PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 481
comia were really first instituted under Constantine. | They were under the direct care of tlie bishop himself, and were, until the Middle Ages, oftentimes placed near or incorporated with their dwellings. But they must not be understood to have been, like the hospitals of oiu- own day, one immense building. They consi…
967 wordsSECTION 482Section 482
Hossbach, Peter Wilhelm, S.T.D., a distinguish- ed German theologian, born in Wusterhausen, Prussia, Feb. 20, 1784, was educated at the universities of Halle and Frankfort on the Oder. He was a regular attend- ant at the lectures of Knapp and Niemeyer. After his graduation he studied with great interest the works of Sc…
922 wordsSECTION 483Section 483
iii, 4), especially when the theatre of war was removed ito foreign countries, may naturally have induced Sol- omon (contrary to tlie command, Deut. xvii, IG; comp. senius. Comment, zu Jesa. i, 186 sq.) to add cavalrj' to lis army (1 Kings iv, 26 ; x, 26), which he distributed aong the cities (1 Kings ix, 19 ; x, 26) ;…
1,042 wordsSECTION 484Section 484
HOST OF HEAVEN 362 HOST count of being obliged to violate the Sabbath (Joseph. Ant. xiv, 10, 11 sq., 14). The discontent and party jeal- ousies of the Jews rendered necessary the employment of foreign mercenaries by king Alexander and queen Alexandra (Joseph. Atit. xiii, 13, 5 ; 1-4, 1 ; IG, 2), caUed heavy-armed (i…
786 wordsSECTION 485Section 485
" Lord God of hosts" (Jer. v, 14 ; xxx\aii, 17 ; xliv, 7 ; Hos. xii, 5 ; Amos iii, 13 ; Psa. lix, 5 ; Ixxx, 4, 7, 14). This is a very usual appellation of the Most High God in some of the prophetical and other books, especially in Isaiah, Jeremiah, Zechariah, and Malachi ; but does not occur in the Pentateuch, in the b…
1,368 wordsSECTION 486Section 486
Hostage (n^^"l>Fl, taaruhah', suretyship), a per- son delivered into the hands of another as a security for the performance of some engagement. See Plkdge. Conquered kings or nations often gave hostages for the payment of their tribute, or for the continuance of their subjection ; thus .Jehoash, king of Israel, exacted…
866 wordsSECTION 487Section 487
of the eastern Hottentots, or Gonaquas ; 4. the dead dia- lects of the colonial Hottentots. The substantives have three genders, masculine, feminine, and common ; and three numbers, singidar, dual, and plural. There are no cases ; the adjective and verb are not inflected. The prepositions are usually placed after tlie …
1,033 wordsSECTION 488Section 488
Hottinger, Johann Heinrich, 2, a Swiss Protes- tant theologian, grandson of the preceding, was born at Ziirich Dec. 5, 1681. He studied theology at the unit versities of Ziirich, Geneva, and Amsterdam, and in 1704 was appointed professor of philosophj^ at ^Marburg. In 1705 he became professor of Hebrew antiquities, and…
995 wordsSECTION 489Section 489
Graci qui deutero-canonici vocantur, in ires classes dvi~ tributi (Paris, 1753 and 1754, 4 vols. foL). This work, which cost its author twenty years' labor, was publLshcd by the Congregation of the Oratory at an expense of 40,000 francs. It is very carefully executed, and is printed in two columns, one containing the t…
1,032 wordsSECTION 490Section 490
Hough, John, D.D., 2, a Congregational minis- ter, was born in Stamford, Conn., August 17, 1783. He graduated at Yale in 1802, then studied divinity, and was sent in 1806 as missionary to Vermont, where l.e was ordained pastor at Vergennes in 1807. This pas- torate he resigned in 1812, and became professor of lan- guag…
1,107 wordsSECTION 491Section 491
HOUR-GLASS STAND 367 HOURS There are two kinds of hours, viz. (1.) the astronom- ical or equinoctial liour, i. e. the twenty-fourth part of a civil day, which, although "known to astronomers, was not used ill the affairs of common life till towards the end of the 4th century of the Christian a;ra" (Smith, Diet, of C…
921 wordsSECTION 492Section 492
3. Prime, a service performed at about six o'clock A.1M., " the first hour," mentioned by Athanasius (Ps«. xcii,2; v,3; lix, IG). 4. Tierce or Terce, a service performed at 9 A.^I., " the third hour ;" mentioned by Tertullian with Sexts and Nones (see below), as commemorating the time when the disciples were assembled…
1,182 wordsSECTION 493Section 493
national Church under the sun are so many matin ser- vices said as in our own." It may not be out of place here to add that seven hours formed the basis of the " Primers" (q. v.). " English editions of these, set forth by authority in the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and of queen Elizabeth, show that the English r…
918 wordsSECTION 494Section 494
II. Materials and general Ckaracte7:^ThcTe is no rea- son to suppose that many houses in Palestine were con- structed with wood. A great part of that country was always very poor in timber, and some parts of it had scarcely any wood at all. But of stone there was no want, and it was consequently much used in the buildi…
909 wordsSECTION 495Section 495
The Hebrews at a very ancient date, like the Orient- als, had not only summer antl winter rooms (Jer. xxxvi, 22; see Chardin, iv, 119), but palaces (Judg. iii, 20; 1 Kings vii, 2-6; Amos iii, 15). The houses, or palaces so called, made for summer residence, were very spacious. The lower stories were frequently under gr…
932 wordsSECTION 496Section 496
HOUSE 371 HOUSE Israelites were directed to -write sentences from the Law over I heir gates. SeeMEZUZAir. Over the door is usu- ally llic kiosk (sometime^ projecting like a bay-window), or screened balcony, ludbably the "sum- nur parlor" in which Khud smote the king of Moab (Judg. iii, ^20), and the "cham- ber on th…
920 wordsSECTION 497Section 497
\ ilv> In the bettor class of houses in modern Egypt, the above ground-floor room is generally the aiiarlnient for male visitors, called mandar<ih, having a portion of the floor sunk below the rest, called durM'ah. 'I'his is often paved with marble or colored tiles, and has in the cen- tre a fountain. The rest of the…
986 wordsSECTION 498Section 498
The kitchens are alwaj-s in this inner court, as the cooking is performed by vomen, and the ladies of the family su- perintend or actually assist in the pro- cess. The kitchen, open in front, is on the same side as the entrance from the outer court; and the top of it forms a terrace, which affords a communication betwe…
951 wordsSECTION 499Section 499
There are usually no iloors to the sitting or drawing- rooms of Eastern houses: they are closed by curtains, at least in summer, the opening and shutting of doors being odious to most Orientals. The same seems to have been the case among the IIcbrcAvs, as far as Ave may judge from the curtains Avhich served instead of …
913 wordsSECTION 500Section 500
The roof of the house is, of course, flat. It is formed by layers of branches, twigs, matting, and earth, laid over the rafters, and trodden down; after which it is covered with a compost that acquires considerable hardness when Aiy. Such roofs would not, hov/ever, endure the heavy and continuous rains of our climate …
1,096 wordsSECTION 501Section 501
ward thought is that their houses shall continue forever ;" i. e. that their poster- ity shall always flourish. — Calmet ; Wc- mj-ss. See Hocsehold. House of Bishops. See Convo- cation. House of Clerical and Lay- Deputies. Sec Convocation. House of God, a name frequently ,,7. given to the edifice in which Christian…
1,031 wordsSECTION 502Section 502
Ancient Egyptian Hat Koof supported by a Balustrade. which, although of cramped dimensions, furnish a cool and quiet retreat, not unsuitable as a relief from a clam- orous wife (Pococke, Travels, ii, 69). It is obvious that such a place would be convenient for observation (Isa. xxii, 1), and for the proclamation of ne…
1,270 wordsSECTION 503Section 503
Ho-ward, Bezaleel, D.D., a Unitarian Congre- gational minister, ^vas born at Bridgewater, JIass., Nov. 22, 1753. He entered Harvard College in 1777, and, after graduation in 1781, engaged in teaching, pursuing at the same time a course of theological study. In 1783 h j was appointed tutor at Harvard. In November, 1784,…
916 wordsSECTION 504Section 504
HOWARD 378 HOWARD narrative, contrasted with that enthusiastic ardor which must have impelled him to his undertaking, were not less admired, and he was immediately regarded as one of the extraordinary characters of the age, and as the leader in all plans for ameliorating the condition of that v^rretched part of the …
908 wordsSECTION 505Section 505
Ho'ward, John, a Methodist Episcopal minister, was born of Roman Catholic ancestry in Onslow County, North Carolina, in 1792. His early education was lim- ited, as his father died shortly after the birth of John, and he was placed in a store at the age of twelve. He was converted in 1808, and entered the ministry in 18…
1,224 wordsSECTION 506Section 506
times with a great degree of kindness towards liim, for which, and his prayers for him, he heartily thanked him" (Rogers's Life of Howe, p. 183). In August, l(j.s5, he went to the Continent with lord Wharton, and in 1G8G l)ccame one of the preachers to the English church at Utrecht. When James II published his "declara…
1,020 wordsSECTION 507Section 507
HoTwe, Joseph, a Congregational minister, born at Killingly, Connecticut, January 14, 1747, was edu- cated at Yale College, where he graduated in 1765, the first in his class. By recommendation of the president of his college he was appointed principal of a public school at Hartford, at that time the most important in-…
1,132 wordsSECTION 508Section 508
IIOWGILL 381 IIOYER preacher of the Gospel were abundant and successful, and some of his published works hail a wide circulation in this country, and were republished in England. He was the author oi'J'Jnls of Infant Baptism: — The Cross: —The Covenants: — The Earhj Baptists of Vinfmia: — On Communion : — The Deacon…
925 wordsSECTION 509Section 509
Hovrley, Wii.i.iaji, D.D., an English prelate, was born at Eopley, Hampshire, in 17G5. He was educated at Winchester school, and in 1783 ^^'ent to New C<illegc, Oxford. He was elected fellow iu 1785, became canon of Christ Church in 1804, regius professor of divinity iu 1800, bishop of London in 1813. and, finally, arc…
931 wordsSECTION 510Section 510
Hubald. See IIucBAi.n. Hubbard, Austin Osgood, a Congregational minister, was born in Sunderland, Mass., Aug. 9, 1800. He was educated at Yale College, where he graduated in 1824. He pursued his theological studies under the direction of the Presbytery of Baltimore, teaching at the same time in the academy at Franklin…
912 wordsSECTION 511Section 511
TIUBER 383 IIUBMAYER mainly to the study of jurisprudence, ilcscrvcs our no- tice on account of his Versuche mil Gott zu redeii (sacred songs) (Ileusl. 1775; Tiibing. 1787). He died at Stutt- gardtin 1800. (J.II.W.) Hubei', Kaspar. See HunEUiNus. Huber, Maria, a celebrated mystic, was bom at Geneva in ItitH. She re…
944 wordsSECTION 512Section 512
Hubert (IIit.eiitus), St., son of Bcrtrand, duke of Gnienno, was high in ofiice under Theoderic, king of the Franks, having been a great sportsman, and, accord- ing to tradition, converted by a stag which bore a shin- ing cross between his antlers, and which spoke, entreat- ing him to turn from his gay life and serve t…
1,149 wordsSECTION 513Section 513
2 vols. 12mo). His last work, Le Christianisme en Chine, en Tartarie, et au Thibet (Paris, 1857, 3 vols. 8vo, with map), contains a vast amount of historical information ; but its chief topic is the propagation of Romanism in China. Hue thinks that " the Gospel will soon take in Asia the place now occupied by the philo…
1,000 wordsSECTION 514Section 514
Hiiet, Frannois, a distinguished French philoso- pher, was Ijorn Dec. 26, 1814, at Villeau, France. He was for a time professor at the University of Ghent, and distinguished himself greatly by his efforts to reform modern philosophy upon the principles of Bordas-De- moulin, who aimed to conciliate all the political and…
913 wordsSECTION 515Section 515
Hufnagel, Wiliii:i-:m FitiKnnicir, a German theo- logian, was born at Hall, Swabia, June 15, 1754, and ed- ucated at the universities of Altorf and Erlangen. In 1779 he was appointed professor extraordinary of phi- losophy at Erlangen, and in 1782 he was transferred to the chair of theology as regular professor. In 178…
929 wordsSECTION 516Section 516
Hughes, Jabez, an English divine, bom in 1685, was educated at Cambridge University, and afterwards became fellow of Jesus College. He is chiefly known as the editor of Chrysostom's treatise Tripi Upwavvr^Q, or On the Priesthood (Cambr. 1710, 8vo; 2d edit, in Greek and Latin, with notes and a preliminary dissertation a…
915 wordsSECTION 517Section 517
Hughes, Joseph, D.D., an eminent Baptist divine, was bom in London Jan. 1, 1769. In 1784 lie became a member of the Baptist Church, and entered the Baptist College at Bristol, where he remained as a student till 1787. He studied also three years at Aberdeen, where he passed "SLX. in 1790. In 1791 he became classical tu…
914 wordsSECTION 518Section 518
Hugo OF Breteuil was born near the opening of the 11th century, and was educated as a tlieologian at the school in Chartres. He was made bishop of Lan- gres by king Robert some time in the first months of 1031. Conducting himself in a manner unworthy of his high position in the Church, he was finally accused of ailulte…
932 wordsSECTION 519Section 519
88 HUGO vided into two parts, under the title Chronicon Virdun* erne, a quibusdam dictum Flaviniacense (in Ph. Labbei Bibliotheca Nova, tom. i). The first part of this work, which closes with the 10th century, is trifling and erro- neous, but the second part contains much important in- formation on the ecclesiastical …
938 wordsSECTION 520Section 520
Hugo OF NoxAXT, an English divine, was born at Nonant, in Normandy, in the first half of the 12th cen- tury, and was educated at Oxford University. About lIT.'i he became archdeacon of Lisieux, and, towards 1185, I)i.sliop of Coventry. He was the Romish legate to Eng- land during the administration of the bishops of Du…
995 wordsSECTION 521Section 521
Hugo OF St. Yictor, said to have been count of Blankenburg, Avas born at Ein, near Yprcs, about 1097, and educated in the couA-ent of Hammersleben, near Halberstadt. When eiglitccn years of age he Avcnt to Paris, and joined the Augustines of St.Yictor. He next became professorof theology, and his success as a teach- er…
916 wordsSECTION 522Section 522
order to harmonize the freedom of man with the om^ nipotence of God, between willing per se, and the fixing of the will upon something definite ; making the former free, and the latter bound by the moral government of God. God is consequently not auctor ruendi, but only ordinator incedendi. Hugo was also the first to a…
971 wordsSECTION 523Section 523
Hugonet, Piin.iBEr.T, a distinguished Roman Catholic prelate wlio flourished in the 15th century, was eihicatcd at the universities of Dijon, Turin, and Padua, and succeeded his uncle in the bishopric of jVIa- con. He was made cardinal in 1473 by pope Sixtiis IV, and died at Rome in 1484. See Encycloji. Theol. xxxi, 10…
1,089 wordsSECTION 524Section 524
HUGUENOTS 392 HUGUENOTS de Barri de la Eenaiidie, a nobleman from Perigord. The conspiracy, however, was discovered tlirough the treachery of count Louis de Sancerre, and the court was removed to Amboise. Some of the Huguenots followed it in arms, whence the whole affair became known as the conspiracy of Amboise. Th…
715 wordsSECTION 525Section 525
the hilt of his sword with his hand, he said, " The sharp edge of this will soon cut your edict to pieces" (Smiles, llur/ueiwts, p. 48 ; comp. Davila, Ilistoire des Guerres ci- viles de France, ii, 379). This massacre was the match applied to the charge ready to explode. It was the signal to Catholic France to rise in …
1,386 wordsSECTION 526Section 526
Having failed to crush the Protestants in the open field Catharine, now sought to accomplish her object by treachery and by a general massacre. In her artful way she contrived a marriage between her own daugh- ter Margaret of Valois, sister of the king, and Henry of Beam, king of Navarre, the proclaimed leader of the …
1,122 wordsSECTION 527Section 527
The Jifth war of the Thiguenotf! began under Henry III, the former duke of Alencjon, who became king of France in 1574. In this war the Roman Catholics lost several strong towns, and were repeatedly defeated by the Huguenots. The prince of Conde returned to France with a German army under the orders of John Casimir, an…
1,096 wordsSECTION 528Section 528
HUGUENOTS 395 HUGUENOTS the war against the king, but the latter having obtain- ed absokition from the pope in 15'J5, notwithstanding the eftbrts of the Jesuits, who had sohl their intluencc to Spain, many forsook the league to join the royal standartl, and the duke of Mayeiuie was finally obliged to nialve peace wi…
950 wordsSECTION 529Section 529
The death of Mazarin in 1661 forms, another epoch in the history of the Protestants. New edicts Avere pul> lished, intended to damage their financial interests, and to become impediments to the free exercise of their re- ligion. Thus, in 1662, an edict forbade them to inter their dead except at daybreak or at nightfall…
1,102 wordsSECTION 530Section 530
The edict of Revocation was carried out with rigor ; and but one feeling now possessed the minds of the Re- formed, to make their escape from that devoted land. Disguised in everj' form which ingenuity could suggest, by every outlet that A)uld anj'where be made available, througli every hardship to which the majority w…
1,093 wordsSECTION 531Section 531
Tlie descendants of the Huguenots long kept them- selves a distinct people in the countries to which their fathers had fled, and entertained hopes of a return to their countrj^; but as time passed on these hopes grew fainter, while by habit and interest they became more united to the nations among whom it fell to their…
944 wordsSECTION 532Section 532
Huish, Alexander, a learned English divine, who flourished in the 17th centurj", was fellow of I^Iagdalen College, rector of Beckington and Homlilotton, Somer- setshire. He published Lectures on the Lord's Prager (Lond. 1020, 4to). He was also a verj- superior scholar of exegesis, and a prominent assistant on \\'alton'…
1,020 wordsSECTION 533Section 533
Hulda or Holda (the friendly, or benignant), a German goddess, known in the old legends as "Frau Holle," was originally the goddess of marriage and fe- cundity, worshipped and invoked by maids and wives; she sent bridegrooms to the former and children to the latter. She was represented as a beautiful white wom- an, sur…
1,007 wordsSECTION 534Section 534
Huln, GuiLLAUsiE, a Koman cardinal, born at litain. in the diocese of Verdun, in the latter half of the 1-ith century. He was at one time archdeacon of Verdun, and later of Metz. He was an attendant at the Coun- cil of Basle in 1440, and was one of the supporters of the antipope (Amadeus of Savoy) Felix V, who gave him…
935 wordsSECTION 535Section 535
Human Depravity. See Depravity, Humanists (from the Latin litcrce humaniores, po- lite letters) was the name assumed in the beginning of the 16th century by a party which, with Erasmus and Keuchlin at their head, was especially devoted to the cultivation of classical literature, and which, as not un- frequently happen…
1,104 wordsSECTION 536Section 536
Humbert, a French theologian, was bom at Gcn- drex, near Paris, about the midille of the 13th century. In July, 1296, he was elected abbe of Prulli, in the dio- cese of Sens, and he died there March 14, 1298. He wrote several theological and philosophical works, all of which remain unprinted. His most important work is…
1,325 wordsSECTION 537Section 537
The philosophy of Hume imderwent three revisions, with, however, scarcely any essential change. It has been customary to enlarge upon the acumen and logical precision of Hume, but these qualifications resolve them- selves, on close scrutiny, into mere dialectical subtlety. If his artifices imposed upon others, he was o…
998 wordsSECTION 538Section 538
of what Mr. Hume calls firm and unalterable experience; and that if, in certain circiunstances, we did not give an implicit faith to testimonj^, our knowledge of events would be confined to those which had fallen under the immediate observation of our own senses. Hume main- tained that a miracle is contrary to experien…
919 wordsSECTION 539Section 539
Humerale. See Ajiice. Humiliati, a monastic order founded about 1134 by some Italian noblemen whom the emperor Henry II had sent as hostages to Germany. In 1151 they were transformed into canons of St. Benedict, and as such received the sanction of pope Innocent III in 1200. A corresponding order of nuns was afterivar…
1,290 wordsSECTION 540Section 540
2. "To consider this grace a little more particularly, it may be observed, 1. That humility does not oblige a HUMILITY 404 HUNGARY man to wrong the truth or himself by entertaming a meaner or worse opinion of liimself than he deserves. 2. Nor does it obUge a man, right or wrong, to give everybody else the preferenc…
1,203 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.