PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 841
3. In the third and last place, however, as above inti- mated, the intermediate state trill not be a period i>f un- consciousness. This might be hastily inferred from the insulation of the spirit from all sources of external knowledge and impression. But it has still left to it the whole inner world of thought and feel…
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2. The above general idea is the l)asis of the Hebrew ^'^'yi, prophet. The prophet is a divinely-inspired seer, and, as such, he is an inteqireter and preacher of the divine will. He may either be directly called by (Jod, or have been prep?.r„'d for his office in the schools of the prophets (comp. Knobel, Der Propketis…
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The ideas of interpres and of itit< rpntniio ^vere not confined among the Romans to saircil siilijcc ts, which, as we have seen, was the case among the (irccks with the corresponding Greek terms. The words interpres and interpretatio were not only, as among the Greelcs, ap])lied to the explanation of the laws, but also…
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G. In modern classification, Hermeneutics " forms a branch of the same general study with Exegesis (q.v.), and, indeed, is often confounded with that science; but the distinction between the two branches is verj' mark- ed, and is, perhaps, suflScientlj' indicated by the et}'mol- ogy of the names themselves. To hermeneu…
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These two modes of interpretation, the allegorico-typ- ical and tlio cdler/orico-mystical, are found in the Chris- tian writers as early as the first and second centuries ; the latter as yvwau:, the former as a demonstration that all and evcrj-thing, both what had happened and what would come to pass, was somehow conta…
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INTERPRETATIOK 627 INTERPRETATION tural interpretations are to be tried as by a touchstone." Art. XX of the Anglican Church : " It is not lawful for the Church to ordain anything that is contrary to God's word written, neither may it expound one place of Scripture so as to be repugnant to another." Scotch Confession…
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After the commencement of the fifth centurj', gram- matical interpretation fell entirely into decay; which ruin was effected partly by the full development of the ecclesiastical system of doctrines defined in all their parts, and by a fear of deviating from this system, partly also by the continually increasing ignoran…
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On the part of the Lutherans were added by Flacius, Clavis Scripture Sacree (Basileae, 1537, and often re- printed in two volumes) ; by Johann Gerhard, Tractatus de Legiiima Script. Sacrce Infei-pretatione (Jense, 1610); by Solomon Glassius, Philologice Sacrce libri quinque (.Jenae, 1623, and often reprinted) ; by Jaco…
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Intervals. See Interstitia. Interventores. See Intercessores. Inthronization is the ceremony of installing a bishoji on the episcopal seat immediately after his con- secration. It is said that in the early times of the Church it was customary for the bishop, after taking possession of his seat, to address the congreg…
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Let it ever be remembered, therefore, that no man or men liave any authority whatever from Christ over the consciences of others, or to persecute the persons of any whose religious principles agree not with their own. See Lowell's Sermons ; Robinson's Claude, ii, 227, 229 ; Saurin's Sermons, vol. iii. Preface ; Locke, …
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The Greek word iiaayiiayi], in the sense of an hvtro- diiction to a science, occurs only in later (ireek, and was first used, to denote an introduction to the right under- standing of the Bible, by Adrian, a Greek who probablv lived in the 6th century after Christ, 'Ai^piai'ov eirra- ywyi) Trie ypatpijc is a small book…
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The dogmatical zeal of the Protestants was greatly excited by the work of Louis Capelle, a reformed divine and learned professor at Saunuir, which appeared under the title of Ludovici Cappelli Criiica Sacra ; sire de ra- riis quoi in reteris Ttstuminti libris occurrunt lectionihus libri sex (Parisiis, 1650), A learned …
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J. (i. Eichhorn, who died at Giittingen in 1827, was formed in the school of Michaelis at (Jiittingcn, and was inspired by Herder's poetical views of the East in gen- eral, and of the literature of the ancient Hebrews in tnrticular. Eichhorn commenced his Introduction when th '. times were inclined to give up the Bible…
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A INTRODUCTION 633 INTROIT * redncfn (Viennre, 1805). This work liasliccn rcpiil)lisli- ed by F. Ackermann, in what aro asserted to lie the third and fourth editions, luider the title of fn/nxhic/io In Li- bros Sacros Veteris Testamntti, iiaibii.i (inidcmiri.'^ dccom- viodata (Vienna;, 1825 and 1839). But tliese s…
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Introibo (Ivillgo in), the word taken from the oth verse of the 42d Psalm (in the Yidgate), with which the Roman Catholic priest, at the foot of the altar, after having made the sign of the cross, begins the mass, and to which the servitor replies with the rest of the verse. The whole psalm is then recited alternately …
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scholar of St. Ambrose, and bishop of Nola, flourished about the year 420) there was much more of the relics of the cross than there was of the original wood. Where- upon that father says " it was miraculously increased ; it very kindly afforded wood to men's importunate de- sires without any loss of its substance." Dr…
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2. But, while the enjoyment of these large posses- sions was undoubtedlj' the primary cause that provoked the distrust and displeasure of sovereigns, the struggle, Avhich at the qjose of the 11th and at the beginning of the 12th century was especially fierce between Germany and England on the one side and Home on the o…
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INVESTITURE 636 INVESTITURE pope might be, in fact, the liege lord, temporal ami spir- itual, of half the world" (IMilman, Lat. Christianiti/, iii, 41C-417). These proceedings of the pope the kings could not, of course, possibly permit without a practical abdication of all their powers, and hence arose the con- flic…
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But it was in Germany that the struggle about in- vestitures was waged most fiercely, and that it also continued longest. Taking advantage of the political troubles which were agitating the countr}'. Paschal used every exertion to detach the Church entirely from the control of the state. '* Not only had Paschal II begu…
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rendered these conditions still more advantageous to the Roman' see by substituting a more general jirdfcs- sion for the feudal oatli (see J. D. Olenschlager, KiU'.n, terunjj d.giildenen Bulk, Frankfort, 1760 ; UrkunduiLuch, p. 19). This measure, to some extent, at least, allayed the ill will which the hierarchical par…
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Invocation of Angels, or the act of addressing prayers to angels, especially to the angel-guardian, pre- vails in the Roman and the Greek churches, as well as in all the different Eastern churches. They hold that angels are sharers of the divine nature, though in a somewhat subordinate measure. In the same manner they …
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As a regidar doctrine, the invocation of saints is taught iu a canon Touching the Invocation, Veneration, and on Relics of Saints and sacred rmarjes, issued by the Council of Trent in its 25th session. It reads as follows : " The holy synod enjoins on all bishops, and others sus- taining the office and charge of teachi…
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turn was encouraged to ask. Then another, and an- other, as the secret was passed about from house to hamlet, and from hamlet to town, and from one country to another, till at length it had spread over Christen- dom." If this was the way in which the invocation of saints was practised, to authorize its admission in the…
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Ionia. It has been suggested that in 1 jMace. viii, 8, for tlie existing reading x'^mw ti)v 'Ivoiki)v Kai Mi'iotiaf, "Iiidiu and Media," should be read x- t- 'Iw- viav Kcii Mvaiav, "loiiit and :Mysia," on the ground that to include India and ^ledia within the domain of Antiochus III is to contradict directly the voice …
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I'ra (Heb, Ira', X'n"'", citizen, othertt-ise u-atchful; Sept 'Ipof, 'lpa,'Qpai, Ei'pa), the name of three of Da- vid's favorite officers, 1. Son of Ikkesh, a Tekoite, and one of David's thirty famous warriors (2 Sam. xxiii, 26; 1 Chron. xi, 28). He was afterwards placed in command of the sixth regi- ment of his troop…
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When Henry Till undertook to make himself the head of the Church in his dominions he met in Ireland with a violent opposition. The opywsition was the more popular as it was intimated that henceforth only such priests as understood the English language would be appointed. The Ijmlishman, George Brown, who' was appointed…
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was unable to achieve anything. The king's lieuten' ant, the marquis of Ormond, concluded peace with the Catholic Irish, who received the promise of religious toleration, and, in return, furnished to the king an army against the Parliament. When, after the execution of the king, Ormond tried to gain the support of the …
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was followed by the ascendency of the more radical Young Ireland party, which did not, like O'Connell, court an alliance with the Catholic Church, but preferred to it an outspoken sympathy with the radical Republic- ans of France, and is on that account not so much inter- woven with tlie ecclesiastical history of Irela…
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Dublin in 1870. The Church will be governed by a General Synod, consisting of a House of Bishops and a House of Clerical and Lay Delegates. The House of Bishops has the right of veto, and their veto prevails also at the next synod ; but seven bishops must agree upon a veto to make it valid. The bishops wiU be elected b…
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the brothers of the Christian Schools have a large num- ber of institutions. The following is a statistical summary of the Itoman Catholic Church in Ireland in 1869 : 1 Uerrv . . . Cloiriler . Raplioe., Armagh Province. Publin Kildare and Leighl Cashel and Emly.. Clonfort . ht;-:: for the priesthood, formerly …
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The Refmined Pn ^liiiUriiui Sijnod of Ireland, consist- ing of 4 presbyteries and 25 congregations, is uncon- nec'ted with the General Assembly. It did not partici- pate in the regiuni donum. United Presbytery or Synod of Mumter.— This body was formed in 1809 by the junction of the Southern Presliytcry of Dublin with …
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lietween the years 1834 and 1861 the Koman Catholic population shows a decline of 1,930,795 persons — the dinVrcnce between 6,436,060 in 1834 and 4,505,265 in 1«61— or nearly a third of what was their entire number in 1«31; and, distributing this loss over the oriiiiiial Vear. Schools. Pupils. Parliam. Grants. Vea…
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witness to tlii.! connection in tlic f,)llowing words: "Those opinions, Florinus, tliat I may speak in mild terms, are not part of sound doctrine ; these opinions ara not consonant with the Church, and involve their vo- taries in the utmost impiety; these opinions even the heretics beyond the Ciuirch's jjale have never…
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vailed in the jirimitivo Church respecting many most important points." Especially valuable, and the most important of all the writings of Irenivus, is liis work 'E\iyxo(: Kal uvaTpoTn) ti^ii: \pevCori>f.wv yvwctwQ, gen- erally published under the Latin title De Refututione et liversione Falsce JScienlm (" A Refutation…
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Besides Adversus llcereses, Irenoeus also wrote, ac- cording to Eusebius, "several letters against those who at Rome corrupted the doctrine of the Church : one to Blastus, concerning schism ; another to Florinus (al- ready alluded to), concerning the monarchy, or to prove that God is not the author of evil ; and concer…
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begotten of the Father, is still, like him, distinguished from the created world, as increate, without beginning, and eternal — all plainly showing that Irenwus is much nearer the Nicene dogma of the substantial identity of the Son with the Father than Justin and the Alexan- drians. If, as he does in several passages, …
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3. The Holy Ghost.— On the doctrine of the Holy Ghost, IrenjBus, more nearly than the Greek Church fa- thers, especially the Alexandrians, represents the dogma of the perfect, substantial identity of the Holy Sjiirit with the Father and the Son ; " though his rejieated tig- urative (i)ut for this reason not so definite…
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5. Redemption. — Of all the Church fathers, Irenaeus was the first who gave a careful analysis of the Avork of redemption, "and his view," says Dr. Schaff {Ch. Jlist. i, 297), "is by far the deepest and soundest we find in- the first three centuries. Christ, he teaches, as the sec- ond Adam, repeated in himself the ent…
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18 und passim) calls the bread and wine, after consecra- tion, 'antitypes,' implying the continued distinction of their substance from tlie body and blood of Christ. Tliis expression in itself, indeed, might be understootl as mere- ly contrasting here the Supper, as the substance, with the Old-Testament Passover, its t…
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10. Teslimomjto the Scriptures.— The influence which Irena'us exerted at this time, and in other controversies that preceded, adds additional interest to the writings of this Church father, and makes especially valuable any testimony that he may have left us on the authenticity of the sacred writings. A leading represe…
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or fewer gospels than these. For as there are four re- gions of the world in which we live, and four catholic spirits, and the Church is spread all over the earth, and the Gospel is the pillar and foundation of the Church, and the spirit of life, in like manner was it fit it should have four pillars, breathmg on all si…
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most inconsitlerable exceptions the canon of both the O. and N. T., then accepted by the Church, was coincident and conterminous with our own." But more than this, by the language which Irenasus uses, we find the Church of his daj^ harmonizing with and justifying the very highest claims that have ever been advanced in…
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Irenseus, a pseudonym for the celebrated Church historian Joiiaxn Kaiu. Ludwig Gieseler (q. v.). Irenaeus, Christoph, one of the most zealous de- fendants of the doctrine of the Flacians, was born at Schweidnitz, near the middle of the 16th century. First a deacon at Ascherslebenj he was afterwards called to Eisleben …
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the acclamations and subscriptions of 350 bishops. They mianimously pronounced that the worship of images is agreeable to Scripture and reason, to the fathers and councils of the Church ; but they hesitate whether that worship be relative or direct; whether the godhead and the figure of Christ be entitled to the same …
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is closely allied to polfimios (q. v.), which, *in its true character, should be but a struggle for peace. For the avvdea/jLos r!ic tiplivin; or "bond of peace" (Eph.iv, 3), embraces all Christians, and the dXijS'tvHv iv uya-Ky, or "speaking the truth in love" (Eph. iv, 15), contains two commandments which cannot be se…
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In Germany, JMarheiuekc, who, in imitation of Planck, transformed symbolics into a comparison of the ' different Christian confessions, greatly advanced the I real scientific character of irenical theology, partly as I the general union of the churches, partly as that of the different confessions. The same spirit, thou…
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prets the passage as meaning five out of sbi—f.ve pro- fessing the true religion, and one rejecting it ; and that one is hence called '• City of destruction," which is not its proper name, but a description indicative of its doom, Egypt and Ethiopia were then either under a joint rule or mider an Ethiopian sovereign. W…
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I'ri (Ileb. Iri', '^"I'^S', citizen; Sept. Oupt, Vulg. Urai), the last-named of the five sons of Bela, son of Benjamin (1 Chron. vii, 7). B.C. between 1856 and 1658. See Ir. I'RI also appears in the A. Vers, of the Apocrypha (1 JLsdr. viii, 62) as tne name (Otinia v. r. Ovpi, Vulg. Jorus) of the father of the priest M…
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The market of Tyre was supplied with bright or pol- ished iron by the merchants of Dan and Javan (Ezek, xxvii, 19), Some, as the Sept, and Vulg., render this "wTought iron:" so De Wette "geschmiedetes Eisen," The Targum has " bars of iron," which would correspond with the stricturce of Pliny (xxxiv, 41), But Kimchi {Le…
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comparison made to iron (Pro v. xxvii, 17), "Iron (liter- ally) uniteth iron ; so a man uniteth the countenance of his friend," gives stability to his appearance by his presence. It was for a long time supposed that the Egyptians were ignorant of the use of iron, and that the allusions in the Pentateuch were anachroni…
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Ironside, Gilhert, D.D., a bishop in the Church of England during the period of the Restoration. Of his early history but little is known to us. He was the rector of a small church in an obscure little village in Dorsetshire when he was promoted to the see of Bris- tol immediately after the Restoration. Wood (Affien. O…
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2. Defectus natalium (legitimorum). — Illegitimacy was no obstacle to ordination in the ancient Church (c. 8, dist. Ivi, Hieronymus). It has been considered so since the 9th century ; yet the rule was not very strictly en- forced (Concil. Meldense, an. 845 [in cap. 17, can. i, qu. vii] ; Regino, I)e discipl. eccl. lib.…
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6. Defectus fidei (want of a well-grounded faith).— In consequence of the prescription of the apostle (1 Tim. iii, 6 ; v, 22) that no vtc<pvTOQ should be ordained, the Church commanded that none sliowld be ordained im- mediately after conversion {Canon. Apost. 79; Condi, Mean. 325, c. 2 [c. 1, dist. xlvii] ; Gregorius,…
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.cis, i, 3] ; c. 1-3, dist. li; c. 3, can. xxiii, qu. vi, etc.). Those who have accounts to settle are to do so before being ordained {Cone. Carthag. anno 348, c. 8 ; and c. 3, dist. liv, cap. un. X. "De obligatis ad ratiocinia ordi- nandis vel non," i, 19; c. 1, dist. Iv [{Jelasius, 494] ; c. l,dist. liii [Gregor. i, …
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Irving, Edward, "the great London preacher, and pmtiK tcr of a strange fanaticism, whose name thirty years ago was in c-'er>-body's mouth, and whose career, so strange, grotesque, solemn, and finally so sad, was the theme of the sneers of the thoughtless and of the wonder of the thoughtful," was born Aug. 15, 1792, at …
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IRVING 663 IRVING sublime fancies" this opportunity afforded him scope. "For three mortal hours the vast assembly was held entranced by his gorgeous oratory while he depicted, not the work of that or any other body, but a grand ideal of a mission scheme after the model of apostolic times. During all this time the ma…
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The popularity of the great preacher, however, con^ tinned unabated in the midst of all these difficulties; nay, his late meditations and yearnings rather increased his reputation, and soon a new and more commodious church had to be provided for the throngs of hearers that weekly came to listen to him. The money for th…
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As if to augment the difficulties already in his way, in his candid and straightforward manner, he further estranged his friends of the Scottish Church by extend- ing his sympathy to a minister of his native Church, a Mr. Campbell, of Row, who was just then under the odi- um of teaching false notions on the Procrustian…
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ISAAC 665 ISAAC an article on Irving in the Xew Englunder (18G3, p. 816 sq.), seeks to refute this statement, so generally accept- ed as made by jMrs. Qlipiiant in her biography of Mr. Irving. But even IMr. Andrews acknowledges that when Mr. Irving was finally reordalned by these " superior" of- ficers, who claimed …
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2. The first noticeable circumstance in the life of Isaac took place in connection with his weaning. His precise age at the time is not given, but we may sup- pose him to have been (according to Eastern custom) fully two years old. In honor of the occasion Abra- ham made a great feast, as an expression, no doubt, of hi…
932 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.