PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 541
Hum'tah (Heb. Chumtah', Ti'^iZX^, prob. from the iiyr. fortress, otherwise 7)?«rp of lizards; Sept. 'A^iitciTu V. r. Bvfia and Xai^ipara ; A'ulg. A thmatha), a town in the mountains of Judah, mentioned between Aphckah and Hebron (Josh, xv, 54), apparently in the district lying immediately west of Hebron (Keil, Comment,…
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decree filled those Magyars who were opponents of Christianity with the utmost indignation against the young king and against the Germans who surrounded him. Kuppa, a relative of Stephen and duke of the Sumegians, put himself at the head of the malcontents, but at Veszprim he was totally defeated and killed; and hencef…
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to extraordinarj'- efforts against the further spreading of Protestantism. Unfortmiately, palatine Thurzo died soon, and the Catholics found a leader of rare ability in the Jesuit Pazmany, who succeeded in causing within a short time more than fifty of the first noble famiUes to return to the Catholic Church. They, in …
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ances of Protestant worship induced Charles YI (as king of Hungary, Charles III) to appoint a royal com- mission, on the recommendation of which it was decreed that tlie evangelical preachers sliould be superintended by Catholic archdeacons ; that the ministerial functions of the preachers of the two Protestant Confess…
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HUNGARY 408 HUNNIUS and the laity. The preliminary congress was held on June 24, 18G9, and consisted of 157 members. II. Statistics.— According to the last official census of 1857, the religious statistics of the countries belonging to the Hungarian crown were as follows : Catholics. Non-United Greek. Protestant…
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Hunnius, Nikolaus, son of iEgidius Hmmius, was born at jMarburg Jidy 11, 1585. He studied philol- ogy, philosophy, and tlieology at Wittenberg, where he began lectures on theology and philosophy in 1609. In 1612 he went as superintendent to Eilenburg, and in 1617 returned to Wittenberg as professor, in the place of Hut…
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The Huns are said to have been of a dark complexion, almost black ; deformed in their appearance, of imcouth gesture, and shrill voice. The ancient descriptions un- mistakablj' ally them to the Tartars. " They were dis- tinguished from the rest of the human species by their broad shoulders, flat noses, and small black …
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Himt, John, a Wesleyan missionary to the Fiji Islands, and a model of Christian excellence, was born at Hykeham ^loor, near Lincoln, England, .June 13, 1812. His early education was verj' limited, and John was brought u;i to assist his father on a farm, over which he ■was bailiff or overseer. When seventeen years old h…
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Hunter, Humphrey, a Presbyterian minister and patriot, was born near Londonder- ry, Ireland, JNIay 14, 1755. His Avidowed mother came to this country when Humphrey was only four years old. During the Revolution he served our nation in the struggle for independence, first as a private, and later, for a short time, as he…
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spots thus inclosed were usually in a hilly country and in the vicinity of water-brooks ; whence the propriety and force of the language of Psa. xlii, 1, "As the (hunt- ed) hart panteth after the water-brooks." These places were selected because they were those to which the an- imals were in the habit of repairing in t…
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ty to atteiul. She persuaded tlie highest ladies of the court to listen to the preaching of the great evangelists, with an influence more or less powerful upon some, and a saving change in others. Among the former were the celebrated duchess of Marlborough and the duchess of Buckingham ; among the latter the duchess of…
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Huntington, Robert, D.D., a distinguished Eng- lish tlieologian and Orientalist, was born in February, l(i36, at Deorhyrst, in Gloucestershire, where his father, of the same names, was parish clergyman. He was edu- cated at the free-school of Bristol, was admitted in 1652 a portionist of Merton College, Oxford, receive…
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after our stamp of devotion. It is doubtful whether he knew anything by experience of our immediate conver- sion. Probably he was never in a prayer-meeting ; and he looked upon revivals as questionable, if not objec- tionable measures. Of devotional methods and exer- cises, then, he had Umited knowledge ; but he believ…
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4. A person whose son (Ben-Hiu-) was Solomon's purveyor in IMount Ephraim (1 Kings iv, 8). Josephus calls him Ures (Ot'pz/e), and makes him to have been himself military governor of the Ephraimites {Ant. viii, 2, 3). B.C. ante 995. 5. Father of Rephaiah, which latter is called "raler of the half jiart of Jerusalem" af…
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Hurter, Friedrich Emanuel von, a Swiss the- ologian who became a convert to Ronianisin. was bom at Schaflfhausen JIarch 19, 1787. Ho studied Protestant theology at the University of Gcittingcn, became pastor of a countrj- congregation in his native canton, 1824, first pastor "of the city of Schaffliausen, 1835, antiste…
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Husbandman (properly n^'^i* HJ"^!!*, man of the ground; yfwpyoc), one whose profession and labor is to cultivate the ground. It is among the most ancient and honorable occupations (Gen. ix, 20; xxvi, 12, 14; xxxvii, 7; Job i, 2; Isa. xxviii, 24-28; John xv, 1). All the Hebrews who were not consecrated to religious ofli…
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iv.— D D probably ran usually lengthwise and crosswise (Pliny, xviii, 19 ; Niebuhr, Beschr. p. 155). The sowing occur- red, for winter grain, in October and November; for summer fruit, in January or February ; the harvest in April. The unexceptionable accounts of fifty-fold and hundred-folu crops (Gen. xxvi, 12 [on th…
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Hu'shai (Heb, Chushay', "idm, quich; Sept, and Josephus [Ant.vW, 9, 2] Xoixri), called "the Archite" (q, V,) (comp. Josh, xvi, 2) and '• the king's companion," i, e, vizier or intimate adviser (1 Chron, xxvii, 33), a post which he doubtless attained by his eminent services to David in defeating (B.C, cir, 1023) the plo…
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HUSS 419 HUSS branches, covered with large pinnated leaves. The blossom is of a reddish or dark purple color, and is suc- ceeded by large, slender pods or capsules, curved like a horn or sickle, containing a sweetish pulp, and several small, shining seeds. These pods are sometimes eight or ten inches long, and an in…
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against Zybnek. Both appealed to the pope. In re- sijonse, Alexander V conferred extraordinary powers on the archbisliop to root out heresies from his diocese. Accordingly, the latter prohibited preaching in private chapels; caused more than 200 volumes of Wicklifle's writings to be committed to the flames, amidst the …
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IIuss had three hearings before the council; the first on the 5th of Jime (1415), the second on the 7th, and the third on the 8th. For the most part they were stormy.dcbates, or irregular phiUppics against him. He was not permitted to explain and defend his doctrines. An immecUate and explicit recantation was required …
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i HUSSEY 421 HUSSITES i I did not see this, because he had formed no plan of oper- ations antagonistical to Rome. He advanced, not in obedience to a systematic process inwardly developed, but under the influence of outward circumstances. While Christ was the centre of his own faith, and he held to Christ's Word a…
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Hussites, a general name for the followers of John Huss (q. v.). The Council of Constance, in its dealings with Huss, seems to have forgotten that the adherents to his cause were not the handful of men who had gath- ered around their friend and teacher in his la.st hours, but were scattered throughout Bohemia and Morav…
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these armed heretics, but even endeavored to influence the citizens of Prague to admit Sigismund as the suc- cessor of Wenceslaus. The people ap])ealed to Zisca for aid against the probable invasion of the city by Sigis- mund. November 4, 1419, Zisca re-entered the city. The emperor, involved in a war with the Turks, n…
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" But, at this culminating point of Zisca's fortunes, death overtook him (October 11, 1424). He lived to foil tlie purposes of Sigismund, and died at the moment when his death was, in some respects, another defeat to his hopes." Zisca's death left the Taborites without any real leader. Their success they chiefly owed t…
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Orphanites, again united to repel the invader. In a few ■weeks 50,000 infantry, 7000 cavalry, and 3600 chariots ■were gathered." The crusading force also had been col- lecting, and now numbered 80,000 (some say 130,000) men, under the command of tlie elector of Brandenburg. This army, immense as it was, and powerful an…
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Hutchesou, Francis, called by Mackintosh the HUTCHESON 425 HUTCHINSON " father of speculative philosophy in Scotland," was the son of a Presbyterian minister in Ireland, and was bom Aug. 8, lOO-l. lie entered tlie University of Glasgow in iyiO, and afterwards became minister of a Presbyte- rian church in tlie north…
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Hutchinson, Anne, an American religious en- thusiast, and founder of a party of Antinomians (q. v.) in the New England colony, emigrated from Lincohi- shire, England, to Boston in'l636. She claimed to be a medium of divine revelation, and, being "a woman of admirable understanding, and profitable and sober car- riage, …
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"Hutchinson's philological and exegetical views found numerous followers, who, without constituting a doctri- nal sect, came to be distinguished as ' Hutchinsonians.' In their number they reckoned several distinguished divines in England and Scotland, both of the Establish- ed Church and of Dissenting communities. Amon…
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Hutter, Leonhard, a German Lutheran theolo- gian, was born at Nellingen, near Ulm, in January, 1563, studied philosophy, philology, and theology at Stras- burg, Leipzig, Heidelberg, and Jena ; became private tu- tor in the latter university in 1594, and in 1596 professor at AVittenberg, where he died, Oct. 23, 1616. He…
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Hwiid, AxDREAS Chiustian, a Danish Orientalist, was born Oct. 20, 1749, at Copenhagen. He was high- ly educated, and enjoyed great advantages by travel in foreign countries. Thus from 1777 to 1780 he spent in (iermany, especially at Giittingen, where he studied un- der the celebrated Michaelis and Heyne, and in Italy, …
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Hydroparastatee {vcpoTrapa(yrdTai,aquarii, '• of- ferers of water"), a name given to the Encratites (q. v.) because they avoided wine, and even in the Lord's Sup- per used nothing but water. See Theodoret, Her. Fab. i, c. XX ; Bingham, Orig Eccles. bk. xv, ch. ii, § 7. Hyemantes {winterers, or tossed by a lointer blas…
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confessor. A certain Hyginus, bishop of Cordova, is said to have been the first opponent of Priscillian (q. v.). See Papcbroch,ylc^rt Sanctorum; Tillemont, Memotres ; Baillet, Vies des Saints ; Hoefer, Nouv. Bioy. Generule, XXV, 70.7 ; Dupin, Eccles. Writers, cent. ii. Hyksos (YKab)Q, correctly explained [comp. Raw- l…
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If, as we have some reason to believe, and as the reader may see satisfactorily established in Movers and Bertheau {ut supra), a race of the Shernitic family, coming down from the upper (Aram) country into the lower (Canaan), in course of time subjugated Egypt and established their dominion, maintaining it for some fiv…
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HYMEN 431 HYMENJEUS to pantheism ; but " tlie Stoics, on the other hand, while they did not accord activity or life to every distinct particle of matter, held that the universe, as a whole, was animated by a principle which gave to it motion, form, and life." Tlie followers of Plotinus, who held that the " soul of t…
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2. The Sentence passed upon him. — It has been asserted by some writers of emmence (see Corn, a Lapide, ad 1 Cor. V, 5) that the " delivering to Satan" is a mere syn- onym for ecclesiastical excommunication. Such can hardly be the case. The apostles possessed many ex- traordinary prerogatives, which none have since arr…
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at least, as were of a IjTic character (Snedorf, De Uymnis Vet. Grcec. p. 19). Such songs were properly called hymns. Hence Arrian says distinctly {De Exjjed.Alex. iv, 11,2), vfivoi fiiv if." roi's ^lovQ iroiovvrai, tnaivoi. ek if av- OpwTTOVQ. So also Phavorinus : I'^voc, >'/ npoQ Srtbi> <{jSi). Augustine {in Psa. Ixx…
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It is worth while inqiuring what profane models the Greek hymnographers chose to work after. In the old religion of Greece the word ki/mn had already acquired a sacred and liturgical meaning, which could not fail to suggest its application to the productions of the Chris- tian muse. So much for the name. The special Jh…
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Hymnar or Hymnal is the name by which is designated a Church book containing hjinns. Such a hymnar, according to Gennadius, was compiled by Pau- liiuis of Nola (q. v.). — Walcott, Sacred Ai-chaol. p. 320; Augusti, Christl. Archaol. iii, 710 sq. Hymnarium. See Hymnak. Hymnology. " Poetry and its twin sister music are …
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On the question of the use of hymns of human com- position in the Church, there were disputes at a very early period. The Council of Braga (Portugal), A.D. oCo, forbade the use of any form of song except psalms and passages of Scripture (Canon xii). On this subject, Bingham remarks that it was in ancient times " no ob-…
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HYMNOLOGY 435 HYMNOLOGY semblc, in its measure and antiphonal structure, the songs used in pagan worship" (Coleman, Pn'/w. Church, v. 370). The oldest Christian hymn -writers, however, were mostly Gnostics in their doctrines, and they seem to liavc used their songs as " a popular means of com- mending and propagatin…
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'A great and mighty wonc-er, The festal makes secure : The Virgin bears the Infant With Virgin-honor pure. The Word is made incarnate, And j-et remains on high : And cherubim sing anthems To shepherds from the sky. And we with them triumphant Repeat the hymn again : "To God on high be glory, And peace on earth…
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many of them, long in use in the Church, w^ere not to be set aside, still the Council of Toledo (033) recom- mended the use only of such hymns as those of Hilarv', Ambrose, etc., in pubUc worship. Gregory the Great, who introduced a new system of singing into the Church [see Gregorian Chant], also composed hymns, among…
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IL Modern Hymnography. — 1. German. — The origin •of German hymns, which are without question the rich- est of any in modern tongues, may be traced to the 9th century. But the history of German hymnology, strict- ly speaking, does not begin earlier than the Keforma- tion. For "it was not until the people possessed the …
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WHAT I MUST DO. " From outward creatures I must flee, And seek heart-oueuess deep within, If I would draw my soul to Thee, O God, and keep it pure from sin," etc. ONLY JESUS. " O Jesu Christ, most good, most fair. More flagrant than May's flowery air, Who Thee within his soul doth bear, True cause for joy hath won …
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THE STRONGHOLD. A sure stronghold our God is he, A trusty shield and weapon ; Our help he'll be, and set us free, Whatever ill may happen. That old malicious foe Intends us deadly woe ; Armed with the strength of hell, And deepest craft as well. On earth is not his fellow. Through our own force we nothing can, Straig…
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" Salvation hath come down to us Of freest grace and love. Works cannot stand before God's law, A broken reed they prove : Faith looks to Jesus Christ alone. He must for all our sins atone, He is our one Redeemer." This, in Luther's day, was as popular among the Ger- mans as one of his own hymns. Indeed, it is said th…
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All German hymn-books still contain it, though in a somewhat modified form. The tempest of war which for thirty years swept over Germany, and caused a tale of disasters from which it would seem society could have never recovered, even promoted, or at least did not impede in any waj', the literary and intellectual acti…
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Angelus Silesius (1624-77) (as a Lutheran, Johann Schefler) wrote beautiful hymns, 205 of which were published under the title o( Ileilige Seelenlust, oder Geist- liche Hirtenlieder (Bresl. 1657, and often). Particularly excellent are his Ich will dich lieben meine Starke (" Thee will I love, my strength, my tower"), a…
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HYI^INOLOGY 442 HYMNOLOGY Here also, finally, deserve notice the hymn--nTiters of the Moravians, who have had no despicable influence on hymnology. Of esi)ecial credit are a few of count Zin- zendorf's hymns, wlio, unfortunately, cared more for their quantity than their quality ; he wrote more than 2000, many of whi…
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2. English.— The sacred poetry of England antedates by many generations its true hymnologj'. The author of England's Antiphon (George Macdonald) devotes an interesting chapter to the sacred lyrics of the loth cen- turj-, in which he gives specimens of genuine devo- tional song from the Percy Society publications, taken…
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The Reformation in England did not, as in Germanj', grow by the spontaneous utterance of popular Christian song. That was left for the period of the great evangeli- cal revival which crowned the last century with its bless- ings. All that had been done before was as the broad and deep foundation-work, rude and unchise…
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"'Tis mystery all— the Immortal dies ! Who can explore his strange design? * * • 'Tis mercy all ! let earth adore: Let angel minds inquire no more.") They were among the providential and gracious devel- opments of a period whose influences, at the end of a hundred years, are yet only beginning to show forth the high p…
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"Amazing grace ! how sweet the sound That saved a wretch like me ;" or " How sweet the name of Jesus sounds In a believer's ear ;" or " Sometimes a light surprises The Christian while he sings ;" or "Day of jndgraeut, day of wonders, Hark I the trumpet's awful sound?" See Newton, John. And the English language itse…
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In this later period of English hj-mnology many and verj' sweet have been the singers and their sacred songs. There is Henry F. Lyte, the rector of Brixham (1793- 1847), author of ' ' Jesus, I my cross have taken," and of those delightful "hymns from beneath the cloud," "My spirit on thy care, blest Saviour, I recline,…
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To the late Dr. James W. Alexander (q. v.) we owe the best version in our language of Gerhardt's imper- ishable hjTnn, " Oh sacred head ! now wounded." One of the most chaste and fervid of our hymn-writers was the late Dr. George W. Bethune (q. v.), author of " It is not death to die," " Oh Jesus, when I think of thee…
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Hypatius of Gaxgra, a distinguished member of the Council of Nice, of whose life but little is known, was stoned to death ilarch 31, 327, in a pass near Gan- gra, by a gang of Novatian ruffians, in all probability on account of the opposition which he had manifested to- wards the Novatians (q. v.) at the council. See S…
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HYPERIUS 448 HYPOCRISY the Papists call the mateniity of God, and other emi- nent gifts, and her supereminent sanctity ; dulia is wor- ship paid to saints on account of their sanctity." These distinctions are too refined for the common people ; and it is greatly to be feared that multitudes worship the Virgin instea…
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Hypocrisy (hnoKoiaic, ; but in James v, 12, two words, i'-Ko K{:iaiv,&& the A. V. justly) is the name for the successful or misuccessful endeavor of a person to impart to others, by the expression of his features or gestures, by his outward actions, and, in fine, by his whole appearance, a favorable opinion of his prin…
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counterbalanced by the fact that the hj'pocrlte recog- nises at least a divine law and judgment; lie is still alive to the consciousness of the incongruity of his state of mind and heart with this divine law ; but yet hypoc- risy, as a permanent untruthfulness, as a systematic de- ceit, as a life in dissimulation, must…
1,011 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.