PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 1021
IL Canonical A uthoriti/. — The epistle is found in the Syriac Peshito in the 2d century, a version which cir- culated in the neighborhood of that country to which James and his reatlers belnnged, and the translator and his coadjutors must have had special historical reasons for inserting James in their canon, as they …
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III. The Persons for whom the Epistle is intended. — The salutation is addressed "to the Twelve Tril)es which are scattered abroad" (r«tc C^SiKa fvXa'iq toIq iv Tij Siaffirop^'). They were Jews, dhXrpol — brethren or believing Jews, and they lived beyond Palestine, or in the Dispersion. Such are the plain characteristi…
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It is not so easy to determine the time at which tne epistle was written. ]\lany place the date about the year 60 — close on the martyrdom of James the Just, or not long before the destruction of Jerusalem — as Michae- lis, Pearson, Mill, Guericke, Burton, Macknight, Eleek (Einlcit. p. 547, 18G2), and the older comment…
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The Jewish vices against which he warns them are — formalism, which made the service (^9i»](TKtia) of God consist in washings and outward ceremonies, whereas he reminds them (i, 27) that it consists rather in active love and purity (see Coleridge's .1 ids to Bffh'cHon, Aph. 23 ; note also active love = Bp. Butler's " b…
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VII. Contents. — The errors and sins against which James warns his readers are such as arose out of their JAMES V60 JAMES situation. Perfection — Ti\eioT7]g is a prominent idea, and TiXfioi: is a frequent eiiithet^the "perfect work" of patience, the "perfect" gilt of God, the "perfect law" of liberty or the new cov…
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IX. Commentaries. — The following are the exegetical treatises expressly on the whole epistle ; to a few of the most important we prefix an asterisk (*) : Didymus Al- exandrinus. In Ep. Jacohi (in Bihl. Mux. Patr. v, 320) ; Althamer, A uslegung (Arg. 1527, 8vo) ; Zuingle, A dno- tationes (Tigur. 1533, 8vo ; also in 0pp…
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James, St. (the Less), FESTIVAL OF. See St. Phh^h'. James, St., LITURGY OF, a form of service which was very early used in the patriarchate of Antioch ; the Monophysites using it in Syriac and the orthodox in Greek, this last having in it many interjiolations from the liturgies of other places. Palmer, in his 07-if/in…
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JAMES I ^62 byterian Church. Severe persecutions followetl, and it seemed for a time as if James had actually turned to Romanism. After the death of his mother, Elizabeth courted the favor of James, and a treaty was finally concluded between them, by which the two kingdoms bound themselves to an offensive and defensiv…
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greatest liar, and one of the greatest drunkards of his age, in the same position" (Skeats). As in the Church of Scotland the contest had been waged between Ro- manists and I'rotestants for the favor of the throne, so in England the Iilstablished Church, the Episcopal, and the Puritans were arrayed against each other, …
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spirit rather than tlie letter will best insure the object of their enactment." But some good sprang also from the Hampton Court Conference ; results which none , probably had anticipated. " Reynolds, the Puritan, had I suggested a new translation of the Bible by his majes- ty's special sanction and authority. The vani…
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James I was a voluminous writer, and, though he was far from deserving the surname which the fiattery of his contemporaries accorded him, " Solomon the Sec- ond," he was certainly not wholly destitute of literary ability, and, had he pursued a literarj^ life instead of governing a state, it is barely possible that he m…
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During the great irritation against the Roman Cath- olics which followed the publication of the Titus Oates (q. V.) popish plot in 1678-79, the duke of York, by the advice of king Charles II, quitted England and took up his residence on the Continent. While he was absent efforts were made to exclude him from the throne…
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into the ranks of the army, in spite of the legal test of conformity to the Established Church which was re- quired to be taken by every person filling any public office ; and when, after a successful suppression of the insurrectionary attempts, the king reassembled Parlia- ment in November, he not only stated that the…
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publicly sent as embassador extraordinarj- to Rome to express the king's obeisance to the pope, and to effect the reconcilement of the kingdom with the " holy see." In return the pope sent a nuncio to England, who re- sided openly in London during the remainder of the reign, and was solemnly received at court, in the f…
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was after.vants substituted Parker, bishop of Oxford, who avowed himself a Romanist at heart), and on their refusal were cited before an ecclesiastical commission and expelled. See Hough, John (1). Determined, if possible, to gain over the Nonconformists, whose aid he evidently needed to carrj' out successfully his pro…
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James, John Angell, an eminent Congregational minister, born at Blandford, Dorsetshire, June (J, 1785, was educated at the college at Gosport, and entered tlie ministry when onl.v seventeen years old. He was a verj' popular jircacherj and, before twenty, was settled as pas- tor of the "Church Meeting in Carr's Lane," B…
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Ja'min (Hebrew Yamin', 'i'^'?^, lit. the i-ight hand, hence luck, as often; i. q. Felix; Sept, 'lajjitiv and T«- pir, but V. r. 'lafSiii' in 1 Chron. ii, 27, and omits in Neh. viii, 7), the name of three men. See also Benja- min. 1. The second named of the sons of Simeon (Gen. xlvi, 11; Exod. vi, 15; Numb, xxvi, 12; 1…
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Jaii'na (\avra, prob. for Heb. t^li'}, yannah',floiir- ishinfj, although no corresponding name occurs in the O. T.), the father of Melchi and son of Joseph, named as the sixth in ascent from Christ on his mother's side (Luke iii, 24). B.C. cir. 200. See Genealogy of Cueist. Jannaeus. See Alexander Jann^us. Jan'nes Ql…
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Jano'ah (Heb. Yano'dch, niS"^, rest; 2 Kings xv, 29; Sept. 'Awx Y.r.'laviox; but in Josh. xvi, 6, 7 with n local, Ycaio'chah, iinSi"^, to Janoah; Sept. 'lavioxd v.T.'lavwKa and 'lavio, or even 'Ma;^w; Yulg.Janoe; A. V. " Janohah"), the name probably of two places. 1. A town on the N.E. border of Ephraim (see Keil and …
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0 JANSEN ther Jew, Pagan, Saracen, nor worldly tATant persecu- ting Christendom, but the man who opposes Christiau truth and the Christian life in the way of deception; he is and will be the most wicked Christian, i'alsely styling himself by that name, assuming the highest sta- tion in the Church, and possessing the h…
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Jansen(ius) Cornelius (2), a celebrated Dutch divine and founder of the Jansknists, born at Accoy, near Leerdam, in Northern Holland, Oct. 28, 1585, was a nephew of the above Cornelius Jansen, tlie Up. of Ghent. He received his early education at Utrecht, and in 1602 entered the university at Louvain as a student of ph…
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The Augustinus is divided into three parts. In the first Jansenius gives a historical account of Pelagianism, which heresy exalted the power of free-agency, and de- nied the original depravity of human nature, and, conse- quently, original sin. In the second part the writer sets forth the views of St. Augustine on huma…
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JANSEN demning these propositions, but maintained that they were not found in the work of Jansenius. France was at this time at enmity with Rome, and cardinal Mazarin, though but little interested in these theological questions, believed this a favorable opportu- nity to re-establish amicable relations with Rome, of-…
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".Tansenistic jirinciples now became far more wide- ly diffused. The authorities of the Chiu-ch of Rome thought a Janseiiist was not necessarily a heretic ; the schools of Port-Royal flourished even more than before the persecution and imprisonment ;" the learned Tille- mont became one of her recluses, and Racine one o…
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JANSEN 774 JANSEN secUtious, impious, blasphemous, suspected of heresy, and also savoring of heresy itself; also favoring here- tics; heresies, and schism, erroneous, nearly allied to heres}^ often condemned; and, furthermore, also heret- ical; and sundry heresies, especially those contained in the well-known propos…
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Had the Roman Catholic Church been susceptible of a thorough reformation, it is reasonable to think that it would have been effected by the enlightened, zealous, self-sacrificing, and persevering efforts of the Jansenists. They were true sons of the Church — they sincerely de- sired its inward and outward prosperity — …
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boldlij the new and false dogma of the immaculate concep- tion. We should therefore fail in our duty if we kept silence any longer. . . . Our Church (the Jansenist sect) has often appealed to an oecumenical council to be law- fidly appointed. We renew this appeal. . . . We make our ajipeal at this time and place becaus…
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Jansenism. See Jansenius, 2. Jansse, Lucas, a distinguished French Protestant theologian and writer, was born at Rouen about 1605. He studied theology at the Huguenot seminary situated at the lately celebrated Sedan, and was pastor at Rouen from 1632 to 1682, Avhen age and infirmities obliged him to resign. At the rev…
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JANSSON 777 JANUARILTS Irevtbiisque scholiis iUustrata ab Immannele Tremcllio ct Fnmc. Junio (Francf. 1579). See Dierckseii's A ntucipia Christo nascens, etc., p. 678 ; Vriemoet, .1 tlu'x. Fris. p. 182 ; Fauste Socin, Epist, III ml Matth. Bcukciuin, p. 386, 437) ; Sandius, Bibl. Antitrinit. p. 72, 8-4, 87, 88, 105 ;…
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Januarius is a name inider which some fourteen martyrs are luinored in the licmian Catholic Church. A gens Janiuirid, or family of that name, is found among the old inscriijtions. There is a monument in Turin to the memory of a certain Januarius Vintius. The name seems to have belonged especially to Africa and South' e…
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Janus, a very old Roman divinity, whose name is merely a different form of Dianus (probably the sun). The worship of this divinity held a high place in the regards of the Romans. "In every imdertaking his name was first invoked, even before that of Jupiter, which is the more singular, as Jupiter was lUKjuestiona- bly t…
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The history of Japan, according to the traditions of the country, begins with the dynasty of the heavenly gods, consisting of seven generations, and reigning from four to tive million years. It was followed by the dy- nasty of the earthly gods, consisting of five generations, and reigning 2,342,1G7 years. The native po…
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The hatred of Christianity, the religion of the detest- ed foreigners, induced the rulers of Japan to break off all intercourse with Christian nations. Even the allied Dutjh had soon to suffer from this isolation. They had to give up in 1G41 the island of Firando (north of Na- gasaki), which in 1609 had been assigned t…
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The authorization given by the Japanese government to foreign residents of a free exercise of the Christian religion in the open ports was, of course, eagerly em- braced by both the Protestant and the Roman Catholic churches. Missionaries of both established themselves in several of the ports, attending both to the rel…
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The great political revolution through which Japan passed in 18G8, by the abolition of the oiRce of the Ty- coon and the re-establishment of the supreme power of the iMikado, was accompanied by an effort to effect a complete change in the state religion of the country. An American missionary writes on this subject, und…
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Protestant missions were in 1870 supported in Japan by three American denominations: the Preslnterian I Church, the Dutch Reformed Church, and the Protes- ! tant Episcopal Church. Several missionaries teach sec- I ular branches in the government schools. Progress has I been made with the translation of the Bible into.J…
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Japhi'a (Heb. Yaphi'a, S'^S'^, splendid; Sept. 'la- <pu V. r. 'la<payai and ^ayyai, but 'lt(j)ii in 2 Sam. v, 15), the name of two men, and also of a place. 1. The king of Lachish, who joined the confederacy at the instance of Adoni-zedek against Joshua, but was defeated and slain after confinement in the cave of Jlak…
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Ja'red (Heb. Ye'red, in|^, in pause Ya'red, 'T1'^> de- scender; Sept. Tapto, N. T. 'lapso, Joseph us 'Iapto»jf)> the name of two men. 1. The fourth antediluvian patriarch in descent from Seth, son of Mahalaleel and father of Enoch ; born B.C. 3712, died B.C. 2750, aged 962 years; l(i2 years old at the birth of his hei…
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3. One of the priests of the kindred of Jeshua that divorced their Gentile wives after the Exile (Ezra x, 18). B.C. 459. 4. A Grfficized or corrupt form (1 I\Iacc. xiv, 29 ; com- pare ii, 1) of JoiARiB (q. v.). Jar'imoth (lapi/^wj), a Grsecized form (1 Esd. ix, 28) of the Heb. name (Ezra x, 27) Jere.moth (q. v.). Ja…
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Jarry, Pierre-Francois Theophile, a French Ro- man Catholic religious writer, was born at St. Pierre, Normandy, in March, 1764. After completing his stud- ies at Paris, he was appointed curate at Escots ; but, re- fusing to sign the clerical obligation demanded by the revolutionists, he was obliged to leave the country…
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I. Vieics of the Incident in Joshua's Career. — The book of Jasher has attracted attention because it is ap- pealed to in connection with the account of the sun and moon standing still. The compiler of the book of Joshua refers to it as containing a record of the miracle in ques- tion. It is therefore impossible to do …
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Josephus, in relating the miracle narrated in Josh, x, appeals for confirmation of his account to certain docu- ments deposited in the Temple (Aiit.v, ], 17), and his words are supposed to contain a covert allusion to the book of Jasher as the source of his authority. But in his treatise against Apion he says the Jews …
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De Wette {Einleitung, § 169) endeavors to deduce an argument in favor of the late composition of the book of Joshua from the circumstance of its citing a work (viz. the book of Jasher) which "points to the time of David, inasmuch as his lamentation over Saul and Jonathan is contained in it." But it has been supposed by…
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The seventh is a collection of various hymns composed in the reigns of David and Solomon, and contains Da- vid's song of triumph over Goliath (!) (1 Sam. ii, 1-10) ; his lament for Saul and Jonathan (2 Sam. i, 19-27), and for Abner (2 Sam. iii, 33, 34) ; his psalm of thanksgiving (Psa. xviii ; 2 Sam. xxii) ; his triump…
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See, besides the literature above referred to, Hilliger, De Libro Recti (Lips. 1714); Nolte, De Libra Justorum (Helmst. 1719) ; Wolf, De Libro Rectorum (Lips. 1742) ; Steger, De vocabulo 'niT^ (Kiel, 1808) ; Anon. Jasher re- ferred to in Josh, and Sam. (London, 1842) ; Hopkins, Plumbline Papers (Auburn, 1862, eh. vii) …
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i JASHTJBITE 1i the dominioTi in IMoab' from marrying the two Moabite damsels: Jashubi-Lehem is Naomi and Kuth, who re- turned (Jashubi) to bread, or to Hclh-Miem, after the famine: and the 'ancient words' point to the book of Rutli as tlie source of the whole" (Smith). Jash'ubite (Numb, xxvi, 24). See Jasiiub, 1, …
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5. Jason of Tiiessalonica was the host of Paul and Silas at that city. In consequence, his house was assaulted by the Jews in order to seize the apostle, but, not finding him, they dragged Jason and other brethren before the ruler of the city, who released them on secu- rity (Acts xvii, 5-9). A.D. 48. He appears to hav…
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Jat'tir (Heb. Yattir', -iipi;: [in Josh, xv, 48, else- where " defectively" '•V}':], pre-eminent ; Sept. 'It^fp or 'It^tp), a city in the mountains of Judah (Josh, xv, 48, where it is named between Shamir and Socoh) assigned to the priests (Josh, xxi, 14; 1 Chron. vi, 57). It was one of the places in the south where Da…
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tombs prove, however, that at an early period Brah- manism struck deep root among the people. Tlie Portuguese, who came to Java in 1579, as well as the English who arrived later, were exiJcUed by the Dutch, who established themselves in Java in 1594, and steadily advanced in the conquest of the island nntil only two na…
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where oi "EXX>;i'fc.) The fourth son of Japheth, and the father of Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim (Gen. X, 2, 4 ; 1 Chron. i, 5, 7). B.C. post 2514. Hence for the country settled by his posterity, supposed to be Greece, I. Q.Ionia (whence the Heb. name), which prov- ince, settled by colonists from the mother co…
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Jaw (usually and properly "^flP, lechi', rendered also "jaw-bone;" once D'^nipb'Q, inalkocMm' , "jaws," Psa. xxii, 15, elsewhere "prey;" also m"^np, inethalleoth' ," "jaws," Job xxix, 17; "jaw teeth," Prov. xxx, ll; " cheek teeth," Joel i, 6). The denuded jaw-bone of an ass afforded Samson (q. v.) a not unsuitable weap…
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Jayne, Peter, a pioneer IVJethodist Episcopal min- ister, born at Marblehead, IVIass., in 1778, entered the itinerancy in 1797, and in 1805-6 was stationed in Bos- ton, where he died Sept. 5, 1806. Mr. Jayne was a man of great promise and rare abilities. His style was terse and vigorous, his piety consistent, and his m…
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not hurt you ; but if you have polluted yourself by com- ing near to another man, and gone astray from your hus- band, may you be accursed of the Lord, and become an example for all his people; may your thigh rot, and your beUy swell till it burst; may these cursed waters enter into your belly, and, being swelled there…
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KlRJATlI-JEARIJI. Jeat'erai (Heb. Yedtheray', '^Tr^!'' perhaps for l^n?i, rich; Sept. 'hSrpi,Xu\g. Jethrui), son of Zerah, a Levite of the family of Gershom (1 Chron. vi, 21) ; apparently the same called Ethni in ver. 41. Jebb, John (1), M.D., F.R.S., a Socinian writer, was bi)m in London in 173G. He studied at Trini…
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Jeb'usi (Heb. Yebusi'), a word used in the original of a place and its inhabitants. 1. "Jebusi" {''•0^1''j'r\ = the Jebusite ; Sept. 'If/Soi'ffni, 'Ie/Soiic, Vulg. Jebiis(t;us\ the name employed for the city of Jebus, only in the ancient document describing the landmarks and the to%\ms of the allotment of Judah and Be…
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" In the apocrjT)hal Acts of the Apostles, the ashes of Barnabas, after his martyrdom in Cyprus, are said to have been buried in a cave where the race of the Jebu- sites formerly dwelt, and previous to this is mentioned the arrival in the island of a pious Jebusite, a kinsman of Nero (J ct. Ajwst. A poor. p. 72, 73, e…
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3. A Korhite of the Levitical family of Ebiasaph, sec- ond son of Jleshelemiah, and one of the gate-keepers to the taljernacle or Temple (1 Chron. xxvi, 2). B.C. 1014. Jedi'dah (Heb. Yedidak', n^-^^"^, beloved; Septuag. 'lECcica ; Josephus 'IiStj, A nt. xi, 4, 1 ), daughter of Adai- ah of Boskath and mother of king Jo…
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Je'gar-sahadu'tha (Chald. Yeyar'-Sahadutha', Nr^lil'O "i;'^, jnle of the testimony ; Sept. fiovvoc T>}g /i«p-(ipiV/c, Vulgate tumulus testis), the Aramaean name given by Laban as a S3-rian to the mound of stones erected as a memorial of his league with Jacob, -.vhere- as the latter styled it (Gen. xxxi, 47) by the equi…
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Jeho'adah (Heb. Yehodddah', iT^i'in';', Jehovah is his ornament ; Sept. 'liDia^a v. r. 'laca), son of Ahaz, and father of Alemeth and others of the descendants of Saul through Mophibosheth (1 Chron. viii, 36), called Jaraii (n'l"||', Yarah', dropping of honey, as in 1 Sam. xiv, 27, othervvise woodsman, but more probabl…
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Jehoash behaved well during his minority, and so long after as he remained under the influence of the high-priest. Excepting that the high-places were still resorted to for incense and sacrifice, pure religion was restored, large contributions were made for the repair of the Temple, which was accordingly restored, and …
1,315 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.