PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 1141
7. From the rebuilding by Hadrian the history of Je- rusalem is almost a blank till the time of Constantine, when its history, as a place of extreme solicitude and interest to the Christian Church, properly begins. Pil- grimages to the Hoi}' City now became common and popular. Such a jiilgrimage was undertaken in A.D. …
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8. Jerusalem remained in possession of the Arabians, and was occasionally visited by Christian pilgrims from Europe till towards the year 1000, when a general belief that the second coming of the Saviour vras near at hand drew pilgrims in unwonted crowds to tlie Holy Land, and created an impulse for pilgrimages thither…
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I 9. From this time Jerusalem appears to have sunk I very much in political and military importance, and it is scarcely named in the history of the jMameluke sul- tans who reigned over Egypt and the greater part ot Syria in the 14th and 15th centuries. At length, with ' the rest of Syria and Egypt, it passed under the …
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(3.) The hiU A era is so called by Josephus, who says it " sustained the Lower City, and was of the shape of a moon when she is horned," or a crescent ( War, v, 4, 1). It was separated from another hill (Bezetha) by a broad valley, which the Asmonieans partly filled up with earth taken from the top of Acra, so tliat it…
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(3.) The longest and deepest of the vaUeys outside the walls was the Valley of Jehoshaphat, which ran along the entire eastern and north-eastern side, forming the bed of the brook Kedron. Bespecting the identity of this, the modern name leaves no room for dispute. See Jehoshaphat, Valley or. (4.) On the south side ran…
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(4.) Josephus also mentions a deep trench which was dug on the north of the tower Antonia for its defence ( War, V, 4, 2). The western part of this seems to have been filled up during the siege, in order to prepare a way for the approach of the Koman engines first to the tower and afterwards to the Temple wall (Il'«r, …
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(G.) On the southern side of this wall we next come (omitting " Bethso" for the present) to .Josephus's "Gate of the Ksxenes." Tliis we should naturally expect to find opposite the modern Zion Gate; but as the ancient city took in more of this hill than the modem (for the Tomb of David is now outside), we must look for…
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We may take it for granted that this part of the wall would leave the other at the south-eastern corner of Zion, near the Pottery-gate, where the hill is steep, and keep along the declivity throughout its whole extent, for the sake of more perfect defence. There were stairs in this wall just above the wall that continu…
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(1.) The first point of note in this direction is the Toioer of Furnaces, which may be located on the north- eastern slope of the elevation assumed to be that of Gol- gotha (Neh. iii, 8, 11, 13 ; xii, 38 ; comp. 2 Chron. xxvi, 9) ; and (2.) on the western bank of this entrance of the Tyropoeon would be situated the Cor…
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This will make out the circuit of the general tower of Antonia, the proper castle standing on the south-west corner, and thence extending a wing to reach the tower on the north-west corner; and the two towers on the east side being built up on the basis of the ancient ones. It had gates doubtless on all sides, but, bes…
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AYe must not, however, in this connection, fail to no- tice the famous bridfje mentioned bj' Josephus (A nt. xiv, 4, 2 ; War, i, 7, 2 ; ii, IG, 3 ; vi, 6, 2 ; vi, 8, 1) as having anciently connected the hill Zion with the Temple near its south-west angle. Dr. Robinson (who was in I'al- estine in 1838, and published his…
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4. It remains to indicate the location of other public Double-vanlted Passage helowtheMosq'.ieel-Aksa. (From Lieutenant Warren's Sketch, Dec. 2], lS67,iu Tracings of the "Palestine Exploration Fund.") hnihJinrja and objects of note connected with the ancient city. The topogniphy of the Temple will be consider- ed in …
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(c.) Within the New City— Bezetha.— (I.) The .Von- rnnents q/'kiug Alexander, referred to by Josephus ( War, v, 7, 3) were on the south-west edge of the proper hill Bezetha, nearly opposite the Fish-gate, as the circum- stances there narrated seem to require. This will also agree with the subsequent erection of the sec…
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I JERUSALEM 853 JERUSALEM and encompassing that mountain where Pompoy hail formcrh' jiitched his camp [the extremity of tlie Hill of Evil Counsel], it returned to [i. e. towards] the north side of the city, and was carried [along the south-west- ern bank of (iihou Valley] as far as a certain village called the hous…
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" The surface of the elevated promontorj- itself, on which the city stands, slopes somewhat steejily towards the east, terminating on the brink of the Valley of Je- hoshaphat. From the northern part, near the present Damascus-gate, a depression or shallow wady runs in a southern direction, and is joined by anotlur depr…
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is scarcely fit for drinking. At the siege by Titus the well of Siloam may have been in possession of the Jews, i. e. within the walls; but at the siege by the Crusaders it was certainly held by the besieging Franks, and yet the latter perished from thirst, while the besieged had " ingentes copias aquse." Wa cannot her…
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The ordinary means taken by the inhabitants to se- cure a supply of water have been described under the article Cistern; for interesting details, see Kaumer's Puliistina, p. 329-333; Robinson's Researches, i, 479- 516; Olin's Travels, ii, 168-181; and Williams's IIoli/ City, ii, 453-502. 3. We present in this connecti…
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JERUSALEM 857 JERUSALEM upper part is, indeed, modern, but the lower part is built of larger stones, bevelled at the edges, and apparently still occupying their original places. This tower has been singled out by the Franks, and bears among them the name of tlie tower of David, while they sometimes give to the whole…
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from their size or beauty, are likely to engage the at- tention. Eight or ten minarets mark the position of so many mosques in different parts of the town, but they are only noticed because of their elevation above the surrounding edifices. Upon the same principle the eye rests for a moment upon a great number of low d…
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about his ears he removes into another, and permits rubbish and vermin to accumulate as they will in the deserted halls. Tottering staircases are propped to jire- vent their fall; and, when the edifice becomes uiiteiia- ble^ the occu])ant seeks another a little less ruinous, leav- ing the wreck to a smaller or more wre…
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The Turkish governor of the town holds the rank of pasha, but is responsible to the pasha of Bciriit. The government is somewhat milder than before the jieriod of the Egyptian dominion; but it is snid that the Jew- ish and Christian inhabitants at least Imvc ;iiii|ilo cause to regret the change of masters, and the Anir…
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JERUSALEM, COUNCILS OF 861 JERUSALEM, NE^y 6, The most recent and complete works on motlern Je- rusalem are Dr. Titus Tobler's Zicci Jiiicher Toporjrupkie von Jerusalem und seiiie [/inr/ebiim/en (Bcrl. ISoiJ. et sctj.), which contains (vol. i, p. xi-civ) a nearly full list of all ■works by travellers and others on th…
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JERUSALEM CREED. The early churches of the sacred city are now generally acknowledged to have had a creed of their own, which some believe to have been the production of Cyril of Jerusalem, while others claim that it originated before his time. It has been preserved in the catechetical discourses of Cyril, and reads as…
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while it was inwardly strengthened by the fixed forms of her ecclesiastical character, and by the halo of her episcopal dignity." Of course, people differed in their opinion concerning the proposition. There were many eminent German theologians who doubted the wisdom of afiiliating with the English Church, which they d…
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Jeru'sha (Heb. Yerusha', ii"::^''\^, possession; Sept. 'lepovaci), the daughter of Zadok, and mother of king Jothan, consequently wife of Uzziah, whom she appears to have survived (2 Kings xv, 33); written Jkrushah (n'^^~1', Yerushah', id. ; Sept, 'l(povaa) in the parallel passage (2 Chron. xxvii, 1). B.C. 806. Jeru's…
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5. A Levite named along with Kadmiel as one whose descendants (called '-children" [V inhabitants] of Hoda- viah or Hodeviah), to the number of 74, returned from Babylon (Ezra ii, 40 ; Xeh. vii, 43). 15. C. ante 530. See Nos." 9 and 10. 6. Jeshua (or Joshua as he is called in Hag. i, 1, 12 ; ii, 2, 4; Zech. iii, 1, 3, …
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Jessaeans. According to Epiphanius, the first dis- tinctive appellation of Christians was 'Itfrfffuoi, Jessa> ans, but it is doubtful from whom the title was derived, or in what sense it was applied. Some suppose it was from Jesse, the father of David; others (and with far greater probability of accuracy) trace it to t…
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Jes'ui, Jes'uite (Numb, xxvi, 44). See Isiiui, 1. Jesuits, or the Sonet y of Jesus (Societas Jesit). the most celebrated among the monastic institutions of the Roman Catholic Church. I. Foundation of the Order. — It was founded by the Spanish nobleman Don Inigo (Ignatius) of Loj-ola (q. v.). Thirst for glory caused h…
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plicant for admission. The most important portion of the code, the constitutions, consists of ten chapters, to each of which are added explanations {Declarationes), which, accoriling to the intentions ol the founder, are to be equally valid as the constitutions. Next follow the decrees and canons of the general congreg…
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III. History from 1540 to 1750.— On the death of Ig- natius the General Congregation could not meet imme- diately, as the Spaniards, who were at war with the pope, blocked up the roads to Rome. On June 19, 1557, Jacob Lainez, the most gifted member of the order, was elected the second general of the order. The constitu…
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places became highly prosperous, and attracted a large number of pupils, es()ecially from the aristocratic fami- lies, most of Ivhom remained throughout life warm sup- porters of all the schemes of the order. Under emperor Rudolph II the Jesuits established themselves in all parts of Germany. At most of the courts Jesu…
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numerous and influential than in most of the other Euro- I pean countries. They attracted great attention by their | attacks upon Bajus and the Jansenists, both of whom were condemned" at Rome at their instigation. In the northern provinces (Holland) stringent laws were re- peatedly passed against them, and they were c…
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JESUITS 869 JESUITS 111 France the numerous enemies of the order found a welcome opi)ortunity fur arousiiiij pubUc opinion aj^ainst it in tlie commercial speculations of the .Icsuit Lava- lette, the superior of the mission of Martinique. When, in the war between France and England, his ships were captiured, his cred…
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IV. From Ihe AholUion of the Order until its Restora- tion, 1773-1814. — The suppression of the order in the city of Rome Avas carried through with jiarticular sever- ity by a committee of live cardinals and two prelates, all of them violent enemies of the order. The general, Eicci, his five assistants, and several oth…
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0 JESUITS 1822, twenty-five of them were killed ; but when the insiu-rection was in 1824 subdued by the French, the Jesuits returned. In the civil war of 1834 they were again expelled; in INIadrid a fearful riot was excited against them by the report that they had poisoned the wells, and fourteen were massacred. On Ju…
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The membership of the order, during the period from 1841 to 186G, increased from 3566 to 8l55. At the be- ginning of 1867 the numerical strength of the order was as follows : Assistant's District. Province. | r.lH.iibrs. Priests. 1 It'llV 1. Rome 45d 352 222 2il2 223 443 602 185 (i53 2(53 566 650 702 54G 492 7(!8…
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JESUITS 872 JESUITS families. When, in 1753, the Spaniards ceded seven reductions to Portugal, and 30,000 Indians were ordered to leave their villages, an insurrection broke out, which led to the expulsion of the Jesuits by the Spanish gov- ernment. In Mexico the Jesuits joined in 1572^ the other monastic orders in …
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VIII. Some Errors concerning the Jesuits. — As the Jesuits, by their systematic fanaticism, provoked a vio- lent opposition on the part of all opponents of idtra- montane Catholicism, it is not to be wondered at that occasionally groundless charges were brought against them, and that some of these were readily believed…
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According to the first prologue to the book of Eccle- siasticus, taken from the Sipiopsis of the Pseudo-Atha- iiasius (iv, 377, ed. Migne), the translator of tlie book bore the same name as the author of it. If this conjec- ture were true, a genealogy of the following form would result : 1. Sirach. 2. Jesus, son (fathe…
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The original name of Joshua was Hoshea (^'v^JiS^, sacinrj), as appears in Numb, xiii, 8, 16, which was changed by Moses into Jehoshua {•JVir\'^, Jehovah is his sulratmi), as appears in Numb, xiii, IG ; 1 Chron. vii, 27, being elsewhere Anglicized " Joshua." After the exile he is called by the abridged form of this name…
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JESUS CHRIST JESUS CHRIST surprise on liis part, in surrendering him into the hands of the Koman authorities as a popular insurrectionist. He was sentenced to deatli by crucilixion, as he had often declared to his disciples would be his fate, and suf- fered himself, with calm resignation, to be led to the place of ex…
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In the Church fathers, we find very little that appears to have been derived from clearly historical tradition, but the apocryphal gospels breathe a spirit entirely for- eign to historical truth, and are filled with accounts of petty miracles (Tholuck, Glaubiciirdir/hrit, p. 406 sq. ; Ammon, Leb. Jesu, i, 90 sq. ; comp…
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4. Chronological Data.— a. The year of Christ's birth (for the general condition of the age, see Knapp, De statu temp, nuto Christo, Hal. 1757; and the Church histories of rHcselor, Neander, etc.; on a special point, see ]yiasson, Jani tempi. Christo nascenle rpseratum. Hotterdam, 1700) cannot, as all investigations on…
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The montli and day of the birth of Christ cannot be determined with a like degree of approximation, but it could not, at all events, have fallen in December or Jan- uary', since at this time of the year the Hocks are not found in the open fields during the night ( Luke Ii, 8), but In pens ("the first rain descends the …
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4. The two family registers of Jesus (Matt, i and Luke iii), of which the first is descending and the latter as- cending, vary considerably from each other; inasmuch I as not only entirely different names of ancestors are glv- JESUS CHRIST 878 JESUS CHRIST 6n from Joseph upwards to Zerubbabel and Salatliiel (Matt, …
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(c) If both the foregoing explanations be rejected, there remains no other course than to renounce the at- tempt to reconcile the two family lines of Jesus, and frankly acknowledge a discrepancy between the evan- gelists, as some have done (Stroth, in Eichhorn's Re- pert. ix, 131 sq. ; Ammon, Bihl. Theol. ii, 266 ; Thi…
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in the Christian tradition, and so surpasses the range of the profane conceptions, that we can hardly reject the idea tliat it must have operated to enhance the estimate of Clirist's dignity. It has been suggested as possible (Paulus, Leben Jesu, i, 97 sq.) that the hope had already formed itself in tlie soul of jMary …
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7. Jesus was educated at Nazareth (I lase. p. 57 ; AVcisse, De J. C. educatiniie, Ilelmst. 169«; Lange, J>e prnfertib. ChrM adoU'sc. Altdorf, 1699), but attended no (H.al)bin- leal) schools (John vii, 15). He appears, according to the custom of tlio times, to liave learned the trade of his adopted father (Justin Mart. …
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JESUS CHRIST 881 JESUS CHRIST allow this space to his public mission (compare jMann, Three Years vf the Birth umlDeath of Christ, p. IGl; Priestly, Harmony of the Eravfjelists, London, 1774, ii, 4 ; Browne, Ordo Sieclorum, p. (j;54 sq.) ; although, inde- pendently of all the others, Luke vi, 1 {secoml-Jirst Sab- bat…
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Respecting the characteristics of Jesus's teaching (see especially Winkler, Utber J. Lehrfdhigkeit mid Ldirurt, Leipz. 1797; 'RQ\m,U(b.die Lehrart Jesu u. seiner Apos- tel, Liibeck, 1791 ; IlaufF, Bemerlaingen iiber die Lehi-art . Jesu, Offenbach, 1788 ; H. Ballauf, Bie Lehrart Jesu als rortreflich (jeziifft, Ilannov. …
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results (on Matt, viii, 28 sq., see Paulus, ad loc. ; Bret- schneider, Handb. d. Dorjm. i, 307 sq. ; Hase, Leben Jesii, p. 134 ; on Matt, xxi, 18 sq., see Fleck, Vertheid. d. Chris- tenth, p. 138 sq.), in which respects they are in strik- ing contrast with the silly thaumaturgy of the apocry- phal gospels (see Tholuck,…
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10. Several of the circumstances of Christ's passion (q. V.) are explained under Bloody Sweat, Cross, Li- THOSTROTON, Pi LATE, EcLiPSE, ctc. (comparc McriUii Notce in passion. ./. Chr. Par. 1G22, Frcf. and Lips. 1740; Walther, Jiiris/.-hi.<for. /!,/r,ir/if. iih. d. C, fchlrhte ii. d. Leid. u. Sterl,. c/n-i.^/i r.iv>lai…
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The fact of the return of Jesus alive from the grave (comp. Ammon, l)c rrrn J. C. reviviscentia, Erlang. 1808 ; Griesbach, TJejiiniih. undi Evawjel. suas de resurrecticnte Domini narralimii :< Iniii.o lint, Jena, 1783; Friedrich, in Eichhorn's Biblioth. vii, 2U4 sq. ; Diiderl. De J. C. in vif. reditu, Utr. 1841) is not…
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another figure of Jesus is also mentioned (Nicephorns, ut supr.; this credulous historian names the evangelist Luke as the painter successively of Jesus, Mary, and several apostles), and a certain Publius Lentulu:^, a Ro- man officer (according to one iNIS. a proconsul) is report- ed to have composed a description of C…
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12. It might be an interesting question, had we the means of accuratelj'' determining, how and by what in- strumentalities Jesus, in a hiimuH point of view, attained his spiritual power, or to what intluence (aside from di- vine inspiration) he owed his intellectual formation as a founder of religion (Ammon, Bibl. Theo…
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JESUS CHRIST 886 JESUS CHRIST strove, therefore, on everj- occasion to set this idea itself in a right position before them, and occasionally sug- gested the identification of his person with the IMessiah, partly by the epithet '• Son of Man," which he applied to himse"lf (see especially ISIatt. xii, 8), partly by e…
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For an adequate explanation of the astonishing power which our Saviour exercised over his auditors, and, in- deed, exerted over all who came within his circle of in- fluence, we are doubtless to look to two or three facts which have never yet been exhibited, at least in con- nection, with such graphic portraiture as to…
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(3.) The author of J-Jcce Homo (a work which admira- bly illustrates the human side of Christ andliis religion, altliough it lamentably ignores the divine element in b(!tli ) forcibly points (chap, v) to the fact that the bare miniv/is of Jesus, although they were so public and so stujicndous as to compel the credit an…
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JESUS CHRIST Si 5urc of his destruction (:Matt. ii, 1-12). This attempt was foiled bv the return of the Magi home by another route, through divine intimation, and the child was pre- served from the murderous rage of Herod by a pre- cipitous flight of tlie parents (who were in like manner warned of tlie danger) into Eg…
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JESUS CHRIST 889 JESUS CHRIST maritan female at the well of Jacob (q. v.), near Rhe- clicm, (111 the spiritual blessings of God's true worship- |i(is. Uil to her conversion, with a large number of her lillnw-cilizcns, among whom he tarried two daj^s (John iv, 4-42; prob. December, A.D. '2G). On his arrival in Galile…
994 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.