewhere "nought," "vanity," "iniqui- ty," "wickedness," " sorrow," etc., and only once "idol" (Isa. Ixvi, 3). The primary idea of the root seems to be emptituss, nothingness, as of breath or vapor; and, by a natural transition, in a moral sense, …
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10. rt3!l"2Fl, temundh', rendered " image" in Job iv, 16; elsewhere "similitude" (Deut. iv, 12), "likeness" (Deut. V, 8) : " form," or " shape" would be better. In Deut. iv, 16 it is in parallelism with n'^3^)n, tahnith', literally "build;" hence "plan" or "model" (2 Kings xvi, 10; compare Exod. xx, 4; Numb, xii, 8). …
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IDOL 410 IDOL says, " These images of the fire-god were placed on for- eign or non-Israelitish altars, in conjunction with the symbols of the nature-goddess Asherah, or (Tufifiwfioi {■2 Chron. xiv, 3, 5 ; xxxiv, 4, 7 ; Isa. xvii, 9 ; xxvii, 9), as was otherwise usual with Baal and Asherah." They are mentioned with t…
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18. T(t5? or "&?, ne'seJc, and ilSS'^, massekah', are evidently- synonymous (Isa. xli, 29 ; xlviii, 5 ; Jer. x. 14) in later Hebrew, and denote a " molten" image. ]\Ias- sekah is frequently vised in distinction from pesel or j;e- silim (Deut. xxvii, 15 ; Judg. xvii, 3, etc.). The golden calf which Aaron made was fashio…
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AVhen the process of adorning the image was com- pleted, it was placed in a temple or shrine appointed for it (oiKta, Epist. Jer. 12, 19 ; o(k:);/ict, Wisd. xiii, 15; ti'cw- \iiov, 1 Cor. viii, 10; see Stanley's note on the latter passage). In Wisd. xiii, 15, o'iKijjia is thought to be used contemptuously, as in Tibull…
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IDOLATRY 472 IDOLATRY identified with Enoch, the reference may be to Enoch of the line of Seth. It is reasonable to suppose that the worship of these antediluvians originated before the Flood, for it is unlikely that it would have been insti- tuted after it. Some Jewish writers, grounding their theory on a forced in…
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2. Shamanism, or the magical side of fetishism, the religion of the Mongolian tribes, and apparently the primitive religion of China. 3. High natn7-e-icorship, the worship of the sun, moon, and stars, and of the supposed pov.'ers of nature. The old religion of the Shemitic races consisted, in the opin- ion of jMovers …
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bles the Ehea of Diodorus, Layard adds, " The represen- tation in a human form of the celestial bodies, them- selves originally but a type, was a corruption which ap- pears to have crept at a later period into the mythology of Ass\Tia ; for, in the more ancient bas-reliefs, figiu-es with caps surmomited by stars do not…
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condition of the kindred of Aljraham (q. v.) himself in | the great plain of Aram is distinctly aUuded to in Judg. xxiv, 2. According to Kawlinson (Essay in his Herod.), the Pantheons of Babylon and Nineveh, though origin- ally dissimilar in the names of the divinities, cannot as yet be treated separately. The principa…
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Connected with fetishism was the local character of the religion. Each nome, city, town, and probably vil- lage, had its divinities, and the position of many gods in the Pantheon was due rather to the importance of their cities than any powers or qualities they were supposed to have. For a detailed account of the Egypt…
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The Bible does not give a very clear description of Ca- naanitish idolatrj% As an abominable thing, to be root- ed out and cast into oblivion, nothing is needlessly said of it. The appellation Baal, ruler, or possessor, implies supremacy, ami connects the chief Canaanitish divinity with the Syrian Adonis. He was the go…
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IDOLATRY 476 IDOLATRY Baal-Peor, which would not have been repugnant to the pagan Arabs; the latter finds some support in the name Shittim, the acacias, as though tlie place had its name from some acacias sacred to Baal, and, moreover, we have no certain instance of the ajiiilication of the name of Baal to any non-C…
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supplied by an investigation of proper names. Mr. Layard has remarked, "According to a custom existing from time immemorial in the East, the name of the su- preme deity was introduced into the names of men. This custom prevailed from the banks of the Tigris to the Phoenician colonies beyond the Pillars of Hercules ; an…
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The priests of the false worship are sometimes desig- nated Chemarim, a word of Syriac origin, to which dif- ferent meanings have been assigned. It is applied to the non-Levitical priests who burnt incense on the high places (2 Kings xxiii, 5) as well as to the priests of the calves (Hos. x, 5) ; and the corresponding …
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IDOLATRY 478 IDOLATRY to the inferior deities and the dead (Homer, Od. x, 519 ; Porph. De Antr. Nrjmph. c. 17). So also the practice of eatmg the flesh of sacrifices " over the blood" (Lev. xix, 26 ; Ezek. xxxiii, 25, 26) was, according to Mai- monides, common among the Zabii. Spencer gives a double reason for the p…
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IV. History of Idolatry among the Jews. — 1. The first undoubted allusion to idolatry or idolatrous customs in the Bible is in the accoimt of Rachel's stealing her fa- ther's teraphim (Gen. xxxi, 19), a relic of the worship of other gods, whom the ancestors of the Israelites served " on the other side of the river, in …
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cannot here discuss the probable causes of these differ* ences except of the more important ones, the substitu- tion of ]\Ioloch for " your king," and Kaiphan or Rem- phan for Chiun. It should be observed, that if tlic pas- sage related to Ammonitish worship, nothing would be more likely than that JMulech should have b…
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During the lives of Joshua and the elders who out- lived him, indeed, they kept true to their allegiance ; but the generation following, who knew not Jehovah, nor the works he had done for Israel, swerved from the plain path of their fathers, and were caught in the toils of the foreigner (Judg. ii). From this time fort…
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3. The notices of their great wars show that the en- mity between the Philistines and the Israelites was too great for any idolatry to be then borrowed from the for* IDOLATRY 481 roOLATRY mcr by the latter, though at an earlier time this was not 1 the case. Under Samuel's administration a fast was held, and purific…
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The conquest of the ten tribes by Shalmaneser was for them the last scene of the drama of abominations which had been enacted uninterruptedly for upwards of 250 years. In the northern kingdom no reformer arose to vary the long line of royal apostates; whatever was effected in the way of reformation was done by the hand…
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a. Sun-worship, though mentioned with other kinds of high nature-worship, as in the enumeration of those suppressed by Josiah, seems to have been practiced alone as well as with the adoration of other heavenlj' bodies. In Ezekiel's remarkable vision of the idolatries of Jeru- salem, he saw about four-and-twenty men bet…
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e. In the same vision the prophet saw women weep- ing for Tammuz (ver. 13, 14), known to be the same as Adonis, from whom the fourth month of the Syrian year was named. Tliis worship was. probably intro- duced by Ahaz from Syria. See Tajoiuz. f. The image of jealousy, nitpj??! ?^&, spoken of in the same passage, which…
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IDOLATRY 484 IDOLATRY 6. The early Christians ^vere brought into contact with idolaters when the Gospel was preached among the Gentiles, and it became necessary to enact regula- tions for preventing scandal by their being involved in pagan practices, when joining in the private meals and festivities of the heathen […
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Regarded in a moral aspect, false gods are called "stumbling-blocks" (Ezek. xiv, 3), "lies" (Amos ii, 4; Rom. i, 25), "horrors" or "frights" (1 Kings xv, 13 ; Jer. 1, 38), " abominations" (Deut, xxix, 17 ; xxxii, 16 ; 1 Kings xi, 5; 2 Kings xxiii, 13), " guilt" (abstract for concrete, Amos viii, 14, T\'C''d^,ashmdh; co…
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(2.) The term idolatry is figuratively used to desig- nate covetomness, which takes Mammon for its god (Matt, vi, 24 ; Luke xvi, 13). Col. iii, 5 : " Mortify, therefore, your members which are upon the earth ; for- nication, uncleanness, inordinate affection, evil concu- piscence, and covetousness, which is idolatry/."…
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IDOLATRY 486 IDUM^A Uffiomparieien, p. 176 sq.), and idolatry is now generally considered as the result of a sophisticated tradition. Kationalism, based on Pelagian principles, either em- braced the views of the naturalists, or else those of Heyne, J. H. Boss, etc., who maintain, the former that the myths and idolat…
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The Heb. C1X, Edom, as the name of the people, is masculine (Numb, xxii, 20) ; as the name of the coun- try, ye?«zntne (Jer. xlix, 17). We often meet with the phrase D'lit T^-'^^ Ei-ets-Edom, "the Land of Edom," and once with the poetic form D^iiSl ITlb, Sedek-Edom, " the Field of Edom" (Judg. v, 4). The inhabitants ar…
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Josephus divides Idumsea into two provinces, Goboli- tis and Amalekitis (.4 «^ ii, 1, 2). The former embraced Iilum^a Proper, being identical, as the name woidd in- dicate, with "Mount Seir;" the other embraced a por- tion of Sonthcru Palestine, with the desert plain south of it, which was originally occupied by the Am…
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mountains. From a comparison of these incidents it mav be inferred that the change in the form of govern- ment took place duruig the wanderings of the Israelites in the Desert, unless we suppose, with rvosenmiiller, that it was only this north-eastern part of Edom which was now subject to a monarch, the rest of the cou…
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While the Edomites thus extended their conquests westward, they were driven out of their own country by the Nabathreans (q. v.), who, leaving the nomad habits of their ancestors, settled down amid tlie moun- tains of Edom, engaged in commerce, and founded the little kingdom of A rahia Petrcea. Some of their mon- archs …
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com; and this continues through the whole descent to Petra, and in Petra itself. The next peculiarity was when, after liaving left the summit of the pass, or after descending from Mount Hor, we found ourselves insensi- bly encircled with rocks of deepening and deepening red. Red, indeed, even from a distance, the mount…
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Tlie whole of this region is at present occupied by various tribes of Bedouin Arabs. The chief tribe in the Jebal is the Hejaya, with a brancli of the Kaabineh, while in esk-Sherah they are all of the numerous and powerful tribe of tlie Haweitat, with a few independent allies. The Bedouins in Idumrea have of late years…
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IGNATIUS 491 IGNATIUS but Eusebias fixes the date of his ordination at A.D. G9, wlien several of the apostles were dead. According to the same historian, he was the second successor of St. Paul, Evodius liaving been the first. The Apostolic Constitutions, on the other hand, say that Ignatius and Evodius held the off…
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The remaining three epistles ascribed to Ignatius are found only in Latin. They are very short, and have long been given up as spurious. They are, 13. S. ./qanni Ecangelist(e; 14. Ad Eimdem; and, 15. Beatce Virr/ini. With these is found a letter of the Virgin to Ignatius, Beata Virr/o Iijnatio, professing to be an answ…
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supply this clew, Mr. Cureton discovered, among a most important collection of Syriac IMSS., procured for the British Museum by archdeacon Tattam, in the year 1843, from the monastery of St. Mary Deipara of the Syrians, in the Desert of Nitria, three entire epistles, which he published in the year 1845. This publicatio…
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The most complete edition of Ignatius is that con- tained in the Patres Apustolici of Cotelerius, the second edition of which, by Le Clerc (Amst. 1724, 2 vols, folio), contains all the genuine and spiurious epistles (Greek and Latin), with the epistles of Mary of Cassobelaa and of the Virgin, the two ancient Latin vers…
1,090 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.