PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 1441
V. Object, Contents, and Errors inveirihed of/ainst. — The purpose which the writer had in view is stated by himself. After the inscription, he says that, intending to write "of the common salvation," he found himself, as it were, compelled to utter a solemn warning in de- fence of the faith, imperilled by the evil con…
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apparently emanated from Palestine, and (if the above date be correct) from Jerusalem, it may in some sort be regarded as an echo of Peter's admonitions uttered not long before at the Koman capital. This question wiU be more fully examined under Petek, second Epistle OF. VIIL Apocryphal Quotations. — This epistle pre…
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IX. Commentaries.— ^^edsl exegetical helps on the whole Epistle of Jude exclusively are the following, of which we designate the most important by an asterisk prefixed : Didymus Alexandrinus, In Ep. Judce (in Bibl. Max. Patr. v ; and Bihl. Pair. Gallandii, vi) ; Bede, Ex- positio (in 0pp. v) ; Luther, Auslegiimj (Witte…
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I. Earliest Forms and Characteristics of the Magiste- rial Office among the Ilebreics.,— The administration of justice in all early Eastern nations, as among the Arabs of the desert to this day, rests with the patriarchal se- niors, the judges being the heads of tribes, or of chief houses in a tribe. (The expression IS…
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judges, or their successors, as chosen by Mo.ses; 2dly, any surjilus left of patriarchal seniors when these were taken out (as has been shown from Deut. i, 15, IG) from that class; and, 3dly, the Levites. On what principle the non-Levitical judges were chosen after divine super- intendence was interrupted at Joshua's d…
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II. Peculiar Traits and Functions of the "Judges''' in the Period designated hy their Rule. — The station and office of these shophetim are involved in great obscurity, partly from the want of clear intimations in the history in which their exploits and government are recorded, and partly from the absence of parallels …
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JUDGE 1071 JUDGE for its exercise had passed away, and in no case could this unwonted supremacy be retained beyond a limited time (Livy.ix, 34) ; but the Hebrew judge remained in- vested with his high authority the whole period of his life, and is therefore usually described by the sacred his- torian as presiding to…
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See generally Buddei Hist. V. T. i, 939 sq. ; Zeltner, De adolescentia reip. Israel. (Altorf, 169G); Bauer, Heb. Oesch. ii, 34 sq. ; Hess, Gesch. Josiia's v. d. Heerjuhrer (ZUr. 1779), ii ; Paulus, Theol.-exeget. Conservator, ii, 180 sq. ; Doring, Das Zeitalfer der Eichter (Freibiurg, 1883) ; Ewald, Isr. Gesch. ii, 3G2…
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One more change is noticeable in the pre-Babylonian period. The " princes" constantly appear as a powerful political body, increasing in mflueuce and privileges, and having a fixed centre of action at Jerusualem, till, in the reign of Zedekiah, they seem to exercise some of the duties of a privy councD, and especially …
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For other matters relating to some of the processes of law, see Oath ; Officer, Thial; Witness, etc. Judges, Book of, the third in the list of the histor- ical compositions of the O. T. (counting the Pentateuch as one), or the seventh of the separate books. In tlie following account we freely avail ourselves of the ar…
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A closer inspection, however, discloses a more interior, and therefore truer arrangement of this, the main part of the book, and one better calculated to bring out the theocratic government of God, which, as we have seen in the preceding article, was the cardinal idea of the of- fice known as that of " the Judges." Mos…
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3. .l«.l/V>m/ix (chap, xvii-xxi). This part has no formal connection with the preceding, and has often, but unnecessarily, been assumed to have been added by a later band. No mention of the judges occurs in it. It coniaiiis allusions to '■ tlie house of God," the ark, and the high-priest. The period to which the narrat…
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IV. Sources of the Materials. — Parts of the work are undouljtedly taken from ancient records and genealogies, others from traditions and oral information. From an- cient authentic documents are probably copied the song of Deborah (chap, v), the beautiful parable of Jotham ix, 8-15), and the beginning of Samson's epini…
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VI. Fetation to other Books of Scripture. — This is somewhat connected with the topics discussed under the preceding and foUoAving heads. The coincidences wth the two adjoining Biblical books, hov.ever, are so strik- ing as to call for a distinct notice. \. Relatio7i to the Booh of .Joshna. — Josh, xv-xxi must be comp…
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to prove a particular theme, but a complete history. The orthography of the book of Ezra, with many phrases characteristic of his age, do not appear in the book of Judges. The prefix d occurs, indeed (v, 7 ; vi, 17 ; vii, 12 ; viii, 26) ; but this cannot be referred to in proof that the language is of the time of Ezra,…
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VIII. Canonidty and Credihilifij. — The book was pub- lished at a time when the events related were generally known, and when the veracity of the author coidd be ascertained by a reference to the original documents. Several of its narratives are confirmed by the books of Samuel (comp. Judg. iv, 2 : vi, 14 ; xi, with 1 …
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JUDGES, BOOK OF 1078 JUDGES, BOOK OF ral, they are far from fabulous. Considering the very remote period at wliich our book was written— consid- ering also the manner of viewing and describing events and persons which prevailed with the ancient Hebrews, and which verj- much differs from that of our age- taking, more…
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In order to weaken the force of Paul's statement in Acts xiii, 20, which confirms the consecutiveness of the judgeships, recourse has been had to a various reading of that passage, by which it may be rendered, " When he had destroyed seven nations in the land of Canaan, he divided their land to them by lot in about 450…
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1835, 1842, 8vo); Herzfcld, Chronoloi/ia, etc. (Berol. 1836, 8vo); *BeTtheiiu, ErHdrniif/ [includ. Ruth] (Lpz. 1845, 8vo) ; Bush, Notes (N. York, 1852, 12mo) ; Noble, Sermons (London, 1856, 8vo) ; Cummings, /?eaf/2w,«/.? [in- clud. Josh.] (Lond. 1857, 12mo) ; Rordam, Vers. Si/riaco- hexapl., etc. (Havnise, 1859, 4to) …
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.JUDli.AIENT, Right OF Private. The Church of Konie denies the right as claimed by Protestants on the following grounds: that the Church, being assisted by the Spirit of God in searching the Scriptures, having the promise of the presence of Jesus to the end of the world, and having the possession of the unwritten word …
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JUDGMENT 1081 JUDGMENT DAT inquire into the degree of a man's positive belief. A general, hearty belief in Christianity is to be regarded by the Church, not as its starting-point, but as its high- est perfection. To begin with a strict creed and no effi- cient Christian institutions is the sure way to hypocrisy and …
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I. Proof of a general Judgment.— The arguments for this are these: 1. The justice of God requires it ; for it is evident that this attribute is not clearly displayed in tlw! dispensation of things in the present state (2 Tliess. i,G,7; Luke xiv,26). 2. The accusations of natural con- science are testimonies in favor of…
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Eoniau Jud^'i (1 loin a nniqne esimrle \\ ilton Ilou-e ) Judgments ok God. 1. This expression is of fre- quent occurrence in the Scriptures, and its sense is gen- erally determined by the connection. When (iod's judg- ments arc spoken of, the term may denote either the secret decisions of the divine will (I'sa. x, 5;…
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JUDICIUM DEI 1083 JUDITH, BOOK OF where the passage is quoted, as (John xii, 40), He hath bliiuled their eyes and hardened their hearts; which seems to be contradictory to Matt, xiii, 15, where the people themselves are said to have closed their own ej'es ; and so Acts xxviii, 27. These seemuig contra- dictions are …
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In the twelfth year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar, or, as he is called in the Greek, Nabuchodonosor, king of Assj'ria in Nineveh, assisted by the nations who dwelt in the hill-countn,% by Euphrates, Tigris, Hydas- pes, and by the plain of Arioch, king of the Elymaj- ans, made war against Arphaxad, king of Media, who had…
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III. Oriyinal Lanffuage, Versions, Condition of (he Texts, e'f-— That tliis book, was originally written "in Hebrew or Syro-Chaldaic.is distinctly declared by St. Jerome, who says that "Judith is read by the Jews among the Hagiographa . . . and, h, Imj irrhun in Chaklee (Chal- da;o sermone conscript u. >. is re.koned a…
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JUDITH, BOOK OF 1085 JUDITH, BOOK OF ten, ii, 588 sq.). Against this view, however, is to be urged, that, 1. All these monarchs inherited the prov- inces which are described in this book as having been conquered for them by Holofernes, thus precluding the identity of any one of them with Nebuchadnezzar. 2. Nineveh, …
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h. The difficulty of taking the book to record either pre-exilian or post-exilian historj- made Luther view it as '• (( religious fiction or poem, written by a holy and ingenious man, who depicts therein the victor}^ of the Jewish people over all their enemies, ^vhich God at all times most wonderfully vouchsafes. . . .…
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y. A iithor and />rt<e.— The difference of opinion upon this subject is as great as it is upon the cliaracter of the hook. It is not named cither by Philo or Joscphus; nor liave we any indication whatever bv which to form a conjecture respecting its author. But it has been sujjposed by some that it could not have been …
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JUDSOX 1087 JUDSON" feld (ibid. 1858, p. 270 sq. ; 1861, p. 335 sq.), Lipsius {ibid. 1859, p. 39), and Ewald. The fact, however, that there are several records or recensions of the events contained in the book of Judith proceeding from different authors, and deviating mate- rially from each other, precludes the pos…
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JUDSON 1088 JUEL teacher," and, as his missionary prospects seemed favora- ble, though lie went to Rangoon temporarily, he returned to Ava to prosecute his work. AVar brealiing out be- tween the British-India and the Burmese governments, all the foreigners at Ava came under suspicion as spies, and Mr. Judson, with o…
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Judson, Sarah Boardman, was born in Al- stead, N. H., Nov. 4, 1803. She was the daughter of Ralph and Abia Hidl, and was married to the Rev. George D. Boardman in 1825, with whom she proceeded to Tavoy, Burmah, and in liis missionary work shared great dangers and sufferings. Her husband died in 1831. Two of her childre…
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Jukes, Charles, a (Dutch) Reformed minister, na- tive of England (1788), was converted in 1812, and join- ed the Chiu-ch of St. Neots, Nottinghamshire, under the ministry of Kev. Thomas Morall. Filled with pious zeal, he began to preach as a layman, with great acceptance, among the destitute villages within twenty mile…
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JULIAN THE APOSTATE 1090 JULIAN CESARINI ent industry, and executive tact. The eighteen short months of his reign (Dec. 361-June, 363) comprehend the plans of a liic-long administration. He was the most gifted, the most learned, and most active, and yet the least successful of Roman emperors. • His reign was an utte…
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Literature. — Juliani Imperatoris Opera qua siipersunt omnia (ed. by Petavius, Par. 1583, and more completely by E. Spanheim, Lips. 1696, 2 vols, fol.) ; Cyril of Alex- andria, Contra impium Jul. lihri x (which contains the chief arguments of Julian against Christianity, with their refutation), in Cyril's Opera, ed. Au…
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ness and zeal he defended the independence of the council and its superiority over the pontiff, we have al- ready mentioned in the article on Basle, Council op (q. v.). Suffice it to say here that, had the wise and far-seeing policy of the legate been allowed to l)e car- ried out in the name and with the full consent o…
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upon tne work of union when that of reformation be- came impossible. To one who regards his course from this point every stage of his transition from Basle to Florence will become clear and consistent. Everjavhere we shall recognise a careful provision for the exigencies , of the Church, formed from the matured experie…
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Ju'lius ('loiiXioc, for the Latin Julins,the name of an honorable Roman family), the centurion of the im- perial cohort who had the charge of conducting Paul as a prisoner to Rome, and who treated him with much consideration and kindness on the way (Acts xxvii, 1, 3, 43; comp. ver. 11, 31). A.D. 55. — Kitto. "Augus- tu…
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be no longer any need for contention, andPompey.alone would be intrusted with, the responsibility of the Roman government. A decree was quickly passed by the Ro- man senate commanding Cffisar to disband his forces ; but Cresar not only refused to comply with the demand, but actually marched against Pompey, whom he soon…
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Julius II. Rope, Cardinai. deu.a Rovicre, nephew i of pope .^•xtus IV, t.H.k the papal chair after the one month s rule o( Pms IH, in 1503. He was born at Albez- /.ola, near Sayona, m 1441 ; became successively bishop of I (a pe,uras,A bano,Ostia,I5,,logna,Avignon,andMende, ami was finally made cardinal by his uncle, S…
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Jutnenta, cattle. Heretics who denied the resur- rection of the dead were accustomed to bestow oppro- brious epithets on those who persisted in maintaining the truth of Scripture. Sometimes they called them curnei, ani7nales,jumenta, carnal, sensual, cattle ; also lit- tei, earthy, etc.— Farrar, Eccles. Diet. s. v. Ju…
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Ju'niper (OnH, ro'them, prob. so called from its use in binding; Sept. in 1 Kings xix, 4, 'PdBafi v. r. 'P«^- fiiv; in verse 5, ^vt6v\ in Job xxx, 4, 'ivXov; in Psa. cxx, 4, iprifiiKoQ; \u\g. Junipenis, but in Psa. cxx, 4, desolatorius), a shrub or tree mentioned as affording shade to Elijah in his flight to Horeb (1 K…
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He states that whole plains are sometimes covered with this shrub, and that such places are favorite places of pasturage, as sheep are remarkably fond of the pods. Lord Lindsay again, while travelling in the middle of the valleys of Mount Sinai, says, "■ The rattam, a species of broom, bearing a white flower, deli- cat…
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Junius, Pranciscus (Francois Du Jon), an emi- nent French Protestant theologian, was born at Bourges in 1545. He studied law at first, but embracing the principles of the Reformation, for which his father suf- i'ered persecution, he removed to Geneva in 1562, to stud J' the dead languages and theologj'. In 1565 he took…
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Juno, the Roman name of the queen of heaven, essentially identical with the Grecian //era. Juno was the daughter of Kronos (Saturn) and Rhea. She was the highest and most powerful divinity of the Greeks and Romans next to Jupiter (the Greek Ztvq), of whom she was the sister and wife. Argos and Samos claimed the honor o…
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JUPITER 1099 JUPITER the laws of their fathers, and not to live after the laws of Goil ; and to pollute also the Temple in Jeitusalem, and to call it the temple of Jupiter Olympius (dioc 'OXvfnriov), and that in Gerizim, of Jupiter the defend- er of strangers (Sept. Awf 'Ztviov ; Vulg. hospitalis), as they did desir…
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2. The appearance of the gods upon earth was very commonly believed among the ancients. Accordingly we find that Jupiter and I^Iercury are said to have wan- dered in Phrygia, and to have been entertained by Bau- cis and Philemon (Ovid, Mel. viii, 611 sq.). Heiice the people of Lycaonia, as recorded in Acts (xiv, 11), c…
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destitute of truth ; the great object of Bossuet being, it would appear, to charge his antagonist with holding the heretical opinions of the Socinians (Bossuet, //isf.rfes Va- riations, iv, 64 ; V, 236-238). With all these defects, Ju- rieu stands deservedly high as a controversialist. His learning was most profomid; h…
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Jus primarum precum. See Expectancy. Justel, Christopher, an eminent French Protes- tant canonist, was l)0)u at Paris in 1580. He became counsellor and secretary to the king of France, and died in 1649. He is said to have been one of the most learned men of the Middle Ages, and, according to Haag, one of those whose w…
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JUSTICE 1102 JUSTIFICATION 5, C ; Heb. xii, 29) ; 3. From sin being punished in Christ, the 'surety of his people (1 Pet. iii, 18)-, 4. From all the various natural evils which men bear in the present state. The use we should make of this doctrine is this : 1. We should learn the dreadfid nature of sin, and the inev…
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The originating cause of justification is the free grace and spontaneous love of God towards fallen man (Kom. i, 5 ; iii, 24 ; Tit. ii, 1 1 ; iii, 4, 5). Our Lord Jesus Christ is the sole meritorious cause of our justification, inas- much as it is the result of his atonement for us. The sacrificial death of Christ is a…
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3. Doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Af/es.—The. Scholastics regarded faith as an ac- ceptance of the supersensual as far as it belongs to re- ligion, ditfering both from intuition and from knowl- edge; and although essentially of a theoretic character, yet conditioned by the consent of the will, …
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JUSTIFICATION^ 1104 JUSTIN changed something in man, and indeed presupposed it as changed. Hollaz pronounced this doctrine openly and i)icautiously, while Quenstedt designated these preced- ing acts as'merely preparatory to conversion. 5. Doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church since the nf/ormation.—Thc Council of T…
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Justin, surnamed the Philosopiher, or, more generally, the Martyr, of whom Eusebius {Hist. Eccles. 1. iv, c. 11) says that he overshadowed all the great men who illu- minated the 2d century by the splendor of his name, was born towards the close of the apostolic age, that is, the beginning of the 2d century. He was the…
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IV.— A AAA Grmc. c. 13,34), and he appears to have made the pro- fession of a philosopher subservient to this jjurpose {Di- alog, cum Tri/pli. init. ; Eusebius, Jlist. Eccl. iv, 11 ; Pho- tius, Bibl. cod. 125). According to what is commonlj' deemed the ancient record of his martyrdom (though Papebroche regards this as…
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as liis second Apology, is one of the most interesting remains of Christian antiquity. It is adcb-essed to the emperor Antoninus Pius, and to his adopted sons " Ve- rissimus the PhUosopher," afterwards the emperor M. Aurelius, and " Lucius the Philosopher" (we foUow the common reading, not that of Eusebius), aftenvards…
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JUSTIN" 1107 JUSTIN aXoyog, Cum Tryphone Jiidao Dialogus. Tliis dialogue, in which Justin defends Christianity against the objec- tions of Trj'pho, professes to be the record of an actual discussion, held, according to Eusebius {Ilist. Eccles. iv, 18), at Ephesus. Trypho describes himself as a Jew, " Hying from the …
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(2.) Disputed or Doubtful Works. — 4. Aoyoc ffpot,- "EWiji'ac, Oratio ad Grcucos. " If this is indeed a work of Justin, which we think very doubtful, it is probably that described by Eusebius (IJist.L'ccl. iv, 18) as treat- ing TTspl rj}c TUiV caifiovojv (pvfftwg (compare Photius, Bibl. cod. 125), and by Jerome {De Vii…
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tors, placed among the works of doubtful genuineness. But it is now generally allowed that the precision of its orthodoxy, and the use of various terms not in use in Justin's time, make it evident that it was written at any rate after the commencement of the Arian controversy, and probably after the Nestorian, or even …
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Theological Vieu-s. — Of the more striking pecxdiarities of Justin's theological system, we present the reader a short but faithful summary from the pen of the late professor C. E. Stowe : " There is in every man a germ of the divine reason, a seed of the Logos, whereby man is related to God, and becomes capable of fo…
1,037 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.