PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 661
IGNATIUS LOYOLA 494 L H. S. menical. It was presided over by the legate of pope Adrian II, and in it Photius and his partisans were ex- communicated, and tlieir opinions condemned. From this time Ignatius was allowed to rule the Greek Church without opposition. He died Oct. 23, 878, on which day the Greek and Eoman …
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I. H. S. is an inscription or monogram Avhich has probably been used by the Christian Church from an early date among the sacred symbols on church furni- ture, and in painted windows of the house of God, but its use has by no means been confined to ecclesiastical buildings. On tombs, roofs, and walls of houses, on book…
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cod. utriusque instrumentalia loca (Leyden, 1749, 4to ; 2d ed. augmented, pub. by J. H. Shacht, Utrecht, 1770, 4to) : — De fnstitutis et Ccerimoniis Lefjis Mosaicm ante Mosen (Bremen, 1752, 2 parts, 4to). — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gin. XXV, 8 sq. ; Kitto, Cyclop. Bib. Lit. ii, 377. (J. N. P.) Ik'kesh (Heb. Ikkesh', 'Q'^V,…
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Hive, Jacob, an English infidel, born in 1710, was both a printer and a type-founder by trade. In 1733 he published a discourse to prove the plurality of worlds. He maintained that earth is a hell, and that the souls of men are fallen angels. Before and after this publica- tion he lectiured publicly on the same topic. …
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Another very similar sect arose in Belgium. 2. But the name of " Illuminati" was really first given to an association of Deists and Kcpublicans which was founded May 1, 1776, by Adam Wcishaujit, professor of canon law at the University of Ingolstadt. This " or- der," which, by its founder, was first called the Order o…
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As regards its interior organization, the order was es- tablished on the basis of the Society of Jesus, of -which, as we have already observed, Weishaupt had once been a member. In 1777 he had joined the freemasons. From the first it had been his aim to connect his new society with freemasonry, for the piurpose of givi…
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art, as she was generally in advance of them in the scale of civilization. "Her fame had extended over Europe, her monasteries were adorned with men of great piety and learning, who were the trainers of the leading spirits of the age. She was the first to break through the dense darkness of the times, and, as she gave …
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Illyricus. See Flacius (Matthias). Image (prop. D5iJ, ?se7cw; tltcwv ; but also desig- nated by various other Hebrew terms; often rendered "graven image," "molten image," etc.). See Idol. For the interpretation of the colossal statue of Nebu- chadnezzar's dream (Dan. ii, 31), see Daniel, Book of. Image-breakers. See …
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IMAGE OF GOD 500 IMAGE OF GOD V, 5). Thus the Roman Catholic Church starts in its theory from the present state of man, as resulting from the fall, in regard to which state communion with God is something siiperadded. Some Eomanist theologians distinguish between original yMs/jce and original holiness (communion wit…
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(1.) When God is called "the Father of spirits," a likeness is certainly intimated between man and God in the spi7-ituality of their nature. This is also implied in the striking argument of Paul with the Athenians: " Forasmuch, then, as we are the offspring of (iod, we ought not to think that tlie godhead is like unto …
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This habitual resemblance to God, which, with the image of God innate in man's nature, formed the nat- ural, original state of man, was lost bij sin, as the life of love, coming from God, which formed its basis, was destroyed by selfishness coming from the heart of man. It could only be restored by the absolute image o…
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With knife iu paw, Mi-jH'iHlrd from the sky; Gods germinatiiiL' men. and men turned gods, Seated in honor, with gilt crooks and rods ; Vast scarabaai, globes by hands upheld. Prom chaos springing, 'mid an endless field : Of forms grotesque, the sphinx, the crocodile, And other reptiles from the slime of Nile." In ordc…
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Besides the hieroglyphics of Egypt and the orgies of Tammuz, there was another form of superstition still, which in Jerusalem, then almost wholly given to idola- try, had its distinguished patrons. " Turn tliee yet again," said his celestial guide to the prophet, "and thou shalt see greater abominations than these" (ve…
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Neander describes the origin of the use of images in churches as follows: "It was not in the Churc]i,but in the family, that religious images first came into use among the Christians. In their daily intercourse with BIAGEAYORSHIP 504 IMAGE-WORSHIP men, the Christians saw themselves everpvhere sur- romided by the ob…
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Historj' shows that the first tendency to image-wor- ship was the result of a slow but continued degeneracy. The same arguments now used by the Romish Church to defend image-worship were rejected hj the Chriftians of the first three centuries when used in the defence of idol-worship. The heathen said. We do not worship…
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" The facidty called conception, in one of its meanings, has also to do with this concrete fulness, although, in what Sir William Hamilton deems the original and proper meaning of that word, this power is excluded. In popular language, and in the philosophy of Dugald Stewart, conception is applied to the case of our re…
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Imani is the name of the third sacred book of laws of the Turks, containing the directions for a reasonable conduct of life.— Pierer, Unu: Lex. viii, 830. Imaum or Iman is the title of a person belonging to a class of the jNIohammedan Ulema (q. v.) or priestly body, but not set apart from the rest of the world like th…
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IMMACULATE CONCEPTION 507 IMMACULATE CONCEPTION Eome with higher honor and success.' The controver- sy of seven hundred years is brought to a final decision ; Kome is committed irrevocably to the worship of the 'Virgin mother of God, conceived without original sin.' ' Roma locuta est,' and doubt is now heresy. The wor…
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The comparative novelty of the doctrine in theology is proved by history. There is not one great teacher of the Christian Church who, before the breaking out of the controversy between Lyons and Bernard in 1140 — that is, for the first eleven centuries of our £era — was favorable to the doctrine as now propagated by th…
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way of Christ, as ' alone horn mthout sin f and the ' im- maculateness' ascribed to the Virgin cannot possibly, in the connection, be inteqireted of her conception, or even of her birth ; for, if it could, then Christ could not be said to be the 'only' one of men honi without sui" (professor Smith, ut sup.). No better…
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totaliter fomite subtracto"). About the festival of the Conception, he says that the Roman Church does not observe it herself, yet it tolerates the custom of other churches : " Unde talis celebritas non est totaliter repro- banda." Such is the testimony of the most eminent mediiBval divines, to which we need not add na…
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on this point, that all are conceived in sin [see Origi- NAi. Sin]. In the position which the Koman Catholic Church thus assumes, we encounter again the vital de- lects of her theology on original sin, that semi-Pelagian- ism against which all the Protestant Confessions have protested as unscriptural. " The Koman Catho…
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In conclusion, there is left to us only the present at- titude of the Koman pontiff", who, since his declaration of infallibility, more than ever, is forced into a position which puts the matter of papal infallibility in a disa- greeable dilemma and dualism. " The decree of Pius IX is in opposition to the express decla…
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IMMANUEL 511 BIMENSITY OF GOD I and bear a son, and shall call liis name Tmmanuel," and in another passage of the same prophet (Isa. viii, 8), where the ravaging army of the Assyrians is described as ere long to " fill the breadth of thy land, O Imnuin- uel," i. e. Judrea, with evident allusion to the former declar…
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Immateriality is a quality of God and of the hu- man soul. The immateriality of God denotes that he forms an absolute contrast to matter ; he is simple, and has no parts, and so cannot be dissolved ; matter, on the other hand, is made up of parts into which it can be re- solved. God is also free from the limitations to…
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5. The father of Zadok, which latter repaired part of the walls of Jerusalem opposite his house (Neh. iii, 29). B.C. ante 446. He was, perhaps, the same as No. 3. Immersion, the act of plunging into water, espe- cially the person of the candidate in Christian baptism, as performed by the Baptist (q. v.) denomination, …
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'• xi. In rendering the Greek word by immerse, I fol- low the example of the leading vernacular versions, made from the Greek, in the languages of Continental Europe, and also of the critical versions made for the use of the learned." Facts, however, do not support this claim with any uniformity. The modem versions, of…
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2. Chinese. — While it is true that Confucius himself did not expressly teach the immortality of the soid, nay, that he rather purposely seems to have avoided enter- ing upon this subject at all, taking it most probably like Moses, as we shall see below, simply for granted (comji Miiller, Chips, i, 308), it is neverthe…
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6. Polynesians. — The natives of Polynesia " imagine that the sky descends at the horizon and incloses the earth. Hence they call foreigners ' palangi' or ' heav- en-bursters,' as having broken in from another world outside. According to their views, we live upon the ground floor of a great house, with upper stories ri…
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III. Ideas of the Jewish Nation. — 1. It has frequently been asserted that the doctrine of the immortality of the soul is not taught in the O. T. The Socinians in the IGth and 17th centuries took this ground. Some have gone so far as to construe the supposed silence of the O.-T. Scriptures on this subject into a formal…
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IMMORTALITY 516 EVIMORTALITY terpreted in the same way by the Jews after Christ ( Wetstein, ad loc). In the subsequent books of the (). T. the texts of this nature are far more numerous. Still more definite descriptions are given of l^iX^, and the condition of the departed there ; e. g. Isa. xiv, 9 sq. ; also in the…
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2. Among the modern Jews, the late celebrated Jew- ish savant and successor to Renan at the Sorbonne, pro- fessor Munk, regarded as one of the strongest evidences which the O. T. affords for a doctrme of the immortaUty of the sold the expression "He was gathered to his people," so frequent in the -vvritings of the O. T…
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It is evident from the passages cited that Christ and his apostles did more to illustrate and confirm the belief in the immortality of the soid, as cherished at the pres- ent day, than hail been done by any nation, even the Jews iuihided. " He first gave to it that high practical iiitiTcst whioli it now possesses;" and…
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IMMORTALITY 51J BIMORTALITY tribution of rewards and punisliments in this life, and tlie capacities of the human soul, are a presumptive ev- idence which has been adduced, as we shall afterwards show, only by those to ivhom the doctrine had been transmitted by tradition, and who were therefore in pos- session of the…
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The natural i^roofs of the immortality of the soul are treated very skilfully by professor Chace, in the Bihli- o/heoa Sac7-a for February, 1849. First he analyzes the Phaido of Plato, and finds it to contain the followuig ar- guments for immortality : 1. From the capacity and de- sire of the soul for knowledge, bej'on…
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Immovable Feasts. See Feasts. Immunities of the Clergy. See I-mmuxity. Immunity, Ecclesiastical. In ecclesiastical ju- risprudence a distinction is made between ecclesiastical imnumity {immunitas ecclesiasticci) and the immunity of the Church (immunitas ecclesice). The latter is the right of refuge or asylum (q. v.),…
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their inclinations and piuposes, are from ignorance OT inconstancy, and therefore this quality is no way com- patible with the .glory and attributes of God" (Char- nock, On the Divine Attributes), "A^arious speculations on the divine immutability occur in the writings of divines and others, Avhich, though often well i…
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The doctrine of impanation was afterwards, in the Reformation period, but wrongly, attributed to Osiander by Carlstadt. Some Roman Catholic ^vriters, e. g. Bel- larmine (Disnert. de impan. et consubstanf. Jenoe, 1677), Du Cange, and others, accused Luther of having revived the old error of impanation. The Formula Conco…
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IMPOSITION OF HAXDS 522 IMPOSITION OF HANDS sire that some gift should be bestowed. It may be an evil thing that is s^Tnbolically bestowed, as when guilt- iness was thus transferred by the high-priest to the scape-goat from the congregation (Lev. xiv, 21) ; but, in general, the gift is of something good which God is…
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III. Ecclesiastical Uses. — In the early Chiu-ch, the im- position of hands was practised in receiving catechu- mens, in baptism, in confirmation, and in ordination. Cy|uirai derives its use from apostolical practice (^Ep, 7_', (/(/ ,si< jiliKu. ; Ep. 73, ad Jubcean.) ; so also does Au- giistiiic (/>(■ Bapt. iii, 16). …
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1()44) ; 2. De tribus Nebuloiubvs (namely, Thomas Ani- ello, Oliver Cromwell, Julius Mazarinus); 3, llintori/ nf the three famous Impostois (Lond. 1667); 4. Cliristiani Kortholdi Liber de tribus nwynis impostoribus (ntnipe Eduardo Herbert de Cherbury, Thoma Hobbes, ct Ben- edicto de Spinosa) (Kiloni, 1680). In 1716 an …
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Imprisonment. See Prison; Punishments. Improperia (Lat. taunts). (1.) Reproaches of Jesus against the Jewish people. See Capernaum ; Jerusa- LE.M. (2.) In the Eoman Catholic ritual, certain verses which reproach the Jews with ingratitude, and which, while the priest and other ecclesiastics present kiss the cross, are c…
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Imputation, in the O. T. arn, in the N. T. Xoyi- ^of^iai, is employed in the Scriptures to designate any action, word, or thing, as accounted or reckoned to a person; and in all these it is miquestionably used with reference to one's own doLigs, words, or actions, and not with reference to those of a second person (com…
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2. " ]Many have inferred the justice of imputation from the supposition that Adam was not only the natural or seminal, but also the moral head of the human race, or even its i-epresentative and federal head. They suppose, accordingly, that the sin of Adam is imputed to us on the same principle on which the dohigs of th…
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Let it be admitted that Augustine did give this expla- nation of the ground of imputation. Do we reject the doctrine because we reject the reason which he gives to justify and explain it? . . . . It is no special concena of ours what Augustine held on this point Any man who holds that there is such an ascription of t…
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(IV.) The theologians who assert the extreme doc- trine of imputation are ably answered by the closing words of an article on this subject in Chambers's Cyclo- j)mUa, V, 529 : " To impute sin is to deal with a man as a sinner, not on account of his own act, or at least not primarily on this account, but on account of t…
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The following paragraphs present well the Old-school view of the subject. "It has long been a boast, in cer- tain quarters, that it is the glory of American theology that it has enabled us to hold fast to the doctrine of in- ability, and yet so to explain it as to make the sinner inexcusable, and to prevent him from ab…
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The Arminian doctrine is (1) that the unregenerate have complete ability, through the efficient grace of Christ, to comply with the conditions of justification as offered under the covenant of grace ; (2) that the regen- erate have ability, through the grace of Christ, to do the will of God, i. e. to avoid voluntary tr…
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INCAPACITY 529 INCARNATION deep' in order to unveil the futiure. They could extin- guish lire ; darken the sun or moon ; make fetters burst, a door or a mountain fly open; blunt a sword; make a limb powerless ; destroy a crop, or charm it away into another's barn," It is especially the heathenish nations that in the…
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The Evangelical Church teaches tlie necessity of bap- tism (Augsb. Conf. art. ix, etc.), and also that "the fe- male sex was not ordained by God to rule, either in the Church, or in secular positions where a specially strong understanding and good counsel are requisite. But they are ordered to take care of their househ…
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Among the ancient Egj-ptians, Apis or Jlapi, "the living bull," was esteemed to be the emblem and image of the soul of Osiris, who, as Pliny and Cicero say, was deemed a god by the Egyptians. "Diodorus derives the worship of Apis from a belief that the soul of Osiris had migrated into this animal; and he was thus sup- …
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INCARNATION 531 INCARNATION uoush' new-bom. As soon as he was carried to his grave' in 1473. a search was instituted for the personage who had been destined to succeed him. This was found to be an infant who established its title to the lionor by appearing to remember various articles which had been the property of …
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The use of the term incarnation (later Latin) may be traced back to Irenreus, A.D. 180, as in the expression " Incarnatio pro nostra salute" {Contra Hcer. i, 10). III. Theory.— 'Y:he doctrine of the incarnation is fun- damental to Christianity, and is the basis upon which the entire fabric of revealed religion rests. …
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IV. Objections to the Bible doctrine of the incarna- tion worthy of consideration are more easily resolved, perhaps, than those against anj^ other doctrine of Scrip, ture, for they are mostly, if not altogether, to be com« prehended under the head of its deep mysteriousness. Many writers, however, have adduced as para…
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With the explanation thus given, we proceed to re- mark that the earliest controversies of the Church re- volved around the physical nature of Christ. The result of those contests established the essential oneness of Christ's body with ours. The pungency of the argu- ments employed may be illustrated in the words of Ir…
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or things, in contradistinction to one thing (ima res'). In response, Ansehn argued that, as every universal is a mere abstraction, and particidars alone have reality, so " if only the essence of God in the Trinity was called U7ia. res, and the three persons not tres res, the latter coidd not be considered as anything …
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During the course of the prepr.ratorj' dispensations, the divine Being disclosed himself to the more pious and favored of our race in the form of man, and with the title of "the Angel of Jehovah"— nin 7 Ty<'^'^ The first of these appearances was to Hagar in her dis- tress. The angel addressed her in the person of God, …
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VIII. Heresies. — The false theories that have gathered around the doctrine of the incarnation are manifold, and deny (1) that Christ was truly God, (2) that he was truly man, or (3) that he is God-man in one undiAided and indivisible person. (See A\'angemann, Christ liche Glauhenslehre, p. 203 ; Ffoulkes, Christendom'…
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G. j^Iiiuicliiihm (circa A.D. 274). — Mani or Manes, who was probably educated in the religion of Zoroaster, upon his adoption of the Christian faith, transferred to his Christ the Oriental views of incarnation. In this system the dualistic principle was more fully developed tiian in Gnosticism. He brought together as …
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12. Adoptianism (about 787). — The incessant and fierce strife of the early Church with respect to the na- ture of Christ finally culminated in the A doiMan contro- versy. According to the views of this sect, in his di- vine nature, Christ is the true Son of God ; but as re- spects his human nature, he is the Son of Go…
921 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.