PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 121
Philosophy. — Hartley neither proclaimed nor pro- duced any scheme of specidation, nor did he pretend that his views were characterized by any marked de- gree of originality. He investigated and endea\-ored to explain certain phenomena of the human mind, and to discover the machinery of thought. He has be- queathed a d…
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Literature. — Hartley, Ohsei-vaiions on Man, his Frame, his Duty, his Expectations, with Notes and Additions by Herman Andrew Pistorius (Lond. 1791, 3 vols. 8vo). An abridgment of the original edition had been jiublished by Dr. Priestley (Lond. 1775), with the omission of the doc- trine of vibrations and vibratimicides…
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HanVmaph (lieh.Chani7na2}h',t]'0^'^Tj,snuh-nosed; Sept. 'EpwyUfi^ v. r.'Eptuj[jo3)," father" of Jedaiah, which latter was one of the priests who repaired part of the ■ walls of Jerusalem (Neh. iii, 10). B.C. ante 44G. Ha'ruphite (Heb. ChampM', iS^nrt.with the art.; for which the IMasoretic margin more correctly reads …
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TLlfK, Harwood, Edwakd, a learned Unitarian minister, was born in 1729 in Lancashire. In 1754 he became master of a school at Congleton, in Cheshire, from whence he removed in 1765 to Bristol, where he was ordained over a Presbyterian congregation. In 17G8 he obtained his degree of D.D. from Edinburgh, tlirough the in…
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2. (Sept. 'Aaava, Eng. Vers. " Senuah.") Father of HASHABIAH 95 HASPEYA Judah, which latter was " second over the city," after the return from Babylon (Neh. xi, 9). B.C. cir. 440. Hashabi'ah (Ileb; Chashahjah', n^::rn [and in 1 Chron. xxv, o ; xxvi, 20 ; 2 Chron. xxxv, 9, the pro- lono-ed fonn Chushahija'hu, ^liT^…
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2. A person who repaired part of the walls of Jerusa- lem opposite his house (Neh. iii, 21) ; perhaps the same with the foregoing. B.C. 446. 3. " Son" of Pahath-]Moab, and one of those who re- paired part of the walls of Jerusalem (Neh. iii, 11). B.C. 446. He is probably the same with one of the chief Israelites who j…
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Hate (properly N5b,/j((T£w), to regard with a pas- sion contrary to love (Jer. xliv, 4). God's hatred is to- wards all sinful thoughts and ways. It is a feeling of wliicli all holy beings are conscious in view of sin, and is wholly unlike the hatred which is mentioned in the Scriptures among the works of the flesh (Gal…
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Hatto or Otho I, tenth archbishop of Mentz. Tlie time and place of his birth are unknown. In 888 he succeeded Kudolf as abbot of Reichenau, then one of the riclicst monasteries in Germany. He was in such favor with king Arnulf— thanks to his skill and utter want of principle — that he is said to have held at the same t…
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HAURANNE 98 HAVEN by the Arab tribes for pasturage. The surface is per- fectly flat, and not a stone is to be seen save on the few low volcanic tells that rise \\\> here and there like islands in a sea. It contains upwards of a hundred towns and villaijes, most of them now deserted, though not ruined. The buildings …
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Afilnn, < ■,i,up,i;,iu ( Li.nd. 1841). See Brock. Hioumph- inil .Sh-rtrh <f liar, loch (Lond. 1858, 12mo) ; Marshman, Memoirs of Sir Henry Ilavdoch (Lond. 1868). Haven (Cjin, clwph. Gen. xliv, 13, a seaside or "coast," as elsewhere rendered; tin^a, machoz', a ref- ?/7f-, hence a harbor, Psa.cvii, 30; Xiju/(7^ Acts xxv…
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these precious stones could not be found in any conceiv- able locality to support even the most far-fetched and improbable conjecture. That Havilah is tliat part of India through which the Ganges flows, and, more gen- erally, the eastern region of the earth ; that it is t'.> be. found in Susiana (Hopkinson), in Ava (Bu…
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Tlio only method of fixing more nearly the centres of these two divisions of HavUah is to look for some trace of the name yet existing. But, although Oriental names linger with great vitality in the regions where they have arisen, yet the frequent transference of names, caused by trade or by political revolutions, rend…
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Ha'wes, Joei,, D.D., a Congregational minister, was bom in Medway, IMass., Dec. 22, 1 789. His jiarents were poor, and his early opportunities of education were there- fore limited. After his conversion in 1807, lie gave all the time he could sjiaro iVoni his trade to study, and in 1809 he entered lirown rnivcrsity. Du…
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The generic character of the Heb. word nets appears from the expression in Dent, and Lev. " after his kind," as including various species of the Fulconid(e, with more especial allusion, perhaps, to the small diurnal birds, such as the kestrel {Falco tinninculus) , the hobby {Hy- potriorchis subhuteo), the gregarious le…
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Haw^ks, Francis Lister, D.D., an eminent min- ister of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at Newbern, N. C, June 10, 1798. He passed A.B. at the LTniversity of North Carolina in 1815 ; afterwards studied law, and ivas admitted to the bar m 1819. In 1823 he was elected to the Legislature of N.C., and soon became …
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Hay (T^^H, chatsir', grass. Job viii. 12; xl, 15; Psa. civ, 14; leeks. Numb, xi, 15; also a court-yard, Isa. xxxiv, 13 ; xxxv, 7 ; Greek ;^ojd-oc, fodder, i. e. yrass or herbage. Matt, vi, 30, etc., or growing grain, JIatt. xiii, 26, etc.). We are not to suppose that this word, as used in the Bible, denotes dried grass…
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IIAYXES 104 HAZAEL Haynes, Lesii-el, a Congregational minister of Now i:nglan(l, a mulatto. He was bom at AVest Hart- lord, Conn., July 18, 17 Jo, and was educated in the fam- ily of Mr. Kose,'of Granville, jMass. In 1774 he enlisted ill the Continental army, and in 1775 was in the expe- ilition against Ticondcroga.…
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Tlie Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States sustained in December, 1869, missionaries at Port-au- Prince, Cabaret Quatre, and at Cape Haytien. In Port- au-Prince a church and a rectory were erected in 1868 ; the missions of this place and of Cabaret Quatre had to- gether, in May, 1869, 102 communicants. The …
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Hazar- (also H.vzor-) is frequently prefixed to ge- ographical names, in order to indicate their dependence as villages ("i^n, chatser', a hamlet; see Village) upon some town or other noted spot, or in order to distinguish them from it ; e. g. those folio whig. " The word Hazar, wlien joined to places situated in the …
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Ha'zar-shu'al (Hebrew Cliatsar' - ShuaV , "n^rt b^Tr, rilldfje of the jackal ; Sept. 'AdfljOcroiiXa, 'Et7fp- (TovtiX and 'AcipatDaX), a city on the southern border of Judah (Josh, xv, 28; Nch. xi, 26, where it is men- tioned l)ctween Beth-palet and I?eer-sheba), afterwards included in the territory of Simeon (Josh, xix…
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Hazelelpo'ni, or rather Zelklpoxi C^a'sbbrJj shade looking upon me [or protection of the presence, sc. God; Flirst], with the article, i3isbb:Jil, hats-Tselel- potii', strictly, perhaps, rather an epithet, the Zelelponite, q. d. overshadoiced ; Sept. 'l^(ji)\ik(pu)v,Yvi\'^. Aselelphu- ni), the sister of Jezrcel and oth…
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HAZEZON-TAMxVR 108 HAZOR , 280) ; a position far too north- el-Kvdnrah, a large fountain of sweet running water at some distance bevoncl the ridge wliicli boimds the west- ern edge of the" interior plateau of the desert et-Tih (Kobinson's Researchet ward. Haz'ezon-ta'mar (Hebrew Chatsatson'-Tamar', -,-;n yi'^n, V,…
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The name Hazor still lingers in several places around the upper valley of the Jordan (Robinson, B. R. iii, 63, 81, 401). There is one Ilazury on a commanding site above Cffisarea Philippi, and close to the great castle of Subeikeh. Here Keith {Land of Israel, p. 374) and Stanley {Sin. and Pcd. p. 389) would place the a…
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cinity of el-Bepidh (the Bciyudh of Van de Velde's Map, about haif way between Kerioth and Arad). See Nos. 2. and 4. 4. H.VZOR-AMA1I (to be so joined for the same rea- sons as in No. 2), probably identified with Kerioth-IIer- zon (in the Heb. the four names stand "i'l^H ri^np D'^X "liun ^''T\,villa[ies ofCheisron ichi…
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Pornis ot Skulls of different races: I.Ethiopian: 2, Mon- golian ; 3, Caucasian ; 4, jSIalay ; 5, American Savage. Tlie Caucasian family, comprisuig the nations of Eiu-ope, some of the Western Asiatics, etc., have the head of the most symmetrical shape, almost round, the forehead of moderate extent, the cheek-bones ra…
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HEAD 111 HEAD-DRESS comp. Plutarch, Qiicesf. Rom. xiv; Qem. Alex. Pml iii, lOG ; Einphaii. Ifcer. Ixviii, G ; Jerome ad J'Jzech. xliv) ; Init it was otherwise in Sparta (Aristot. Jt/ief. i, 9 ; He- rod, i, 82 ; Xenoph. Lac. xi, 3 ; comp. Aristoph. A n. 1287 sq.) ; and to tlie priests any curtailment oi" it was for- …
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Head-band (only in pi. D'^ITi'p, kkhshurim' , from ^dp, to r/ird), rather a girdle or belt, probably for the waist, as a female ornament (Isa. iii, 20 ; " attire," Jer. ii, 32). See Heau-dress. Headdi. See Hedua. Head-dress. The Hebrews do not appear to have regarded a covering for the head as an essential article of …
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Dirt, of Ant. s. v. Pileus) Smith, s. v. See Boxxet. The monuments and paintings in the tombs of Eg\-pt supply us with numerous forms of head-dresses; and there is no doubt that many of these were the ]irevail- ing costume at the period when the Israelites sojourned there. Among the ruins of Persepolis are found nu- m…
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Hearers {audientes), a name given to a class of catechumens in the early Church who were admitted to hear sermons and scriptiures read in the church, but were not allowed to share in the prayers. The Apos- tolical Constitutions (lib. viii, c. 5) orders the deacon to dismiss them with the words Ne quis audientium, ne qu…
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(2) Note also the following fundamental distinction : The soul is the bearer of the personahty (i. e. of the ego, the proper self) of man, in virtue of the indwelling spirit (Prov. XX, 27 ; 1 Cor. ii, 11), but j'et is not itself thcyje?- son of man; the heart, on the contrarj^ (the "^2 '^l^'l'^lj Prov. XX, 27), is the …
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2. From the foregoing explanations we can deduce the ethical and religious signification of the word fiearf. (1) As the heart is the home of the personal life, the workshop where all personal appropriation and elabora- tion of spiritual tilings have their seat, it follows that the moral and religious development of man…
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(4) ( )n the part of man, the process of salvation begins in the heart by the faith awakened by the testimony of revelation ; which, as giving a new direction to the inner life, belongs entirely to the sphere of the heart, and is de- scribed as a fastening (according to the original mean- ing of "ptXtl), a strengtheni…
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Ilanbiess of heart is " that state in which a sinner is inclined to and actually goes on in rebellion against God. This state evidences itself by light views of the evil of sin; partial acknowledgment and confession of it; frequent commission of it; pride and conceit; in- gTatitude; unconcern about the Word and ordinan…
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He-Ass, "^l^t!!, chamor' (Gen. xii, 16; elsewhere simply "ass"), the general designation of the donkey (Exod. xiii, 13, etc.) for carrying burdens (Exod. xiii, 26) and ploughing (Isa. xxx, 24), being regarded as a patient (Gen. xlix, 14) and contented animal for riding in time of peace (2 Sam. xix, 27 ; Zech. ix, 9) ; …
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scorching heat signifies persecution and destruction. Sa in JMatt. xiii, 6, 21, and Luke viii, 6-13, heat is tribula^ tion, temptation, or jjersecution ; and in 1 Pet. iv, 12, burning tends to temptation. A gentle heat of the sun, according to the Oriental interpreters, signifies the favor and bounty of the prince ; bu…
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Heath, Asa, a Blethodist Episcopal minister, was born at Hillsdale, N. Y., Jidy 31, 177G. His parents were CongiTgatii)nalists. At thirteen he was converted, mi- dcr the ministry of the Rev. F. Garrettson (q. v.). He began to preach in 1797 on Cambridge Circuit, N. York, under the direction of the Rev. Sylvester Hutchi…
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2. But, even in early Jewish times, the tenn goyim received bj- anticipation a significance of wider range than the national experience (Lev, xxvi, 33, 38 ; Deu!.- XXX, 1), and, as the latter was gradually developed dur- ing the prosperous times of the monarchy, the goyim were the surrounding nations generally, with Av…
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3. In modern use, the word heathen (probably a cor- ruption of idviKoq, etJmicus, of which it is a translation; or derived from heaili, that is, people who live in the wilderness, as j^or/an from par/us, a village) is applied to all nations that are strangers to revealed religion, that is to say, to all except Christia…
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The question of the salvation of the heathen has been a subject of much discussion. "The great body of the Jews, from the earliest ages, denied salvation to the heathen on the principle extra ecclesiam noii dari salu- tim. But this is entirely opposed both to the Old Tes- tament and to the spirit of Christianity. Even …
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HEATHEX 122 HEAVElSr aU possible hope of pardon, ami are not in a salvable po- sition in their present circumstances, is to offend the moral sense of tlie thou!,'htful men as well as that of the common multitude. It is worse than denying that an atonement has been made for all mankind, and restrict- in-,' it to the …
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B. Physically treated. — I. Definitions and Distinctions, — The ancient Hebrews, for want of a single term like the KO(T//oc and the mundus of the Greeks and the Lat- ins, used the phrase heaven and earth (as in Gen. i, 1 ; Jer. xxiii, 24 ; and Acts xvii, 24, where "//. and E."= " the world and all things therein") to …
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II. Scripture Passages arranged according to these Dis- tinctions.— This latter division of tlie celestial regions is very convenient and ([uite Biblical. (I.) Under the first head, caelum nuhiferum, the following phrases naturally fall — (rt) " Fowl," or " fowls of the heaven, of the air," see Gen. ii, 19 ; vii, 3, 23…
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2. Closely allied in meaning, though unconnected m origin with D^'OO, is the oft-recurring D'n^, marum'. This word is never Englished heaven, but " heights," or " high place," or " high places." There can, however, be no doubt of its celestial signification (and that in the grandest degree) in such passages as Psa. Ixv…
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4. As the words we have reviewed indicate the height and rotation of the heavens, so the two we have yet to examine exhibit another characteristic of equal promi- nence, the h-eadth and expanse of the celestial regions. These are pfll^, s/tac/i'a^- (generally used in the j3/«;-«r) and 5''p'^. They occur together in Job…
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at more scientific views, although, of course, they re- tained much of the old phraseology, and are fiuctuating and undecided in their terms. Elsewhere, for instance, the heavens are likened to a curtain (Psa. civ, 2 ; Isa. xl, 22).— Smith. See Cosmogony. IV. Metaphorical Application of the Visille Heavens. —A door op…
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b. Among the Jifjuraiive representations we may place the word " heaven" itself. The abode of departed spir- its, to us who live upon the earth, and while we remain here, is invisible and inaccessible, beyond the bounds of the visible world, and entirely separated from it. There they live in the highest well-being, and…
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On this point almost all philosophers are, for the above reasons, agreed — even those who wiU admit of no jwsitive punishments in the world to come. But, for want of accurate knowledge of the state of things in the fu- ture world, we can say nothing definite and certain as to the natiu-e of the positive rewards. In the…
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prehended under the phrase to see God, The image is taken from Oriental princes, to see whose face and to be in whose presence was esteemed a great favor (Matt. V, 8; Heb. vii, 14), "Without holiness, ovdiig o^tTcn Tov Ki'piov." The opposite of this is to be removed from God and from his face. But Christ is always rep-…
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Heave-shoulder (fra^nn pVj, Sept. [ipaxiojv «0ai()s/(oroe) is the name applied to the (right) shoul- der that fell to the priests in the presentation of animals as a thank-offering (Lev. vii, 34; Numb, vi, 20; xviii, 18), which coidd be eaten only by such of their families as were in a ceremonially clean state (Lev. x,…
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HEBER 129 HEBREW " Twice the oifer was declined on account of his wife and chilli, but immediately after the second refusal he wrote (Jan. 12. 1823) stating his willingness to go to India. He congratulated himself upon the fact that no worldly motives led him to this decision. The prospects of use- fulness in so gra…
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Derivation of the Name. — I. From Abram, .1 Jrcc?, and by euphony Hebrcei (August., Ambrose). Displaying, as it does, the utmost ignorance of the language, this deri- vation was never extensively adopted, and was even re- tracted by Augustine {Retract. 16). The euphony al- leged by Ambrose is quite imperceptible, and t…
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111. Hence others (as Jerome, Theodoret, Origen, ■Chrysost., Arias Montanus, K. Bechai, Paul liurg., Jlun- ster, Grotius, Scaliger, Selden, Eosenm., Gesenius, and Eichhom) prefer tracing "^"13" to the verb "l^i', to pass ore?; or the noun ^2^, fke region or country heyonj. By those who favor the former etymology, " He…
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On the whole, the derivation of Ibri (Hebrew) from Kber seems to have most in its favor and least against it. (See on this side Augustine, J)e Cirit. Dei,Yi, 11; Buxtorf, Diss, iii, 27 ; Bochart, riuihri, ii, 14 ; Hottinger, Thes. Phil. p. 4 ; Leusden, PhU. Ihh. Diss, xxi ; IMorinus, De Ling. Primcev. p. G4; PfeifFer, …
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(1.) The predominance of guttural sounds. The He- brew has four or (we may say) rive guttural sounds, descending from the slender and scarcely perceptible' throat-breathing represented by the first letter of the alphabet (X) through the decided aspirate n, to the strong n and gurgling ". To these we must add "i, which …
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(3.) Another prominent distinction of the Shemitic languages is the extent to irhich modifcations of the root idea are indicated, not by additions to the root, hut hy changes within the root. "The Shemitic roots," says Bopp {Comparative Grammar of the Indo - European Tongues, i, 99), "on account of their constraction, …
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(5.) The influence of the imagination upon the struc- ture of the Shemitic languages may also be traced in the absence of not a few grammatical forms which we find in other languages. ^Much that is definitely expressed in more highly developed languages is left in the Shemit- ic languages, and especially in the Hebrew,…
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The Hebrew composition is also extremely ^Jc/or/o? in its character — not the poetry only, but also the prose. In the history the past is not described, it is painted. It is not the ear that hears, it is rather the eye that sees. The course of events is made to pass before the eye; the transactions are all acted over a…
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II. Historii of the Ilebreiv Language.— \. Its Origin.— The extant historical notices on this point caiTy tis back to the age of Abraham, but no fiu-ther. The best evi- dences whicli we possess as to the form of the Hebrew language prior to its first historical period tend to show that Abraham, on his entrance into Can…
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tenacity and aversion to change still more decidedly, the books of the great teacher Confucius being written in language not essantially different from that of his commentators fifteen hundred j'ears later. So we are ini"ormed by a writer of the 15th century that the Greeks, at least the more cultivated class, even iu …
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At what time Chaldee became the dominant element in the national language it is impossible to determine. All political influences favored its ascendency, and with these concurred the influence of that large portion of the nation still resident in the East, and maintaining constant intercourse Avith a Chaldee-speaking p…
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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.