PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 781
I. Various Forms of Infidelity.— V^axson, in his ex- cellent prize essay on Infidelity, its A spects, Causes, and Agencies (Lond. 1860, 8vo), classifies the forms of modern intidehty as follows: 1. Atheism, or the denial of the divine existence; 2. Pantheism, or the denial of the di- vine personality; 3. Naturalism, or…
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phases of unbelief which have appeared and disappeared at intervals from the earliest ages of Christianity, but which, thanks be to God, have never yet succeeded in making the Gospel obsolete, and in robbing mankind of the knowledge of salvation. It is, however, fraught with danger, and its power of mischief arises, in…
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Besides the moral ground, there are certain subordi- nate causes constantly operating, e. g. Speculative Phi- losophy (q. V.) ; corruptions of Christianity [see Chkis- TiANiTV ; RoMANisji] ; religious intolerance [see Tol- eration] ; and, more especially, tlie connection of C'hurch and State. In our own country, on th…
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It follows from this that, if infinity is an idea realiza- ble by the mind, it must be conceived in some other way than as a linear series; it must be capable of an expression which is at once definite, and yet preserves the true character of infinity. Mathematical science does this by the summation of an infinite seri…
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The relation of God, as the Infinite, to the world and the soul, as finite, is considered elsewhere. But, unless INFIRMERER 583 INGHAM ((() bo home in mind, the logical result is deism, and if {h) be iiej^lected, i)aii theism. V. /i/Jii/i/// (/.s si/mbolized in the Imarjination. — We find the attempt to jiictiire …
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Ingham, Benjamin, was bom at Ossctt, Yorkshire, June 11, 1712. He received a liberal education, first at Batley school, and afterwards at Queen's College, Ox- ford, where, in 1733, he joined himself with Charles and John Wesley, the founders of IMethodism, In 1735 he received episcopal ordination, and in the same year …
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Inglis, John, D.D., a Scotch divine, was born about 1763. He was at one time minister at the Grayfriars' Church, Edinburgh. He died in 1884. Inglis is known as the author of a Defence if Ecclesiastical Estahlish- ments, and a Vindication <fthe christian Faith (Edinb. 1830, 8vo.).— Allibone, JJi'ct. of Authors, i, 932; …
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INHERITANCE 585 INHERITANCE have come into existence til! more complex and artifi- cial relations arose, resulting, in all probability, from the increase of population and the relative insufficiency of food. When Joseph ivent down into Egypt, he appears to have found the freehold tenure prevailing, -which, however, …
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The original promise made to Abraham of the land of Palestine was solemnly repeated to Isaac (Gen. xxvi, 3), the reason assigned being because "Abraham obeyed my voice and kept my charge, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws," while it is expressly declared that the earlier inhabitants of the country Avere dispos-…
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Inhibition (Lat. inhibitin, from inhibeo, I restrain) is in some churches "a writ by which an inferior is connnanded by a superior ecclesiastical authority to stay the proceedings in which it is engaged. Thus, if a member of a college appeals to the visitor, the visitor inhibits all proceedings against the apjiellant u…
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Ink (i'^'7, deyo', so called from its blackness, Jer. xxxvi, 18; Gr. fiiXav, black; 2 Cor. iii, 3; 2 John 12; 3 John 13). The most simple, and hence probably the most ancient mode of preparing ink was a mixture of water with charcoal powdered, or with soot, to which I INK-HORN 587 INN ^um was aildod. TIic Hel)rews…
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INN 588 INNER MISSIONS cus the khans are, many of them, substantial buildings; the small rooms which surround the court, as well as those above them which are entered from a gallery, are used by the merchants of the city for depositing their goods (Porter's Z>«7»«««/.v, i, 33). The icehdlehs of mod- ern Egvpt are of…
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II. Sphere. — The German inner missions endeavor' to promote infant, secular, and Sunday school associations, institutions of refuge, intercourse with the families, etc. They at the same time take pvirt in the social questions of the day, and labor to systematize the aid given to the poor, to promote personal intercour…
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Innocent (prop. ip3, d^ilJoc). The Hebrews con- sidered innocence as consisting chiefly in an exemption from external faults committed contrary to the law ; hence they often join innocent with hands (Gen. xxxvii, 22 ; Psa. xxiv, 4). '• I will wash my hands in innocency" (Psa. xxvi, 6) ; " Then have I cleansed my heart …
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Innocent III («) {Lothario Conti), by far the greatest pope of this name, was born of a noble family of Rome at Anagni in 1161. After a course of much distinction at Paris, Bologna, and Rome, he was made cardinal; and eventually, in 1198, was elected, at the vuiprecedentedly early age of thirty-seven, a successor of po…
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I INNOCENT m 591 INNOCENT III living were deprived of the services of religion. Against an antagonist armed with such weapons, even Philip Augustus, brave and iirm though he was, was not a match. 'J'he idea of the papal power had too firmly taken hold of men's minds ; the French would gladly have remained true to t…
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If, as we have seen, Innocent III would admit of no comjiromises with immorality and irregularity, he was certainly stern and even more unfiinching in his deal- ings with all those who separated themselves from the body of the Romish Church. "To him, every offence against religion was a crime against society, and, in h…
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Innocent IV (Sinibaldo de' Fieschi, of Genoa) was elected as the successor of Celestine IV in the year 1243. In tlie preceding bitter quarrels between (JregorA' IX and the emperor Frederick II. cardinal Sinibaldo had shown himself rather friendly towards the emperor; and the imperial courtiers, on receiving the news o…
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Innocent VII (cardinal Cosmo de' Migliorati. of Sulmona), who had been appointed archbishop of Ra- venna and bishop of Bologna by Urban VI. was elected by the Italian prelates as the successor of B(jniface IX in 1404. At this time " the great Western schism" agi- tated the Romish Church, the French cardinals support- i…
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INNOCENT IX 594 INNOCENT X course, showed himself verv se""""* towards his ac- complice, Innocent VIII. On May 29, 1492, he sent him the iron of the spear with which, he asserted, Christ was pierced on tlie cross, and which was among the booty taken by :Mohammed II after the downfall of Constantinoi)le. ' The relic …
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Innocent X (cardinal Giovanni Battista Panjili), bom at Rome in 1572, was elected in Sept. 1644, after the death of Urban VIII. He was then seventj'-three years of age, and wholly under the control of his sister- in-law. Donna Olimpia JNIaidalchini Panfili, who appears to have been an unprincipled \\-oman, very fond of…
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Innocent XI (cardinal Benedetto Odesculcht), born at Como in 1611, succeeded Clement X in 167(5. It is said by some that lie was a soldier in his younger days, though this has been denied by others (Count Torre Kezzonico, I)e Suppositis Militaribus Stipendiis Bene- detto Odescalchi). He was a man of great firmness and …
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INNOCENT XII 596 INNOCENTS' DAY XXV, 919 : Kanke, Jlisf. of the Papaci/, i, 273, 279 ; Mos- heim, Ch. Jlist. cent, xvii, sec. ii, pt. i, ch. i ; Asclibach, Kirchen-Lex. iii, 40-1 sq. ; Bower, Hist, of the Popes, vii, 48G sq. ; £n^/lisk Cf/dopcedia, s. v. ; Chambers, CyclopxB- du,,Ky. c'.I.lI.W.) Innocent XII (cardi…
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Innocent, Gizei., a Russian prelate, was bom in Prussian Poland, of Lutheran parents, at the commence- ment of the 1 7th centur\^ He joined the Greek Church while yet young, and became a monk. Distinguished for great ability and learning, he was selected for a pro- fessor's chair at Kief. He died at that place Feb. 24,…
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ed by a titular bishop {episcopus ecclesiw Hennensis) (Hartzheim, Concilia Germanicv, iv, 284). We find also mention made in the synod of Salzburg, in 1420, of epis- copi titulures (Hartzheim, v, 179), and in that of Pas- sau, in 1470 (can. 7, 8), of sujj'raganei, whose functions were to consecrate priests and churches…
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Synod of Verona, in 1184, certain directions were given j to the bishops " concerning heretics," who at this time formed a verv formidable enemy of the Komisli Church, more especially in the south of France. The sects had become so numerous that some of them, such as the Cathari (q. v.), the Albigenses (q. v.), and the…
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ity of their rules, and the severity which they were con tinually practising upon themselves, were not likely to allow them to have much feeUng for others. Lastly, they were zealous, as possessors of newly established re- ligions commonly are ; and they were learned, after the fashion of the times; that is to say, well…
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The Inquisition in Germany. — But from France the Inquisition soon cast its net over neighboring and dis- tant countries, even beyond the ocean, by the aid of the Jesuits. Almost immediately after its firm es- tablishment in France, the Inquisition spread to Ger- many. The first inquisitor was Conrad of IMarburg, who o…
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INQUISITIOX 600 IXQUISITION- while the inquisitors were to extirpate heresy and pun- ish heretics, the vicar of Clirist reserved for himself the graces of reconciliation and absolution. In the arro- gance which Kome has ever manifested, the power whicli belonged to the judge was witlubawn, and the power of life and …
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The Inquisition was introduced into Poland by pope John XXII in 1327, but it did not subsist there very long ; and all attempts of Rome to introduce it into Enrj- land were in vain. Spanish Inquisition. — " The life of ever}' devout Span- iard," says Milman {Latin Christianity, v, 239), "was a perpetual crusade. B\' t…
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one kingdom, governed by Ferdinand and Isabella, to- wards the close of the 15th century, the Inquisition be- came general. It was at this time that the iiKjuisitorial tribunal underwent " what its friends have honored with the name of a reform ; in consequence of which it be- came a more terrible engine of persecution…
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first of Castile, and aftenvards of Aragon. j' This man, who concealed more pride under his monastic weeds than might have fiirnislied forth a convent of his order, was one"of that class with whom zeal passes for religion, and who testify their zeal by a fiery persecution of those whose creed differs from their owni; w…
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quisitors had obtained from him all they wanted, they left him to his sufferings, without allowing a physician to assist him. After this confession the prisoner was considered penitent, yet recantation was still demanded of him de levi ; if heresy or Judaism was his crime, de ve- hementi ; and when he became reconciled…
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But, in spite of the terrors which it spread, voices were repeatedly heard in Spain to pronounce against it, especially when it developed all its power to crush out evangelical doctrines diu^ng the great Reformation of the 16th century. Hatred towards it liad spread itself far through the country (YrCTie, Reformation i…
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Portugal.— Yrom Spain the Inquisition was introduced into the diflferent comitries over which it held its sway. Thus it was not really introduced into Portugal until its union with Spain in 1557, and only then after much opposition. It is true, under king Joan III of Portugal, an effort was made to establish the tribun…
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INQUISITION 605 INSCRIPTIONS called tlie Compromise, was formed, which energetically but humbly made the same re<iuest (Schrockh, Kirchm- gesch. iii, 390 si\.). Ai"ter some delay tliis was accom- plished in 1567. Shortly after, however, the terriljle Alba was dispatched to the Netlierlands with unlimited power. Marg…
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Inquisitor. See Inquisition. I. N. R. J. are the initials for Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judit'orum (Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews), fre- quently met with as inscriptions. See Cross of Ciiuist. Insabbatati. See Waldensians. Insacrati, the name usually given in the ancient canons to the inferior clergy. The superior c…
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II. A s.virian Cuneatic. — These characters, like the Egyiitian hieroglyphics, are usually inscribed upon slabs containing likewise pictorial delineations of martial, hunting, or other scenes. See Cuxeifohm. The most noted places where they occur are at Behistun, Khorso- bad, Kouyunjik, and Nimrud. See each in its ord…
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of writing current there. They were neither Jews nor Christians, but worshippers of heathen deities, and par- ticularly of the heavenly bodies. They were mostly pilgrims on their way to certain celebrated sanctuaries, which were for centuries resorted to at special seasons by the pagans resident in this region. The ins…
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/\ I iVrx A ^^'i'"'^*-'* "ame is copied from jMait- / ^■^y^/ A l''i"<'i P- 1*^*'> ''""I was originally / n/j\ taken from the Lapidarian (iallerv. /I \/\ \ '^ '^^ " ^"^^ '" '"*^^"'^''"^*^'* '" t'l'* PP'- ' \^\y ' taph refer to the well-known pas- Read : " Tasnris [a sages in the Apocalypse : their man's name! — in co…
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IKGYC BONO ET INOCENTI FILIO PASTOKI • QV • X • A • N • IIII NNIS • X ixerc The first contains the mistake of k for x- At other times the fish itself was figured, as recommended by Cle- ment of Alexandria (PwduffOff. iii, lOG), who, besides the fish, proposed as Christian emblems for signets fisher- men, anchors, …
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Translate, " . . . . na, may you live in the Lord Jesus." The crown and palm conjoined are also met with : in the present example, from the Vatican library, they encircle the monogram, as represented below : * • FL • lOVINA • (^VAE . VIX ANNrs • Th'IHVS • 1) • XXX Ni:01'TTA • IN PACE • XI • K "Flavia Jovina— who liv…
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2. Besides the inscriptions on graves, which Rettberg first made useful to Church history, there are also sa- cred inscriptions, which we find partly upon glass, part- ly upon coins, gems, lamps, amulets, crosses, dishes, and other works of art. The more ancient Christian inscrip- tions have not yet been sufficiently s…
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Insignia of Clergy. See Vestjients. Inspiration (Lat. a breathing into), a term em- ploved to designate the divine origin of Holv fccnpture (q.'v.). I. Definition. — 1. The word " inspiration" " is some- times used to denote the excitement and action of a fer- vent imagination in the poet or orator. But even in this …
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II. The Fact of the Inspiration of the Bible. — (On this point we condense the arguments of Dr. Leonard Woods in Kitto's Cyclopcedia, s. v., confining ourselves chiefly to the question of the inspiration of the written word.) To prove that the Scriptures are divinelj' inspired, we might with propriety refer to the exce…
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HI. The Manner of Inspiration. — The iiiterior pi-ocess of the Spirit's action upon the minds of the speakers or writers was of course inscrutable (.John iii, 8) even to themselves. That they were conscious, however, of such an influence is manifest from the authoiity with which they put forth their words ; yet, when t…
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This last vie^v is not to be confounded, however, with that of those who limit inspiration to such matters in holy Scripture as directly pertain to the proper material of revelation, i. e. to strictly religious truth, whether of doctrine or practice. Among English divines, those who have asserted this form of theory ar…
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2. " I'erhiil hispiration' is an expression still more objecticjualili' as applied to the Scriptures. For, (I.) UV/v/>-. as such, are incapable of inspiration. They are either oral, consisting of certain sounds, or written, consisting of certain marks on paper; both material signs of which a spiritual element cannot p…
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{f.) Chrysostom remarks on Acts xxvi, 6 : " Here Paul speaks humanly, and does not throughout enjoy grace, but is permitted to intermix even his own materials." {cj.) Augustine declares that the evangelists wrote more or less fully, " according as each remembered, and as each had it in his heart (ut quisque mcminerat,…
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INSPIRED 616 INSPIRED tures [apologetic] (London, 185G) ; Bannermann, Truth and A uthority of Scripture [aims at orthodoxy, but fails to meet the controversy fully] (Ediiib. 18(;4) ; Hannah, iJivine and Human Elements in IIoli/ Scripture (Bamp- ton Lect. for 1853 ; presents many points clearly) ; Kowe, Nature and Ex…
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fore, to form a separate sect, Allnut and Marion, with their adherents, connected themselves for a while with the French Reformed churches of the Netherlands, but they failed also here to acquire any influence. On the other hand, they obtained great consideration among the Pietists and Separatists of Northern and Weste…
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Iiistallare. See Installation. Installation (Low Lat. in and stallnm, a seat) is a name in some churches for the ceremonial act or process by which an ordained minister is formally put into pos- session of his office, and by which he is fully empowered not alone to exercise its functions, but to enjoy its hon- ors and…
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Instruction. See Education. Instrument CpS, IceW, ottXov, general names for &x\y implement, vessel, etc.'). SeeMrsic; Armor. Instrumental Music. See Music. INSTRUMENTUM PACIS 618 INTERCESSION Instrumentum pacis. At the pax tecum (q. v.) in sacred nia.s--i, the celebrant of the mass gives to the deacon the kiss of…
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Intercalary Fruits is a term in the Roman Cath- olic Church for the revenues of an ecclesiastical benefice accruing during a vacancy. In the xxivth Sess. of the Council of Trent (c. 18, be Reform.; c. 1 and 3, X. De prcebemJ. et dignitt.') it was decreed that whatever the deceased ecclesiastic had really earned was a p…
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Intercessores or Interventores was the name of officers peculiar to the African Church, who acted as temporary incumbents of a vacant bishopric, and for the time being peribrmed the episcopal functions. It was their duty to take measures for the immediate ajjpoint- ment of a bishop. To prevent abuses, which had be- com…
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Distor)/. — The time when the interdict was first in- troduced into the Church is not generally known ; but it is usually traced to the early discipline of public penance, " by which penitents were for a time debarred from the privilege of presence at the celebration of the Eucharist." Instances of it are met with in v…
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II. The Augsburg Interim. After the duke of Alva, through tlie treacherj' of IMaurice of Saxony, had broken the power of the Protestants at the battle of Miihlberg, and, by the overthrow of the Smalkald league, the emperor had brought them helpless at his feet, Charles V, seeing that the pope had not acted in accordanc…
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[ 3 sq. ; Brit, and For. Lrang. lieriew, 18G8, p. 631 ; Lea, I nisi, of San rdntid < 'idUiarij, p. 432 sq. ; Hardwick, Bi^f- oniiallm ( si'c Iiul.) ; Picrcr, i'nir. Lex. s. v. (J. H. W.) Intermediate State, a phrase employed to de- note the state or situation of disembodied souls during the interval between death and …
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IV. The scheme of a middle or intermediate place, or place of rest. This is a different idea from that of an intermediate state, meaning by the latter only an infe- rior degree of happiness apart from the yet unraised body. It is affirmed that judgment is not pronounced till the last day; but this is denied, a particid…
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2. In the second place, it follows that the sovl can hare no cognizance of the passaye of time while thus dis- embodied. Time consists of the sequence of events, and all means of knowing the transpiration of these are excluded by the very supposition of the present case. Time, moreover, is measured by the alternations …
908 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.