PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 1321
John III, Pope, a native of Rome, was elected to succeed Pelagius I in 560, and was confirmed by the exarch of Ravenna in the name of the emperor Justin- ian. Like many of his predecessors, he used his powers mainly for the aggrandizement of the I^oman see. He is noted for his interference in behalf of the two French b…
1,209 wordsSECTION 1322Section 1322
pelled the clergy and the nobles „o swear allegiance to Carloman. But no sooner had Rome been cleared f)f Car- loman's friends than the pope himself set out for France, determined no longer to conceal his desire to create fur himself an emperor whom all the world should recognise as absolutely indebted for the crown to…
904 wordsSECTION 1323Section 1323
John X, J\>pe, according to Liutprand (discredited by Milman, Latin Christianity, iii, 1G3), owed his pro- motion in ecclesiastical offices to the dissolute Theodora (q. v.), who, attracted by his handsome figure, made him successively archbishop of Bologna, Eavenna, and finally i)ope (May 15, 914). The profligacy of h…
1,273 wordsSECTION 1324Section 1324
JOHN 981 JOHN" the story of "pope Joan." Comp. Luitprand, Tlistoria Ottonis, in Monum. Ge?-m. Script, vol. iii ; IMilman, Lat. Christ, iii, 175 sq. ; Neander, Ck. History ; Gicseler, Ch. Hist, ii, 350; Eeichel, *S'ee of Rome in the Middle Ayes, p. 121 sq. ; RidtUe, Papacy, ii, 39 sq. (J. H. W.) John XIII, Pope, who…
938 wordsSECTION 1325Section 1325
John XXII, Pope, one of the most celebrated of the pontiffs of Avignon, whose family name was James de Cuhoj-s, was elected pope in 1316, on the death of Clem- ent V. Attempting to carry out, in ver}'^ altered circuni- stances, the vast and comprehensive poUcy of Cilregory VII and Innocent III, John interposed his auth…
1,079 wordsSECTION 1326Section 1326
John (St.), Christians of. See Sabians. John's (St.) Day, a festival to commemorate the nativity „f .John the Baptist. It was observed as early as the 1th century. The birth of John is known to have preceded that of Jesus Christ six months, and June - 1 IS therefore the day lixed upon for this festival. Au- gustine ha…
964 wordsSECTION 1327Section 1327
Johnson, Albert Osborne, an American mis- sionary of the Presbyterian Church to India, was born in Cadiz, Ohio, June 22, 1833. He was educated at Jef- ferson College, Pa., where he was converted, and, on grafl- uation (1852), went to the Theological Seminary at Al- leghany, where he graduated in 1855, and was ordained …
1,255 wordsSECTION 1328Section 1328
JOHNSON 984 JOHNSON 1... flc^h and drinkini' his Woorl in the 6th chapter of I and effective oratory. His eulogy on General \^ ash- .In.'s (iosnel is princii.allv meant of the Eucharist, ington " produced a great sensation throughout the com- s wnbhcation, liaving invJlved him in a bitter con- munity. The exordium w…
1,004 wordsSECTION 1329Section 1329
Johnson, Samuel (1), an English divine, and a learned but violent writer against popery in the roign of James II, was born in Warwickshire in 1649. He studied at St. Raid's School and at Trinity CoUege, Cam- bridge. In 1670 he obtained the living of Corrmgham, Essex, but continued to reside in London, and mingled much …
945 wordsSECTION 1330Section 1330
Dr. Johnson is generally charged with extreme big- otry, and want of charity towards religionists who dif- fered from him. This charge, however, is very unfair in the face of his repeated declaration to the contrary. "All denominations of Christians," he is reported to have said, "have really little difference in point…
906 wordsSECTION 1331Section 1331
JOHXSOX 986 JOIADA was written, he tells us, " in the evenings of a week." But, with all these publications before the public, he did not really emerge from obscurity until 1762, when a pension of ioOO a year was conferred on him by lord Bute; and in the following year occurred an event, ap- parently of little momen…
1,130 wordsSECTION 1332Section 1332
Johnston, John, a Scotch minister, was a native of Aberdeen, and flourished in the latter half of the 16th century. He was, like his relative Arthur Johnston (q. v.), of a poetical turn of mind, but he also served his Church (the Presbyterian) in the capacity of professor of divinity at St. Andrew's College. He died in…
932 wordsSECTION 1333Section 1333
ed KiBZAiM (Josh, xxi, 22), but better known as Jokite- AM (Josh, xii, 22, etc.). Jok'neam (Heb. Yohwam' . ^V'^'^'^, 2wssession of the people; Sept. 'liKora/i, Yulg. Juchunan, Jeconam, Jemam), a royal city of the Canaanites (Josh, xii, 22), situated on the soutliwestern boundary of Zebulon (but not within it [see Trib…
981 wordsSECTION 1334Section 1334
(1.) The Kabbins hold a tradition that Joktan settled m India (see Joseph. Ant. i, G, 4), and the supposition of a Jewish influence in the Arab traditions respecting him is therefore untenable. In the present case, even were this not so, there is an absence of motive for JIo- hammed's adopting traditions which alienate…
1,025 wordsSECTION 1335Section 1335
Jok'theel (Hebrew Yoktheel', ^Xrp^, subdued by God), the name of two cities. 1. (Se])t. '\tx^aS]\ V. r. 'laxaQtifK.) A towni in the plain of Judah, mentioned between Mizpeh and Lachish (Josh. XV, 38). The associated names indicate a local- ity in the district south-west or west of Eleutheropolis (Keil's Comnwntary, ad…
963 wordsSECTION 1336Section 1336
On what portion of the coast Jonah was set down in safety we are not informed. The opinions held as to the peculiar spot by rabbins and other thaumaturgic expositors need not be repeated. According to modern tradition, it was at the spot now marked as Khan Nebi Yunas, near Sidon (Kelly's Syria, p. 302). The partic- ula…
900 wordsSECTION 1337Section 1337
Others reganl this Iwok as an allegory, such as Ber- tholdt and IJosenmiiUer, Gcscnius and Winer. Espe- cially liave many deemed it a parody upon or even the original of the various heathen fables of Arion and the Dolphin (Hcrodot. i, 21), and the wild adventure of Her- cules wliich is referred to iu Lvcophron {Cassand…
918 wordsSECTION 1338Section 1338
JOXAH 991 JOXAH agination seems to be the opinion, variously modified, of Sender, Michaelis, Herder, Stiiudlin, Eichhorn, Au- gusti, Meyer, Pareau, Hitzig, antl Jlaarcr. The plain, literal import of the narrative being set aside with misapplied ingenuity, the sujjposed design of it has been very variously interpret…
782 wordsSECTION 1339Section 1339
(2.) What is said about the size of Nineveh, also, is in accordance with fact (see Pict. Bible, note, ad loc). It was " an exceeding great city of three days' journey." Built in the form of a parallelogram, it made, according to Diodorus (ii, 7), a circuit of 480 furlongs, or about GO miles. It has been usual, since th…
1,159 wordsSECTION 1340Section 1340
II. S!i/le, Date, etc.- The book of Jonah is a simple narrative, with the exception of the prayer or thanks- giving in chaji. ii. Its style and mode of narration are uniform. There arc no traces of compilation, as Nachti- gall supi)osed ; neither is the prayer, as De Wette {Ein- Idt. § til) imagines, improperly borrowe…
950 wordsSECTION 1341Section 1341
JONAH B. -ABRAHAM 993 JONAS also in Latin, Monach. 1672, fol.; Antw. 1681-3, 3 vols, fol.); Ue Salinas, Commmtarii (Lugd. 1652 sq., 3 vols, fol.); Crocius, Commeniarius (Cassel. 1656, Svo) ; Lcus- den, Paraphrasis [Rabbinical] (Tr. ad Rh. 1656, 8vo) ; Petrous, Notm [to a transl. from the iEth.] (L. B. 1660, 4to); *S…
931 wordsSECTION 1342Section 1342
Jonas, bishop of Orleans, an eminent prelate in the Latin Church, nourished in the first half of the 9th cen- tury. He died in 842. Jonas took an active part in the ecclesiastical aifairs of his time, and played no unim- portant part in the Iconoclastic controversy, in which he assumed a mediate course. In his I)e cult…
976 wordsSECTION 1343Section 1343
1. A Levitc descended from Gershom, the son of AIo- ses (Judg. xviii, 30). It is indeed said, in our Maso- rctic copies, that the Gershom from wliom this Jona- tlian sprang was " tlie son of Manasseh;" but it is on very good grounds supposed that in the name Moses (rTr^),the single letter n (:) has been interpolated (a…
945 wordsSECTION 1344Section 1344
JONATHAN 995 JONATHAN spear was to his father: "the bow of Jonathan turned not back" (2 Sam. i, '22). It was always about him (1 Sam. xviii, 4; xx, 35). It is through his relation with David that he is chiefly known to us, probably as re- lated by his descendants at David's court. But there is a backgroimd, not so c…
792 wordsSECTION 1345Section 1345
the whole risk himself. "The day," the day fixed by him (Sept. yi'vtrai ?/ vi-ifpa, 1 Sam. xiv, 1), approached; and without communicating his project to any one, ex- cept the young man, whom, like all the chiefs of that age, he retained as his armor-bearer, he sallied forth from Gibeah to attack the garrison of the Phi…
1,306 wordsSECTION 1346Section 1346
From this time forth we hear no more till the battle of (Jilboa. In tliat battle he fell, with his two brothers and his fatlier, and his corpse sliared their fate (1 Sam. xxxi, 2, «}. B.C. 10o3. His remains were buried first at Jabesh-Gilcad (ib. 13), but afterwards removed with those of his father to Zelah in Benjamin…
918 wordsSECTION 1347Section 1347
JONATHAN BEN-ANAN 997 JONATHAN BEN-UZZIEL ably held only by a weak garrison. Jonathan expelled the inhabitants {rovg uvraq iv avry ; coinp. Josephns, A lit. xiii, G, 3) and secured the city. Jonatlian was jirob- ably a brother of Mattathias (2) (1 Mace, xi, 70).— Smith. 19. A priest who is said to have offered up a…
1,356 wordsSECTION 1348Section 1348
JOXATHAS 9 iii,788 sq.; 'Wolf, Biblioth. Ifebrcea, ii, il59 sq.; Zunz, Die Gottesdientl Vortrage d. Juden, p. G2 sq. ; Geiger, Urschrift u.Ueberseizuiifjen d. Bibel ; Jost,Geschichte d. Juden, i, 269 ; Filrst, Bibliotheca Judaicci, ii, 105, 107 ; Kitto, Cyclop. Biblical Lit. ii, s. v. (J. H. W.) Jon'athas (ItoWiAav v…
1,002 wordsSECTION 1349Section 1349
Jones, Charles Colcock, D.D., a Presbyterian divine, was born at Liberty Hall, Ga., Dec. 20, 1804. While yet a youth he entered a large counting-house in Savannah, Ga., but wdien converted, in his 18th j'ear, he decided to quit mercantile life and enter the minis- try. He prepared for college at Phillips Academy, then …
1,000 wordsSECTION 1350Section 1350
Jones, Greenbury R., a IMethodist Episcopal minister, was born at Brownsville, Pa., April 7, 1784 ; was converted in August, 1803; entered the itinerancy at SteubenvUle, Ohio, in 1818; was ])rcsi(liiig elder on Scioto District in 1821 ; Miami District in 1827 ; Port- land District in 1832 ; but superannuated in that ye…
1,022 wordsSECTION 1351Section 1351
Jones, Joel, a celebrated laj' writer on theological subjects, and jurist by profession, was born of Puritan ancestry at Coventry, Conn., Oct. 26, 1795. and educated at Yale College, where lie graduated in 1817. He was one of the judges of the Pliiladolphia District Court, and later mayor of Philadelphia. In 1848 he wa…
972 wordsSECTION 1352Section 1352
Jones, John Taylor, D.D., a Baptist missionary, was born at New Ipswich, N. H., July 10, 1802. He graduated at Amherst College in 1825 ; studied theology at Andover and Newton Seminary ; and, having joined the Baptist Church in 1828, was the following year ap- pointed a missionary to Burmah. He arrived at JMaul- niain.…
916 wordsSECTION 1353Section 1353
of the xmited churches of Pennepek and Southampton. In the same year he, by request, remodelled the draft of the charter of a college in Newport, R. I., which in- stitution aftcrv,-ards became Brown University. In 1770 he resigned the care of the Southampton Church, and devoted himself thereafter to that of Pennepek, a…
1,349 wordsSECTION 1354Section 1354
Prn'^-^''\ T^ ^'"''^'" ^■'' ^'i^-"»'i=~Tn-o Hymns to Pr"'r^t^■, and L:rtracts from the Vedas. Tlie East In- dia Company erected a monument to his mcmorv in St, ecUonVn" ',''"■* ^ "'"^''^ '" ^^'''-^^- A c^-^Plete To r "'^l'::;™'-'^^' '" 6 vols. 4to, was published bv ladv Jone. in 1,99; and another appeared, in 13 vols.…
903 wordsSECTION 1355Section 1355
2. Uhtonj. — We lind that Japlio or Joppa was situa- ted in the portion (if Dan (Josh, xix, 4()), on the coast towards the south, and on a hill so high, says Strabo, that people affirmed (but incorrectly) that Jerusalem •was visible from its summit. Having a harbor attach- ed to it — though always, as stiU, a dangerous…
907 wordsSECTION 1356Section 1356
It was at Joppa, on the house-top of Simon the tan- ner, "by the sea-side" — with the view therefore cir- cumscribed on the east by the high ground on which the town stood, but commanding a boundless prospect over the western waters — that the apostle Peter had his " vision of tolerance," as it has been happilj^ design…
1,268 wordsSECTION 1357Section 1357
Palestine and Sj-ria; its pomegranates and watermelons are likewise in high repute, and its gardens and orange and citron groves deliciously fragrant and fertile. But among its population are fugitives and vagabonds from all countries ; and Europeans have little security, wheth- er of life or property, to induce a perm…
1,006 wordsSECTION 1358Section 1358
2. Sources. — The snows that decjily cover Hermon during the whole winter, and that still cap its glittering summit during the hottest days of summer, are the real springs of the Jordan. They feed its perennial foun- tains, and they supply from a thousand channels those superaliinidant waters which make the river " ove…
903 wordsSECTION 1359Section 1359
Lake of Tiberias 650 ft. depression. Dead Sea 1312 There may be some error in the elevations of the foim- tains as here given. Lake Huleh is encompassed by a great plain, extending to Dan ; and as it appears to the eye almost level, it is difficult to believe that there could be a difference of 500 feet in the elevat…
980 wordsSECTION 1360Section 1360
Down the midst of the plain winds a ravine, varying from 200 yards to half a mile in breadth, an<l from 40 to loO feet n, .lepth. Through this the Jordan flows in a tortuous course, now sweeping the western, and now the eastern bank ; now making a wide, gracefid curve, and now doubling back, but everywhere fringed by …
915 wordsSECTION 1361Section 1361
Below the .Jabbok the fall of the river is still greater than above, but there is less obstruction from rocks and cliffs. The jungles along the banks become denser, the sides of the river glen more regular, and the plain above more dreary and desolate. On approaching the Dead Sea, the plain of the Jor- dan attains its…
927 wordsSECTION 1362Section 1362
At Succoth is one of the best and most important fords over the Jordan. Here Jacob crossed with his cattle. This, too, is possibly the Bethbarah, " house, or ford of passage," where the Israelites intercepted the routed :Midianites (Judg. vii, 2-i), and it was probably here that the men of Gilead slew the Ephraimites (…
979 wordsSECTION 1363Section 1363
The passage of the river by king David in his flight from Absalom has one peculiarity — a. ferry-boat was used to convey his household over the channel (2 Sam. xix, 18). The passage was probably effected at one of the fords in the plain of Jericho. The word rt"iZ3> simply signifies a thing for crossing; it may have bee…
1,014 wordsSECTION 1364Section 1364
Arab tribes — so savage as scarcel}-- to be considered ex- ceptions— humanity had become extinct on its banks. Such, then, is the river Jordan, without any parallel, historical or physical, in the whole world. A complete river beneath the level of the sea ! Disappearing in a' lake which has no outlet, which could have…
890 wordsSECTION 1365Section 1365
Joris (really Joriszoon, i. e. Georg'sson, hence also trailed Georgii), David, founder of an Anabaptist sect of the 16th century, known under the name oi Davidists, or more generally under that of Jorists, himself altogether a most extraordinary character, was born either in 1501 or 1502, at Delft, in Holland, or, as N…
1,239 wordsSECTION 1366Section 1366
JORIS 1011 JORNANDEZ until he felt safe nowhere. Suddenly we meet in Switz- erland, in the city of Basle, a person by the name of John of Bruges, the owner of real estate iu the town and in the country, a peaceable and good citizen, a com- municant in the Keformed Churcli, who hail come to Basle with his family in t…
903 wordsSECTION 1367Section 1367
Of his 250 books and 1000 letters, the most important is his Book of Miracles, which appeared at Deventer in 1542, under the title of Wonderhoeck, etc. (2d cd. 1551, folio). A list of all his writings, and a very elaborate statement of his life and work, were written by Prof. Nippolt, of Heidelberg University, in the Z…
1,278 wordsSECTION 1368Section 1368
and miscellaneous (Lond. 1790, 2 vols. 8vo) : — Miscella- neous Observations upon Authors, ancient and laodeiTi (1731, 2 vols. 8vo) : — On Covetousness (Tracts of Angl. Fathers, iv, 226) ; and Remarks on Ecclesiastical His- tory, a work which is universally allowed to be curious, interesting, and impartial ; full of ma…
884 wordsSECTION 1369Section 1369
1. Joseph had reached his seventeenth year, having hitherto been engaged in boyish sports, or aiding in pastoral duties, when some conduct on the part of " the sons of Bilhah and the sons of Zilpah, his father's wives," seems to have been such as, in the opinion of Joseph, to require the special attention of Jacob, to …
958 wordsSECTION 1370Section 1370
The Hebrew race have always been remarkable for personal beauty, of which Joseph seems to have had an unusual share. This fact explams, though it cannot palliate, the conduct of Potiphar's wife, who, with the well-known profligacy of the Egyptian women, tried ev- ery means to bring the pure-minded youth to fulfil her i…
1,036 wordsSECTION 1371Section 1371
ners of the ancient Egyptians as represented on their monuments. On the authority of Herodotus and oth- ers, it was long denied that the vine grew in I.gypt; and if so, the imagery of the butler's dream would hard- ly have been ajiiiropriate. Wilkinson, however, has sho^vn beyond a question that vines did grow in Egypt…
924 wordsSECTION 1372Section 1372
After the famine had lasted for a time, apparently two years, there was " no bread in all the land ; for the fam- ine [was] very sore, so that the land of Egypt and [all] the land of Canaan fainted by reason of the famine. And Joseph gathered up all the m«ncy that was found in the land of Egypt, and in the land of Cana…
1,237 wordsSECTION 1373Section 1373
At length Jacob consents to Benjamin's going in com- pany with his brothers : "And God Almighty give you mercy before the man, that he may send away your oth- er brother and Benjamin. If I be bereaved of my chil-- dren, I am bereaved" (ver. 14). Thus provided, with a present consisting of balm, honey, spices, and mjTrh…
1,134 wordsSECTION 1374Section 1374
]\Iost natural and impressive is the scene also which ensues, in which Josei)h, after informing his brethren who he was, and inciuiring, first of all, " Is my father alive?" expresses feelings free from the slightest taint of revenge, and even shows how, luider divine Provi- dence, the conduct of his brothers had issue…
1,050 wordsSECTION 1375Section 1375
7. The character of Joseph is wholly composed of great materials, and therefore needs not to be minutely portrayed. We trace in it very little of that balance of good and evil, of strength and weakness, that marks most things human, and do not anywhere distinctly dis- cover the results of the conflict of motives that g…
905 wordsSECTION 1376Section 1376
2. The father of Igal, which latter was the Issachar- ite " spy" to explore Canaan (Xumb. xiii, 7). B.C. ante 1657. 3. The second named of the sons of Asaph, appointed head of tlie first division of sacred musicians bv David (1 Chron. XXV, 2, 9). B.C. 1014, 4. The son of Jonan, and father of Judah or Adaiah, among Ch…
991 wordsSECTION 1377Section 1377
JOSEPH 1019 JOSEPH sent the infant according to the law, and there heard the prophetic words of Simeon as he held him in his arms. When the wise men from the East came to Beth- lehem to worship Christ, Joseph was there ; and he went down to Egypt with them by night, when warned by an angel of the danger which threat…
1,226 wordsSECTION 1378Section 1378
It is not easy to determine when Joseph died. That event may have taken place before Jesus entered on his public ministry. This has been argued from the fact that his mother only appeared at the feast at Cana in Galilee. The premises, however, hardly bear out the inference. With more force of argument, it has been alle…
910 wordsSECTION 1379Section 1379
19. Surnamed Bausabas (q. v.), one of the two per- sons whom tiie primitive Church, immediately after the resurrection of Christ, nominated, praving that the Holy Spirit would show which of them should enter the apos- tolic band in place of the wretched .hi.ias. ()„ the lots being cast, u proved that n..t Joseph, but M…
1,186 wordsSECTION 1380Section 1380
Joseph ben-Chija (in the Talmud simply styled Rabbi Joseph), one of the gTcatest of Israel's Rabbis, was born in Babylon about A.D. 270. Rabbi Joseph was a disciple of Jehudah ben-Jecheskel, the founder and pres- ident of the college at Pumbadita, and a fellow-student and intimate lifelong friend of the celebrated Rabb…
1,007 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.